[표제지 등]
제출문
요약문
SUMMARY
List of Table
List of Figure
목차
1장 서론 24
2장 복사 모델 32
1절 태양복사 35
1. 태양복사 전달 방정식 37
2. 각 기체의 모수화 41
2절 지구복사 47
1. 지구복사 전달 방정식 50
2. 각 기체의 모수화 54
3절 복사평형 온도 계산 65
3장 복사-대류 모델 70
1절 복사-대류 모델의 개요 73
1. 복사-대류 모델의 구조 74
2. 대류과정의 모수화 77
2절 복사-대류 평형온도 산출 79
1. 상당 복사 교환 (equivalent radiative exchange) 81
2. 지표면 에너지 수지 (surface eneragy balance) 89
3. 복사-대류 평형온도를 지배하는 인자 98
3절 복사-대류 모델의 민감도 실험 100
1. 지표면 변수들의 변화 104
2. 구름의 요소의 변화 110
3. 태양복사의 변화 121
4절 온난화와 관련된 물리과정의 변화 123
1. 지표면/대류권/성층권의 피드백 132
2. 구름의 피드백 136
5절/제4절 한반도에서 이산화탄소 증가에 따른 온난화 143
4장 대기대순환 모델 150
1절 대기 대순환 모델의 구조조사 152
2절 대기 대순환 모델에 적합한 복사모델 개발 155
1. 복사전달 방정식 156
2. 적정 흡수함수 158
5장 결론 및 토의 164
Reference 170
[title page etc.]
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 24
Chapter 2. Radiation model 32
Section 1. Solar radiation 35
1. Radiative transfer equation 37
2. Parameterization of the absorption of atmospheric gases 41
Section 2. Terrestrial radiation 47
1. Radiative transfer equation 50
2. Parameterization of the absorption of atmospheric gases 54
Section 3. Radiative equilibrium temperature 65
Chapter 3. Radiative-convective model 70
Section 1. Outline of radiative-convective model 73
1. Structure of the radiative-convective model 74
2. Parameterization of convection 77
Section 2. Radiative-convective equilibrium temperature 79
1. Equivalent radiative exchange 81
2. Eneragy balance at the surface 89
3. Principal factors for the radiative-convective equilibrium temperature 98
Section 3. Sensitivity experiments with a radiative-convective model 100
1. Changes of surface properties 104
2. Changes of cloud factors 110
3. Changes of solar radiation 121
Section 4. Physical processes of global warming 123
1. Feedback between surface/troposphere/stratosphere 132
2. Cloud feedback 136
Section 5. CO₂-induced warming in Korea 143
Chapter 4. General circulation model 150
Section 1. Examination of general circulation model structure 152
Section 2. A parameterization of radiation suitable to a general circulation model 155
1. Radiative transfer equation 156
2. Suitable absorption function 158
Chapter 5. Conclusion and discussion 164
Table 2.1. Spectral ranges of solar radiation absorbed by each gas. 37
Table 2.2. The solar flux, effective ozone absorption coefficient, and optical thickness of effective Rayleigh scattering for the four different spectral bands of solar radiation. 44
Table 2.3. As in Table 2.1 except for longwave radiation. 50
Table 2.4. Parameters used in the equation (2.25). 55
Table 2.5. Vertical structure of radiative-convective model. 66
Table 3.1. Comparison of ground temperature of present study with those of other models for clear and cloudy sky. 87
Table 3.2. Ground temperature of clear sky for various heating distribution by latent heat release. 91
Table 3.3. As in Table 3.2 except for cloudy sky. 95
Table 3.4. Model day required to reach the radiative-convective equilibrium temperature for a 1% increase of each model parameter. 99
Table 3.5. The surface(suface) temperature(temperatutre) sensitivity xбT/бx with respect to a parameter x for different radiative-convective models. Asterisks indicate that the corresponding numerical values are calculated from different boundary conditions. 102
Table 3.6. As in Table 3.5 except for outgoing longwave radiation. 103
Table 3.7. Solar and terrestrial radiation flux at the surface for various surface relative humidity from 71% to 83%. 107
Table 3.8. As in Table 3.7 except for various cloud height. 113
Table 3.9. Ground temperature of the double CO₂ minus that of the control run for various heating distribution by latent heat release. 126
Table 3.10. The contribution by the various processes to surface(suface) warming for doubling CO₂. 130
Table 3.11. Heat balance between stratosphere/troposphere/surface for radiative-convective(convctive) equilibrium state. Plus sign indicates the absorption of solar and longwave radiation, and minus sign indicates the emission of longwave radiation. SR denotes the absorption of the solar radiation. 134
Table 3.12. As in Table 3.11 except for the changes of heat balance for doubling CO₂. 135
Table 3.13. Monthly variation of day length, cosine of solar zenith angle, eccentricity correlation factor, and extraterrestrial daily insolation in Korea. 143
Table 3.14. Seasonal variation of cloud, ground wetness, and the pressure of maximum heating by latent heat release in the model. 147
Fig.2.1. Spectral energy curves of solar radiation at sea level and outside the atmosphere. The darkened areas represent the absorption of various gases in the atmosphere. 36
Fig.2.2. Vertical profile of heating rate due to absorption of solar radiation by water vapor. In this calculation, the atmospheric condition is prescribed with summer-mean condition in the mid-latitude, solar zenith angle of 30° and surface albedo 0.15. 43
Fig.2.3. As in Fig. 2.2 except for ozone. 46
Fig.2.4. As in Fig. 2.2 except for carbon dioxide. 48
Fig.2.5. Spectral energy curves of terrestrial radiation on the top of the atmosphere and those of black body radiation for different temperature. 49
Fig.2.6. Vertical profile of cooling rate due to absorption of longwave radiation by water vapor. The atmospheric condition prescribed in the model is the summer mean in the mid-latitude. 58
Fig.2.7. As in Fig. 2.6 except for carbon dioxide. 61
Fig.2.8. As in Fig. 2.6 except for ozone. 63
Fig.2.9. Vertical temperature distribution of the US standard atmosphere (○○○) and that of obtained from the present radiation model (●●●). 68
Fig.3.1. Schematic structure of a radiative-convective model. 75
Fig.3.2. Vertical heating distribution of the radiative-convective model by latent heat release at the surface. The pressure levels of various maximum heating are indicated in the legend. 80
Fig.3.3. Adjustment of the temperature within a vertical layer. The unstable structure is adjusted to a stable condition with a lapse rate of 6.5°C Km-1.(이미지참조) 82
Fig.3.4. Vertical temperature distribution of the radiative-convective model for various lapse rates. In the model, the ground temperature is calculated based on equivalent radiative exchange in the lowest layer of the model. 84
Fig.3.5. Cooling rates of longwave radiation for various gases and heating rates of convection and solar radiation. (a) is for 6.5K Km-1(이미지참조) lapse rate, and (b) is for moist adiabatic lapse rate. 86
Fig.3.6. Vertical temperature distribution of the US standard atmosphere and that of radiative-convective model for clear and cloudy sky conditions. 88
Fig.3.7. Vertical profiles of the temperature obtained by the radiative-convective model. The symbols(simbols) (○○○) and (△△△) indicate the results for the surface temperature calculated by the equivalent radiative exchange method and by the surface eneragy balance, respectively. 90
Fig.3.8. Vertical temperature distribution of the radiative-convective model for various heating distribution of latent heat release. In the calculation atmospheric condition is clear, thus radiative properties are not affected by the convection. Surface temperature is calculated by surface energy balance equation. 92
Fig.3.9. As in Fig. 3.5 except for various heating distribution of latent heat release as shown in Fig. 3.2. (a) is for equal distribution, (b) is for maximum heating level of 750hPa, (c) is for 660hPa, and (d) is for 500hPa. 93
Fig.3.10. As in Fig. 3.9 except for cloudy sky. Scattering and absorption effect of the cloud is included in the model and latent heating is accompanied by the cloud of 1Km thickness on the maximum heating level. 96
Fig.3.11. Energy budgets of the model atmosphere. Values in parentheses are observed values from Henderson-Sellers and Robinson (1986). SH and LH denote, respectively, sensible and latent heat fluxes. The unit is the percentage relative to the solar radiation on the top of atmosphere. 97
Fig.3.12. The changes of heating rate with respect to 0.77 surface relativity humidity for various surface relativity humidity from 0.71 to 0.83. (a) is for solar radiation, and (b) is for longwave radiation. 106
Fig.3.13. As in Fig. 3.12 except for the temperature change 108
Fig.3.14. The changes of heating rate with respect to 0.1 surface albedo for various surface albedo, such as 0.05, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. 111
Fig.3.15. As in Fig. 3.13. except for surface albedo 112
Fig.3.16. The changes of heating rate with respect to clear sky for various cloud height. (a) is for solar radiation, and (b) is for longwave radiation. 115
Fig.3.17. Vertical temperature distribution of the radiative-convective model for various cloud height. 117
Fig.3.18. The radiation fluxes on the top of atmosphere for different cloud level. The solid and dotted lines indicate the solar and terrestrial radiation fluxes, respectively. 119
Fig.3.19. Distribution of surface temperature(temperatutre) as a function of cloud height and cloud fraction. 120
Fig.3.20. As in Fig. 3.17 except for various solar radiation 122
Fig.3.21. The changes of vertical distribution of (a) the upward longwave radiation flux, and (b) heating rate by longwave radiation due to an abrupt doubling CO₂. 125
Fig.3.22. Vertical distribution of temperature(teperature) of the double CO₂ minus that of the control run for various heating distribution by latent heat release. (a) is for clear sky, and (b) is for cloudy sky, respectively. 127
Fig.3.23. The percentage difference of various heat balance for doubling CO₂. Values in parentheses denote the results from control run as shown in Fig. 3.11 129
Fig.3.24. Two-layer model representation of the stratosphere-troposphere-surface climate system. 132
Fig.3.25. Difference of surface temperature for doubling CO₂, as a function of cloud height and cloud fraction. 137
Fig.3.26. Vertical temperature distribution of the radiative-convective model for variable cloud cover and fixed cloud. In the model for a variable cloud cover, cloud cover is calculated(calcuated) as a function of convective heating. For a model with fixed cloud, cloud located in 660hPa with 1Km thickness and 0.5 cloud amount. 140
Fig.3.27. As in Fig. 3.22 except for variable cloud cover and fixed cloud. 141
Fig.3.28. Vertical profiles of cloud cover for various amount of CO₂. 142
Fig.3.29. Time-vertical distribution of monthly-mean (a) specific humidity (gKg-1), and ozone mixing ratio (10-6. gg-1). Specific humidity is obtained from ECMWF data at the grid point of Korea from Jan. 1988 to Dec. 1988. Ozone values is the 5 year average of each month of the data observed at Yonsei University in Seoul for the period of 1986-1990.(이미지참조) 145
Fig.3.30. Time-vertical distribution of radiative equilibrium temperature estimated in Korea. 146
Fig.3.31. Time-vertical distribution of monthly-mean temperature (a) the radiative-convective model, and (b) observed at Osan from Jan. 1988 to Dec. 1988. 148
Fig.3.32. Time-vertical distribution of the temperature of the doubling CO₂ experiment minus that of the control run. (a) is obtained with the pure radiation model, and (b) is the radiative-convective model. 149
Fig.4.1. Vertical structure of general circulation model. 153
Fig.4.2. Distribution of general circulation model results. (a) is surface air temperature, and (b) is zonal wind at 200mb. The model is integrated for 40 days with Jan. 15 climatological external conditions, and the results shown are the 10 day mean of 31-40 day model results. 154
Fig.4.3. Vertical profiles of the cooling rates induced by (a) water vapor center band and (b) water vapor wing band. Plotted are the model results produced by a 60 layer line-by-line model developed by Goddard Laboratory(Labortary) for Atmospheres (solid line), 60 layer model of Chou et al. (1991) (dotted line), 12 layer line-by-line model of GLA (○○○), 12 layer model of Chou (■■■). The atmospheric condition prescribed(precribed) in the model is summer-mean condition in the mid-latitude. 157
Fig.4.4. Distribution of absorption calculated by the line-by-line model of GLA, the parameterization of Chou, and the model of present study. 160
Fig.4.5. Vertical profiles of cooling rates as in Fig 4.3 except for results of the present parameterization of 12 layer model. To compare the present results, 60 layer and 12 layer LBL model results are included in the map. 162