[표제지 등]
제출문
요약문
SUMMARY
List of Table
List of Figure
목차
제1장 서론 31
제2장 도시쓰레기중 유독성폐기물의 안전처리 및 회수자원화기술 33
제1절 유독성물질을 함유한 폐기물의 종류 및 환경오염특성 33
제2절 폐건전지와 수은성분함유 폐기물 35
1. 제품 특성 35
2. 국내 관리현황 39
3. 외국의 관리현황 및 기술개발동향 40
제3절 폐가전제품 49
1. 가전제품의 특성[원문불량;p.48] 49
2. 국내 관리현황 51
3. 외국의 관리현황 및 기술개발동향 53
제4절 기타 유독물질을 함유한 폐기물 60
1. 유독물질함유 용기류 60
2. 사진현상필름 및 인화지 61
3. 다이옥신 문제 61
제3장 할로겐화 유기폐기물 처리기술 63
제1절 할로겐화 유기폐기물의 문제점 63
제2절 할로겐화 유기용매 처리방법 64
1. 생물학적 처리방법 15) 64
가. 천연미생물로부터의 추출 64
나. 효소시스템 65
다. Genetic Engineering 65
2. 물리적 처리방법 66
가. Clay Adsorption 66
나. 광산 지하저장 67
다. 안정화 및 고형화 67
라. Vitrification 68
3. 화학적 처리방법 69
가. 수화공정 69
나. 고온 기화법 73
다. 교반층 공정 (Stirring - Bed Technology) 73
라. 용융로 소각 75
마. 나트륨 공정 76
바. 고온 플라스마 로 78
사. APEG 공정 36-43) 80
아. 초임계 산화공정 44-46) 83
자. 광 분해법 (Photolysis) 44,47) 85
제3절 유기염소계 유해폐기물 화학적 탈염소공정 실험 86
1. APEG(Alkaline Polyethylene glycols) 공정 실험 87
가. 실험장치 및 방법 87
나. 분석방법 89
다. 결과 및 고찰 90
2. 열-화학적반응(Thermal-Chermal Reaction)공정 실험 101
가. Batch식 실험 101
(1) 실험장치 및 방법 101
(2) 분석방법 103
(3) 결과 및 고찰 103
나. 연속식 실험 106
(1) 연속식반응기(I)의 설계 및 제작 106
(2) 연속식 반응기(I)의 기계적 성능평가 109
(3) 반응기 개선 및 기초실험 109
(4) 개선된 연속식 반응기(II)의 구조 113
(5) 분체성상 121
(6) 처리실험 및 평가 121
제4장 유기성 유해폐기물의 안정화 처리방안 128
제1절 연구의 배경 128
제2절 유해폐기물 고형화 기술 131
1. 유해폐기물 고형화기술의 종류 131
2. 국내외 고형화기술 연구현황 133
제3절 시멘트를 이용한 유해폐기물 고형화원리 140
1. 시멘트의 수화반응과 포졸란 반응 140
가. 시멘트의 수화반응 140
나. 포졸란 반응 142
다. 폐기물에서의 시멘트 수화반응 143
라. 수화된 시멘트의 내구성 144
2. 시멘트 고형화와 용출성의 영향인자 145
가/3.2.1. 고정화 mechanism 147
나. 화학적 영향인자 148
3. 고화체의 특성 151
가. 물리적 특성 151
나. 용출특성 154
다. 용출액에 따른 용출성 155
4. 용출 및 추출실험 156
가. 용출실험 방법 및 적용 157
나. 장기 용출 실험 158
제4절 실험재료 및 방법 161
1. 실험재료 161
가. 고화재료 161
나. 고화보조재 162
다. 흡착재 및 첨가재 164
라. 대상 폐기물 170
2. 실험방법 173
가. 고화체 제작 및 양생 174
나. 일축압축강도시험 174
다. 24시간 용출시험 174
라. 미세구조분석 174
제5절 실험결과 및 고찰 176
1. 흡착재의 선정 176
2. 슬러지의 함수율과 시멘트 배합비에 대한 압축강도 및 용출율 177
3. 고화보조재 실리카흄 184
4. 흡착재의 혼합효과 191
5. 고화보조재와 흡착재의 동시효과 202
제5장 결론 및 제언 214
제1절 결론 214
제2절 제언 221
참고문헌 222
[title page etc.]
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 31
Chapter 2. Safe Treatment and Recovery Technologies of Hazardous Wastes in Municipal Wastes 33
I. Type of Wastes Containing Hazardous Materials and Their Characteristics 33
II. Wasted Dry Cells and Wastes Containing Mercury 35
1. Material Characteristics(Chacteristics) 35
2. Current Status of Management in Korea 39
3. Current Status of Management in Abroad and State-of-The art of Technologies 40
III. Wasted Household Electric Materials 49
1. Characteristics(Chacteristics) of Household Electric Materials[원문불량;p.48] 49
2. Current Status of Management in Korea 51
3. Current Status of Management in Abroad and State-of-The art of Technologies 53
IV. Other Wastes Containing Hazardous Materials 60
1. Containers Containing Hazardous Materials 60
2. Film and Photographic Paper 61
3. Dioxin Problems 61
Chapter 3. Treatment Technologies of Halogenated Organic Wastes 63
I. Problems of Halogenated Organic Wastes 63
II. Treatment Technologies of Halogenated Organic Solvents 64
1. Biological Methods 64
i. Extraction of Natural Microorganisms 64
ii. Enzyme Systems 65
iii. Genetic Engineering 65
2. Physical Methods 66
i. Clay Adsorption 66
ii. Underground Storage in Mines 67
iii. Stabilization/Solidification 67
iv. Vitrification 68
3. Chemical Methods 69
i. Hydration Process 69
ii. High Temperature Pyrolysis 73
iii. Stirring-Bed Technology 73
iv. Crucible Incineration 75
v. Sodium Process 76
vi. High Temperature Plasma Process 78
vii. APEG Process 80
viii. Supercritical Fluids Oxidation Process 83
ix. Photolysis 85
III. Chemical Dechlorination of Chlorinated Organic Wastes 86
1. APEG Process Experiment 87
i. Experimental Apparatus and Method 87
ii. Analytical Method 89
iii. Results and Discussion 90
2. Thermal-Chemical Reaction Process Experiment 101
i. Batch Test 101
(1) Experimental Apparatus and Method 101
(2) Analytical Method 103
(3) Results and Discussion 103
ii. Continuous Test 106
(1) Design and Manufacture of Continuous Reactor(I) 106
(2) Assessment of Mechanical Performance of Continuous Reactor(I) 109
(3) Reactor Improvement and Basic Test 109
(4) Structure of Continuous Reactor(II) 113
(5) Properties of Powder 121
(6) Experiment and Assessment 121
Chapter 4. Stabilization/Solidification of Organic Contaminated Industrial Wastes Using Organophilic Material 128
I. Background 128
II. Technologies for Hazardous Wastes Solidification 131
1. Types of Hazardous Wastes Solidification 131
2. State of the Art 133
III. Principles of Cement Solidification 140
1. Cement Hydration and Pozzolan Reaction 140
i. Cement Hydration 140
ii. Pozzolan Reaction 142
iii. Cement Hydration in Hazardous Wastes 143
iv. Durability of Hydrated Cement 144
2. Cement Solidification and Leachability Factors 145
i. Fixation Mechanism 147
ii. Chemical Factors 148
3. Characteristics of Solidified Specimen 151
i. Physical Characteristics 151
ii. Leaching Characteristics 154
iii. Leachability and Leachant 155
4. Leaching Test 156
i. Leaching Test and Application 157
ii. Long-term Leaching Test 158
IV. Materials and Methods 161
1. Materials 161
i. Solidifier 161
ii. Admixtures 162
iii. Adsorbents 164
iv. Wastes 170
2. Methods 173
i. Molding and Curing 174
ii. Unconfined Compressive Strength Test 174
iii. Leaching Test for 24 Hours 174
iv. Microstructural Analysis 174
V. Results and Discussion 176
1. Selection of Adsorbents 176
2. Effects of Water Content and Cement Mixture Ratio 177
3. Effects of Silica-fume 184
4. Effects of Adsorbents 191
5. Co-addition Effects of Adsorbents and Admixtures 202
Chapter 5. Conclusions and Suggestions 214
I. Conclusions 214
II. Suggestions 221
References 222
Table 2.1. Manufactures contained hazardous material and representative hazardous components 34
Table 2.2. Composition and characteristics of batteries 3) 36
Table 2.3. Constituent of batteries 3) 37
Table 2.4. Production and imports of domestic batteries by year 3) 39
Table 2.5. Management of batteries in Europe 6) 41
Table 2.6. Production and domestic demand of chief electric home appliances by year 3) 52
Table 2.7. Predicted(Prodicted) amount of waste electric home appliances in the country('91) 3) 52
Table 2.8. Predictive gross amount of dioxin discharge classified by generation sources 14) 62
Table 3.1. Properties of TCE 91
Table 3.2. Experimental conditions and results of Thermal-Chemical reaction 104
Table 3.3. Approaches to improvement of mechanical Performance 112
Table 3.4. Properties of power 121
Table 3.5. Continuous experiment(expetiment) Conditions for Thermal-Chemical reaction 125
Table 3.6. Variation of reactor Temperatures 126
Table 4.1. Technologies for hazardous wastes solidification 49) 131
Table 4.2. Chemical composition of portland cement 141
Table 4.3. Oxide forms of portland cement 141
Table 4.4. Effects of chemicals on cement hydration 149
Table 4.5. Comparison of EP Tox and TCLP leaching test 77) 158
Table 4.6. Chemical composition of portland cement and strengthener materials 161
Table 4.7. Classification of clays for chemical and structural Characteristics(AIPEA, classification scheme for the layered silicates) 165
Table 4.8. Cation exchange capacity of clay minerals, in milliequivalent per 100g 83) 169
Table 4.9. Characteristics of Tannery sludge 172
Table 4.10. Mixture ratio of cement and admixtures 173
Table 4.11. TOC and heavy metal adsorption capacity of adsorbent materials. 176
Table 4.12. Chemical composition of Bentonite 177
Table 4.13. Mixture ratio on the specimens designated in Fig. 4.29 212
Fig.2.1. Major use of mercury 4) 38
Fig.2.2. Treatment method of wastes containing mercury 7) 42
Fig.2.3. Actual plant process for mercury recovering 7, 8) 44
Fig.2.4. Zinc recovery process by wet method 8) 45
Fig.2.5. Zinc recovery process by dry method 46
Fig.2.6. Silver recovery process from silver oxide batteries 8) 48
Fig.2.7. Various distribution of electric home appliances composition 9)[원문불량;p.48] 50
Fig.2.8. Block diagram of large sized wastes treatment 3) 55
Fig.2.9. Recycling model plant process of Waste electric home appliances in Japan 11) 56
Fig.2.10. Recycling process of discarded T.V. 9) 57
Fig.2.11. Recovering process of gold & silver from parts of electric products 12) 59
Fig.2.12. Implement for safe treatment of waste gas tank 60
Fig.3.1. Disposition of Materials during Processing, Using In-situ Vitrification Technology 68
Fig.3.2. Thermal-Chemical Decomposition of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in a Stirred Flowthrough-Reactor 75
Fig.3.3. General Pilot Plant Design of KPEG Dechlorination Process 82
Fig.3.4. Supercritical water process 84
Fig.3.5. The schematic diagram of APEG process experimental apparatus 88
Fig.3.6. The photograph of APEG process experimental apparatus 88
Fig.3.7. Dechlorination of TCE at different reaction temperature using KTEG made at 50 ℃ 92
Fig.3.8. Dechlorination of TCE at different reaction temperature using KTEG made at 70 ℃ 92
Fig.3.9. Dechlorination of TCE at different reaction temperature using KTEG made at 90 ℃ 93
Fig.3.10. Dechlorination of TCE at different reaction temperature using KTEG made at 110 ℃ 93
Fig.3.11. Amount of TCE remaining after reaction 94
Fig.3.12. Comparison of reactivity of different alkali metal hydroxide 95
Fig.3.13. Dechlorination of TCE with aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide 96
Fig.3.14. TCE removal of different concentration of potassium hydroxide 98
Fig.3.15. Dechlorination of PCBs 100
Fig.3.16. Schematic diagram of batch reactor for Thermal-Chermal reaction process 102
Fig.3.17. Photograph of batch reactor for Thermal-Chermal reaction process 102
Fig.3.18. Cumulative concentration change of outlet PCBs in the batch reactor systems of Thermal-Chemical reaction 104
Fig.3.19. PCBs concentration of internal reaction products in the experiment 106
Fig.3.20. Continuous reactor(I) of Thermal-Chermal reaction process 108
Fig.3.21. Design of improved continuous reactor(II) 110
Fig.3.22. Photograph of improved continuous reactor(II) 114
Fig.3.23. Schematic diagram of continuous Thermal-Chermal reaction experimental setup 115
Fig.3.24. Details of hopper & powder supply parts 117
Fig.3.25. Details of shaft supporting plate 118
Fig.3.26. Details of upper parts of reactor 119
Fig.3.27. Details of storage tank of reaction product 120
Fig.3.28. Details of shaft 120
Fig.3.29. Effects of rotating velocity of powder supply shaft 122
Fig.3.30. Effects of cumulated powder volume and shaft velocity on quantity of fallen powder 123
Fig.3.31. Cumulative concentration change of outlet PCBs in the continuous reactor systems of Thermal-Chemical reaction 127
Fig.4.1. Effects of chemicals on the unconfined compressive strength of specimen solidified with portland cement 150
Fig.4.2. Effects of chemicals on the unconfined compressive strength of specimen solidified with cement/fly-ash 150
Fig.4.3. Effects of chemicals on the unconfined compressive strength of specimen solidified with lime/fly-ash 151
Fig.4.4. Schematic diagrams for 2:1 and 1:1 types 167
Fig.4.5. Structural diagrams for 2:1 and 1:1 types 168
Fig.4.6. Unconfined compressive strength on the cement ratio 178
Fig.4.7. Unconfined compressive strength on the unit cement percentage of cement (Kg/cm2.%) 178
Fig.4.8. Leaching concentration of chromium in solidified sludge 180
Fig.4.9. Leaching concentration of chromium on the unit sludge ratio 180
Fig.4.10. Leaching concentration of TOC on the cement ratio 182
Fig.4.11. Leaching rate of TOC based on the sludge content 182
Fig.4.12. Unconfined compressive strength on the silica-fume ratio 185
Fig.4.13. Effect of silica-fume on the compressive strength incremental rate 185
Fig.4.14. Leaching concentration of chromium on the silica-fume ratio 187
Fig.4.15. Leaching concentration of chromium on the unit sludge ratio 187
Fig.4.16. Leaching concentration of TOC on the silica-fume ratio 189
Fig.4.17. Leaching and reduction rate of TOC based on sludge ratio in solidified sample 189
Fig.4.18. Unconfined compressive strength on the adsorbent ratio 192
Fig.4.19. Effect of adsorbent on the unit cement strength(Kg/cm2.%) 192
Fig.4.20. Leaching concentration of chromium on the adsorbent ratio 196
Fig.4.21. Restraint rate of chromium on the unit cement percentage (%/%) (based on 4mg/L of chromium) 196
Fig.4.22. Leaching concentration of TOC on the adsorbent ratio 199
Fig.4.23. Effect of adding materials on the TOC restraint rate (%/%) (Restraint rate increment /Adding materials increment) 199
Fig.4.24. Unconfined compressive strength of solidified sample mixed with strengthener and adsorbents(Bentonite & Briquette) 203
Fig.4.25. Strength incremental rate compared with specimen of cement 50% 203
Fig.4.26. Leaching concentration of chromium in solidified sample mixed with strengthener and adsorbents(Bento + Briq.) 206
Fig.4.27. Leaching concentration of TOC in solidified sample mixed with strengthener and adsorbents (Bentonite & Briquette) 206
Fig.4.28. Reduction rate of TOC concentration compared with the specimen of cement 50% and sludge 50% 211
Fig.4.29. Unconfined compressive strength and concentration of TOC and chromium according to mixture types 211