표제지
제출문
요약문
Summary
Contents
목차
제1장 서론 53
제2장 대기/해양 접합 GCM 개발 59
제1절 서론 59
제2절 대기 GCM의 개발 63
1. YONU GCM Tr5와 Tr7에 의한 1월과 7월 기후의 모사 63
제3절 AMIP 사업 88
1. AMIP 개요 88
2. AMIP 참여 GCM 그룹 및 진단 프로그램 92
3. AMIP의 전망 92
제4절 해양 GCM의 개발 99
1. 문제 제기 99
2. 열속 자료를 이용한 예단 모형 102
3. 진단 모형 105
4. Robust 진단 모형 106
5. 복원 경계 조건을 이용한 예단 모형 114
제5절 대기/해양 상호작용 125
1. YONU AGCM의 검증 문제 125
2. SST 아노말리에 대한 YONU GCM Tr5.0의 7월 반응 138
3. YONU GCM Tr7.0으로 모사된 남부 진동 151
제6절 산악 중력파 항력의 모수화 161
1. 개요 161
2. 이론적 배경 172
3. 중력파 항력의 모수화 182
제7절 종합 및 요약 187
참고 문헌 190
제3장 활동성 성층권 모형 개발 199
제1절 서론 199
제2절 복사 과정의 모수화 201
제3절 ICRCCM 결과와의 비교 203
1. 흡수만 고려한 경우 205
2. 모든 기체에 의한 흡수와 Rayleigh 산란을 함께 고려한 경우 207
3. 구름 효과를 고려한 경우 209
제4절 기후 시스템 안에서의 오존의 역할 216
제5절 지표 자외선 복사 방패로서의 오존 222
1. 대기 상단과 지표에서의 UV-B 복사 223
2. 성층권 오존의 감소에 따른 지표 UV-B 복사량의 증가 225
3. 지표 UV-B 복사량의 연변동과 위도 분포 226
제6절 종합 및 결론 232
참고 문헌 235
제4장 고기후 모델링 243
제1절 서론 243
제2절 고기후 재현 실험 247
1. 기후 변화의 천문학적 요인 248
2. 6000년 전 고기후와 GCM을 이용한 이의 재현 251
제3절 한반도와 그 주변의 제4기 고기후: 고생물을 이용한 그 변화의 연구 269
1. 고기후 연구 방향과 선행 연구 269
2. 조사 및 분석 방법 272
3. 결과 및 고찰 275
제4절 종합 및 결론 288
참고 문헌 297
제5장 지역 기후 모델링의 전망 306
제1절 서론 306
제2절 광역 기후와 지역 기후 사이의 상관성 307
1. 기초 관측 자료 307
2. 전환 행렬 308
3. 연평균 전환 행렬 319
제3절 지역 기후와 그 변화의 예측 322
1. 예측 방법의 개요 322
2. GCM 자료 327
3. 예측 결과와 논의 328
제4절 앞으로의 연구 진행 방향 334
참고 문헌 341
제6장 결론 343
부록 346
부록 1. 학술 회의에 발표된 논문들의 요약 346
부록 2. 학술 잡지에 게재된 논문들의 요약 354
부록 3. 학술 잡지에 투고된 논문들의 요약 357
Table 2.1. Saturation water vapor pressure as a function of air... 85
Table 2.2. AMIP standard outputs. Set 1: Global distribution of... 93
Table 2.3. AMIP standard outputs. Set 2: Global distribution of... 94
Table 2.4. AMIP standard outputs. Set 3 : Meridional distribution... 95
Table 2.5. Variables to be included in the PCMDI AMIP history archive. 96
Table 2.6. AMIP modelling groups. 97
Table 2.7. AMIP diagnostic subprojects and their scientific... 98
Table 2.8. Restoring time scale used in the robust diagnostic experiment. 109
Table 3.1. Summary of the cases for the validation of described... 204
Table 3.2. Summary of the statistical results for the water vapor... 206
Table 3.3. Summary of the statistical results for absorption with all gases. 208
Table 3.4. Summary of the statistical results for absorption with all... 210
Table 3.5. Summary of the statistical results of the changes induced... 212
Table 3.6. Atmospheric gas perturbations used in this experiment. 219
Table 4.1. Orbital parameters used in climate comparison... 253
Table 4.2. Distribution of the spores and pollen grains in the samples. 277
Table 4.2. Continued. 278
Table 4.3. Percentage data of each spore and pollen grains in the samples. 280
Table 4.3. Continued. 281
Table 5.1. The components of transfer matrix A(i) for the mean... 323
Fig. 2.1. The vertical indices and the vertical level positions of... 60
Fig. 2.2. The January mean sea-level pressure(SLP) simulated... 65
Fig. 2.3. The same as Fig. 2.2 except for July. 66
Fig. 2.4. The same as Fig. 2.2 except for the January surface... 67
Fig. 2.5. The same as Fig. 2.4 except for July. 68
Fig. 2.6. The same as Fig. 2.2 except for the January precipitation... 71
Fig. 2.7. The same as Fig. 2.6 except for July. 72
Fig. 2.8. The same as Fig. 2.2 except for the January total... 75
Fig. 2.9. The same as Fig. 2.8 except for July. 76
Fig. 2.10. The same as Fig. 2.2 except for the January outgoing... 78
Fig. 2.11. The same as Fig. 2.10 except for July. 79
Fig. 2.12. The January mean simulated(upper panels) and... 81
Fig. 2.13. The same as Fig. 2.12 except for July. 82
Fig. 2.14. Latitudinal variation of imposed stratospheric temperature... 83
Fig. 2.15. The same as Fig. 2.12 except for water vapor mixing... 86
Fig. 2.16. The same as Fig. 2.15 except for July. 87
Fig. 2.17. Levels of model intercomparison as defined by the... 91
Fig. 2.18. Horizontal volume transport stream function 101
Fig. 2.19. (a) Horizontal volume transport stream function 103
Fig. 2.19. (b) Global distribution of sea surface temperature 104
Fig. 2.20. Horizontal volume transport stream function 107
Fig. 2.21. (a) Horizontal volume transport stream function 111
Fig. 2.21. (b) Global distribution of sea surface temperature 112
Fig. 2.22. Time mean volume transport stream function obtained by... 113
Fig. 2.23. Mean meridional cross section of zonally averaged... 115
Fig. 2.24. Observed mean meridional cross section of zonally... 116
Fig. 2.25. Global distribution of implied heat flux calculated by the... 117
Fig. 2.26. The observed annual mean net surface heat flux(Wm⁻²)... 118
Fig. 2.27. Horizontal volume transport stream function 121
Fig. 2.28. Mean meridional cross section of zonally averaged temperature 122
Fig. 2.29. Global distribution of sea surface temperature 123
Fig. 2.30. Northward heat transport as a function of latitude by the... 124
Fig. 2.31. The observed 8-year(1980-87) mean annual sea-level pressure 131
Fig. 2.32. Composite assessment of the correlations of annual... 132
Fig. 2.33. Five-month running mean of the difference between the... 134
Fig. 2.34. Five-month running mean of the sea level pressure... 135
Fig. 2.35. (a) The upper two panels show the observed variations... 137
Fig. 2.36. The first three principal components of 30-year global... 141
Fig. 2.37. July SST as a perpetual lower boundary condition 143
Fig. 2.38. The simulated SLP anomalies 145
Fig. 2.39. The simulated anomalies of velocity potential at 850hpa 147
Fig. 2.40. The simulated anomalies of surface air temperature.... 148
Fig. 2.41. The imposed SST anomalies 149
Fig. 2.42. The simulated anomalies of mixing ratio at 850 hPa 150
Fig. 2.43. The simulated anomalies of moisture flux potential at 850hPa 152
Fig. 2.44. The simulated anomalies of precipitation 153
Fig. 2.45. Equatorial anomalies of simulated zonal wind stress and... 156
Fig. 2.46. The simulated 10-year annual mean sea level pressure 157
Fig. 2.47. The simulated 10-year annual mean precipitation 158
Fig. 2.48. The climatological annual mean precipitation 159
Fig. 2.49. The simulated correlations of annual mean sea level... 160
Fig. 2.50. The simulated five-month running mean of the... 162
Fig. 2.51. The simulated five-month running mean of the sea level... 163
Fig. 2.52. Monthly mean anomalies of SST, precipitation, sea level... 164
Fig. 2.53. Mean Northern Hemisphere surface pressure (hPa) from... 166
Fig. 2.54. Zonal mean cross-section of zonal wind(ms⁻¹) and... 167
Fig. 2.55. Mountain torque and surface friction for January 1979,... 170
Fig. 2.56. Eddy momentum flux(m²s⁻²) at 250 hPa by experiments... 171
Fig. 2.57. Schematic process of wave breaking and associated flux profile. 174
Fig. 2.58. Schematic of the growth with height and saturation of a... 175
Fig. 2.59. Potential temperature obtained by 2D numerical model... 177
Fig. 2.60. Drag and momentum flux as a function of Nh/U using the... 178
Fig. 2.61. Observed potential temperature cross-section using the... 180
Fig. 2.62. Horizontally averaged momentum flux profile for the same... 181
Fig. 2.63. Vertical grid structure and allocation of variables in the model 184
Fig. 3.1. The vertical distribution of heating rate(upper-left),... 214
Fig. 3.2. As in Fig. 3.1 except for the cloudy sublayers in the... 215
Fig. 3.3. Vertical distribution of temperature change due to... 218
Fig. 3.4. The scatter diagrams for total solar radiation in the left... 224
Fig. 3.5. Dependence on the solar zenith angle of surface UV-B... 227
Fig. 3.6. Seasonal-latitudinal solar(upper) and UV-B(middle for... 229
Fig. 3.7. Potential ozone depletion amount by Year 2015 based on... 230
Fig. 4.1. Carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere(ppmv) and... 245
Fig. 4.2. The seasonal and latitudinal change of the insolation... 250
Fig. 4.3. Solar radiation at top of atmosphere for 6000 years... 254
Fig. 4.4. January surface-air temperature difference between the... 258
Fig. 4.5. Same as in Fig. 4.4. except for July. In the constructed... 259
Fig. 4.6. Departures of mid-Holocene air temperature at the 200hPa... 262
Fig. 4.7. Latitudinal-vertical distribution of mid-Holocene temperature... 264
Fig. 4.8. Departures of mid-Holocene annual mean precipitation from... 266
Fig. 4.9. Departures of mid-Holocene annual mean soil moisture... 268
Fig. 4.10. Map of the sample site. 273
Fig. 4.11. Relative proportion of AP(arboreal pollen), NAP(non-... 282
Fig. 4.12. Pollen diagram and pollen zones established in the... 283
Fig. 4.13. Comparison of the pollen zone of the present study with... 286
Fig. 5.1. Nine points chosen near Korea for providing the... 309
Fig. 5.2. Fifty-eight rain gauge stations in Korea, shown by... 310
Fig. 5.3. Geographical distribution of the components of the... 320
Fig. 5.4. Five month running means of observed monthly total... 321
Fig. 5.5. Geographical distribution of the components of the... 323
Fig. 5.6. Regional distribution of annual precipitations in Korea by... 329
Fig. 5.7. Regional distribution of precipitation change due to CO₂... 330
Fig. 5.8. Precipitation expected over Korea with the CO₂ doubling... 332
Fig. 5.9. Precipitation change with the CO₂ douling for the mean... 333
Fig. 5.10. As in Fig. 5.6 except for CASE II. 335
Fig. 5.11. As in Fig. 5.7 except for CASE II. 336
Fig. 5.12. As in Fig. 5.8 except for CASE II. 337
Fig. 5.13. As in Fig. 5.9 except for CASE II. 338
Fig. 5.14. A scenario of annual precipitation change(lower left... 339