[표제지 등]
제출문
요약문
SUMMARY
List of Table
List of Figure
칼라
목차
제1장 서론 34
제2장 산성비 유도 물질 배출량 산정 39
제1절 서론 40
제2절 배출량 산정 40
1. 배출량 산정 방법 40
2. 배출량 산정에 사용한 자료 42
3. 연료 사용량 42
4. 황 함유량과 SO₂ 배출인자 49
5. NOx(이미지참조) 배출인자 49
6. 지역별 연료 사용량 구분 54
7. 지역별 SO₂와 NOx(이미지참조) 배출량 추정 및 1도 x 1도 격자계의 배출량 계산 64
제3절 결과 64
1. 남한에서의 SO₂와 NOx(이미지참조) 배출량 64
2. 동아시아지역의 SO₂와 NOx(이미지참조)의 배출량 71
제4절 결론 77
제5절 참고문헌 79
제3장 산성비 감시 81
제1절 서론 82
제2절 한반도 산성비 감시망 83
1. 한반도 산성비 감시망(KOMAP)의 구성 83
2. 강수채취기의 보완 및 제작 87
제3절 한반도 강수의 산-염기화학 90
1. 실험 90
2. 강수분석의 결과 96
3. 분석자료의 신뢰도 확보 104
4. 고찰 104
제4절 결론 119
제5절 참고문헌 122
제4장 종합적 산성 침적 모형의 개발 124
제1절 서론 125
제2절 대기 모형과 기상장 도출 128
1. 대기 모형 130
2. 기상장 도출과 평가 140
제3절 수송 모형 156
1. 대기 오염물 확산 방정식 156
2. 오염물의 난류 확산 계수 157
3. 수치 방법 158
4. 수송 모형의 평가 163
제4절 화학 모형 185
1. 기체상 화학 186
2. 액체상 화학 200
3. 화학 모형의 시험 가동 206
4. 요약 220
제5절 건성 침적 모형 222
1. 서론 222
2. 모형 223
3. 결과 233
4. 결론 237
제6절 요약 및 결론 238
제7절 참고문헌 241
제5장 종합 및 결론 248
[title page etc.] 1
Summary in Korean 5
SUMMARY 11
Contents
Chapter(Chaper) 1. Introduction 34
Chapter(Chaper) 2. Estimation of emission 39
Section 1. Introduction 40
Section 2. Estimation of emission 40
1. Methods 40
2. Data 42
3. Amount of fuel consumption 42
4. Sulfur content and emission factor for SO₂ 49
5. Emission factor for NOx(이미지참조) 49
6. Fuel consumption for administrative regions 54
7. Estimation of emission for region and 1x1 degree grid 64
Section 3. Results 64
1. Emission of SO₂ and NOx(이미지참조) over south Korea 64
2. Emission of SO₂ and NOx(이미지참조) over east Asia 71
Section 4. Conclusions 77
Section 5. References 79
Chapter(Chaper) 3. Acid-rain monitoring 81
Section 1. Introduction 82
Section 2. Korean network for monitoring precipitation(KoMAP) 83
1. Construction of KoMAP 83
2. Complement and manufacture of rain sampler 87
Section 3. Acid-base chemistry of precipitation 90
1. Experiment 90
2. Results 96
3. Quality control 104
4. Discussions 104
Section 4. Conclusions 119
Section 5. References 122
Chapter(Chaper) 4. Development of a comprehensive acid deposition model 124
Section 1. Introduction 125
Section 2. Atmospheric model and derivation of meteorological fields 128
1. Model 130
2. Derivation of meteorological fields and evaluation 140
Section 3. Transport model 156
1. Atmospheric dispersion equation 156
2. Turbulent diffusion coefficient for atmospheric pollutants 157
3. Numerical methods 158
4. Evaluation of transport model 163
Section 4. Chemistry model 185
1. Gaseous chemistry 186
2. Aqueous chemistry 200
3. Test run of modulated(modulized) model 206
4. Summary 220
Section 5. Dry deposition model 222
1. Introduction 222
2. Model 223
3. Results 233
4. Conclusions 237
Section 6. Summary and conclusions 238
Section 7. References 241
Chapter(Chaper) 5. Synthesis and conclusions 248
Table 1.1. Contents of study for the second project year (December 1993 ~ October 1994). 48
Table 2.1. Various fuel consumptions used in south Korea from 1988 to 1993. Each number represents fuel type. 43
Table 2.2. Various types of fuels used in south Korea from 1988 to 1993. Numbers in the first column represent fuel types in Table 2.1. Units are also in Table 2.1. 46
Table 2.3. Sulfur contents(wt%) of fuel for each economic sector. 52
Table 2.4. Emission factors for SO₂, S represents sulfur content(%). 53
Table 2.5. Emission factors for NOx.(이미지참조) 55
Table 2.6. Time variation of population in 15 administrative regions in south Korea (unit is 1000 persons). 57
Table 2.7. Capacities and locations of electric power plants in south Korea. 58
Table 2.8. Added values in each administrative region (unit is million won). 59
Table 2.9. Number of registered motor vehicles(vechicles). 60
Table 2.10. Emission of SO₂(ton/year) in 15 administrative regions from 1988 to 1993. 79
Table 2.11. Same as Table 2.10, except for NOx(이미지참조) Emission(ton/year). 70
Table 3.1. Ion chromatograph settings for the determination of cations and anions in rain water, Instrument : Dionex DX500 and 4000i Ion chromatograph. 92
Table 3.2. Number of samples collected from the KoMAP sites this year. 93
Table 3.3. pH and chemical composition of rain sample. 98
Table 3.4. Volume-weighted average pH and chemical components of rain. 103
Table 3.5. Annual deposition of major ions. 118
Table 4.1. Peak concentration ratio (Cmax(t)/Cmax(o)), mass conservation ratio (∑C(t)/∑C(0)), mass distribution ratio (∑C²(t)/∑C²(o)), and location of maximum concentration obtained from the results after six rotations.(이미지참조) 162
Table 4.2. Summary of CAPTEX cases. 164
Table 4.3. Summary of numerical experiments. Experiments for CAPTEX 1 include all the experiment in this table, while experiments for the CAPTEX 2 include experiments only with Bott 2nd order scheme (A1 though ALL). 166
Table 4.4. The three scores for each experiment with Bott's 2nd order scheme for three different threshold values defining puff in CAPTEX 1. The score represents average value for the two periods 2 and 3. 168
Table 4.5. Same as Table 4.4, except with Bott's 4th order scheme. 170
Table 4.6. Trajectory error*(eT, km), ratio*(b) of maximum predicted concentration to observed maximum concentration, and correlation coefficient(r) for the predicted and observed tracer concentration during period 2 and period 3. for CAPTEX 1.(이미지참조) 171
Table 4.7. Same as Table 4.4, except for CAPTEX 2, with Bott's 2nd order scheme. 173
Table 4.8. Same as Table 4.6, except for CAPTEX 2, with Bott's 2nd order scheme. 173
Table 4.9. The RADM chemical mechanism (photolysis reactions) 189
Table 4.10. The RADM chemical mechanism (thermal reactions) 190
Table 4.11. Aqueous-phase cloud water equilibrium. (source : Chang, 1990). 201
Table 4.12. Aqueous-phase reactions (source : Chang, 1990). 204
Table 4.13. Gases and their properties relevant to estimating resistances to dry deposition (from RADM). 231
Table 4.14. Input resistances (s/m) to the Module for computations of surface resistances. Entries of 9999 indicate that is no air-surface exchange via that resistance pathway. 232
Fig.2.1. Various types of fuels used in south Korea from 1988 to 1993. 44
Fig.2.2. Fuel consumption trends in various economic sectors in south Korea from 1988 to 1993. 48
Fig.2.3. Fuel consumption rates(%) at each economic sector in 1993. 50
Fig.2.4. Annual trend of sulfur contents(wt%) in fuels of coal and diesel (from Kato at al., 1991) 51
Fig.2.5. The 1˚X 1˚ grid system and 15 administration regions (6 cities and 9 provinces) for the estimation of SO₂, and NOx(이미지참조) emissions. 56
Fig.2.6. Interannual variation of SO₂ and NOx(이미지참조) emissions in south Korea. 65
Fig.2.7. Interannual variation of emissions of (a) SO₂ and (b) NOx(이미지참조) from each economic sector in south Korea. 66
Fig.2.8. Total emissions of (a) SO₂ and (b) NOx(이미지참조) from each economic sector in 1993. 68
Fig.2.9. Geographical distributions of SO₂, and NOx emissions in a 1˚X 1˚ gridded area. In each grid box the upper number represents SO₂emission (100tons/year) and the lower number indicates NOx emission (100tons/year).(이미지참조) 72
Fig.2.10. Distribution of SO₂ emission in Asia region (from Akimoto and Narita, 1994). 73
Fig.2.11. Same as in Fig.2.10, except for NOx(이미지참조) emissions. 74
Fig.2.12. Same as in Fig.2.9, except for the year of 1987 emissions estimated by Akimoto and Narita(1994). 76
Fig.3.1. Location of sampling sites (KoMAP). Site code 01; Seoul 02; Sochong-Do, 03; Ullung-Do, 04; Chunchon, 05; Kunsan, 10 Kwanaksan, ○; will be set-up. 85
Fig.3.2. Pictures of sampling site. (Ullung-Do). 88
Fig.3.3. Flow chart for chemical analysis of sample. 95
Fig.3.4. Typical ion chromatograms for rain water. 97
Fig.3.5. Ion balance of the sample. 105
Fig.3.6. Correlation between measured and calculated conductivity of the sample. 105
Fig.3.7. Time variation of pH in rain water. 108
Fig.3.8. Mean ionic composition of precipitation. 110
Fig.3.9. Time variation of nitrate/sulfate ratio in rain. 112
Fig.3.10. Time variation of NH₄+(이미지참조)/cation sum in rain water. 114
Fig.3.11. Correlation between input acidity(pAi) and pH. pAj=-log([nss-SO₄²]+[NO₃]),a) : H. Hara(1990) and b) : in this work. 116
Fig.4.1. The comprehensive acid deposition model. 126
Fig.4.2. Surface weather charts for the period of April 19-26, 1993. 142
Fig.4.3. Initial sea-level pressure and surface wind at 00UTC April 19, 1993. 145
Fig.4.4. (a) Observed and (b) simulated sea-level pressure and surface winds for 00UTC April 21, 1993. 146
Fig.4.5. Same as Fig.4.4, except for 00UTC April 23, 1993. 147
Fig.4.6. (a) Surface weather chart, (b) simulated sea-level pressure and surface winds without nudging and (c) with nudging for 00UTC April 27, 1993. 148
Fig.4.7. Same as Fig.4.6, except for 850mb surface 149
Fig.4.8. Same as Fig.4.6, except for 700mb surface 150
Fig.4.9. Temporal variation of RMSE for winds at four different levels. 152
Fig.4.10. Same as Fig.4.9, except for temperature. 153
Fig.4.11. Same as Fig.4.9, except for water vapor mixing ratio 154
Fig.4.12. Same as Fig.4.9, except for sea-level pressure. 155
Fig.4.13. (a) Initial shape of concentration distribution and (b) the rotational flow fields. 160
Fig.4.14. Results after six rotations by (a) Bott's second order, (b) Bott's fourth order, (c) Smolarkiewicz and (d) Prather scheme. 161
Fig.4.15. Comparison of (a) observed plume with predicted plumes (b) from the experiment A5, and (c) the experiment A2 for CAPTEX 1. 177
Fig.4.16. Same as Fig.4.15, except for CAPTEX 2 178
Fig.4.17. Observed puffs for the four periods in CAPTEX 1. 180
Fig.4.18. Predicted puffs for the four periods during CAPTEX 1. The puffs are from the experiment A2. 182
Fig.4.19. Same as Fig.4.17, except for CAPTEX 2. 183
Fig.4.20. Same as Fig.4.18, except for CAPTEX 2. 184
Fig.4.21. Major features of cloud-chemistry model of RADM. 186
Fig.4.22. Chemical processes of acid generation in the tropospheric atmosphere. 193
Fig.4.23. Summary of the gas-phase chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen in the troposphere. 196
Fig.4.24. Simplified primary mechanism of volatile organic compounds (Alkanes). 198
Fig.4.25. Flow chart for the calculation of concentration change in the modulized chemistry model. 206
Fig.4.26. Cumulative precipitation for the case of 1, 2 and 3 in the model experiments. 208
Fig.4.27. Temporal variation of concentrations for SO₂, NO₂, NO, O₃, HNO₃ and H₂O₂ for the Case 1. 209
Fig.4.28. Temporal variation of(fo) concentrations for SO₂, NO₂, NO, O₃, HNO₃ and H₂O₂ for the Case 2. 211
Fig.4.29. Temporal variation of(fo) concentrations for SO₂, NO₂, NO, O₃, HNO₃ and H₂O₂ for the Case 2. 212
Fig.4.30. Temporal variation of wet depositions for the Case 1. 213
Fig.4.31. Temporal variation of wet depositions for the Case 3. 214
Fig.4.32. Temporal variation of gaseous pollutant concentrations considering only gas-phase chemistry in Case 3. 215
Fig.4.33. Same as Fig.4.29, except without S(IV) oxidation process. 216
Fig.4.34. Same as Fig.4.29, except without vertical redistribution in clouds. 218
Fig.4.35. Schematic of surface layers through which pollutants traverse as they are dry deposited. 223
Fig.4.36. Pathway of resistances to the deposition of gaseous pollutants. The dotted line illustrates a probable route for SO₂ transfer. 228
Fig.4.37. The filtered topography of south Korea. Contours are in meters with an increment of 200 m. Star marks indicates surface meteorological observation sites. 234
Fig.4.38. Objectively analyzed mean surface resultant wind vectors at (a) 0300LST, (b) 0900LST, (c) 1500LST, (d) 2100LST, on fine days (the cloud amount is less than 5/10) in five spring seasons from 1988 to 1992 for the case of the weak westerly geostrophic wind. 235
Fig.4.39. Horizontal distributions of the estimated dry deposition velocity (cm/s) at (a) 0300LST, (b) 0900LST, (c) 1500LST, (d) 210OLST. 236