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Nomenclature
List of Figure
List of Table
목차
제1장 서론 17
제2장 가우시안 방식의 대기확산 모델 'GADVALP' 23
I. 서론 23
II. 대기경계층 영역의 미기상 27
2.1. 대기경계층의 구조 27
2.2. 대기의 안정도 29
2.3. 높이에 따른 속도구배 33
2.4. 대기확산계수 34
III. 일차증기의 대기확산 39
3.1. 가우시안 모델의 좌표계 39
3.2. 가우시안 플룸 모델의 대기확산식 40
3.3. 가우시안 퍼프 모델의 대기확산식 42
3.4. 구름의 기하학적 형상변화에 대한 고찰 43
IV. 단일액적의 운동량·열 및 물질전달 45
4.1. 액적의 운동 45
4.1.1. 공기의 물리적 상태량 [39,40] 45
4.1.2. 액적의 이차원 운동 및 종말속도 47
4.2. 액적의 증발에 의한 물질 및 열 전달 54
4.3. 단일액적의 대기확산 56
V. 액적운의 대기확산 60
5.1. 액경 분포 60
5.2. 액적운에서의 이차증기 생성량 62
5.3. 이차증기의 수치해석적 모델링 74
5.4/5.3. 플룸의 이차증기 대기확산 76
VI. 프로그램 GADVALP 84
6.1. 프로그램 GADVALP 의 특징 84
6.2. 입력변수 87
6.3. 프로그램 변수 89
6.4. 프로그램 계통도 93
제3장 유동장 해석 기법에 의한 대기확산모델 96
I. 서론 96
II. 1차년도의 결과 요약 98
III. 수학적 모델 및 해법 105
3.1. 지배방정식의 유도 105
3.2. 이산화방정식 112
3.3. 수치해석 알고리즘 115
IV. 2차원 수치 해석 결과 121
V. 3차원 수치 해석 127
5.1. 수치해석 모델 및 해법 127
5.2. 연구 결과 및 토론 130
VI. 소결론 134
제4장 결론 175
참고문헌 176
부록 1. 'GADVALP' 컴퓨터 프로그램 182
부록 2. 고-기상오염불질의 2-D 확산 컴퓨터 프로그램 269
[초록] 284
Table 1-1. 주요 화학작용제의 종류와 특성 20
Table 2-1. Roughness Lengths 31
Table 2-2. Pasquill-Gifford's Stability Classes 31
Table 2-3. Golder Nomogram 32
Table 2-4/2-3. Lagrangian Time Scales 36
Table 2-5. Physical Properties of 1-Pentanol and 2-Pentanol[41,42] 46
Table 2-6. Settling times and terminal velocities of 1-Pentanol droplets without evaporation 53
Table 2-7. Atmospheric dispersion parameters of Gaussian puffs to describe secondary vapor (1-Pentanol, H = 2 m) 83
Table 2-8. Atmospheric dispersion parameters of Gaussian puffs to describe secondary vapor (1-Pentanol, H = 10 m) 83
Table 2-9. The differences between NUSSE3 and GADVALP 86
Table 3-1. Hypothetical standard condition used for this computation 98
Table 3-2. Calculation parameters employed in this study 99
Table 3-3. Expressions for the Diffusion Coefficients ΓØ and source terms SØ for a general dependent variable Ø(이미지참조) 132
Table 3-4. Constants of Turbulent model. 133
Table 3-5. A Summary of Boundary Conditions 133
Fig.2-1. Structure of atmospheric boundary layer 28
Fig.2-2. Windspeed profile 37
Fig.2-3. Atmospheric dispersion coefficient, σx(=σy)(이미지참조) 38
Fig.2-4. Atmospheric dispersion coefficient, σ₂ 38
Fig.2-5. Coordinate system for atmospheric dispersion of Gaussian model 41
Fig.2-6. Cloud geometry deformations of Gaussian puff with and without windspeed profile 44
Fig.2-7. Drag coefficient of a spherical particle as a function of Reynolds number 49
Fig.2-8. Vertical velocities of 1-Pentanol droplets without evaporation and windspeed profile 50
Fig.2-9. Horizontal velocities of 1-Pentanol droplets without evaporation and windspeed profile 51
Fig.2-10. Trajectories of 1-Pentanol droplets without evaporation and windspeed profile 52
Fig.2-11. Trajectories of 1-Pentanol droplets during evaporation in the wind field 57
Fig.2-12. Diameter changes of 1-Pentanol droplets during evaporation in the wind field 58
Fig.2-13. Temperature changes of 1-Pentanol droplets during evaporation in the wind field 59
Fig.2-14. Secondary vapor fraction on downwind distance and droplet size distribution during evaporation(1-Pentanol, H = 2 m) 65
Fig.2-15 Secondary vapor fraction on downwind distance and droplet size distribution during evaporation(2-Pentanol, H = 2 m) 66
Fig.2-16. Secondary vapor fraction of 1- & 2- Pentanol droplets on downwind distance during evaporation (H = 10 m, MMD = 100 ㎛, σg(이미지참조) = 2) 67
Fig.2-17. Secondary vapor fraction on height and droplet size distribution during evaporation(1-Pentanol, H = 2 m) 68
Fig.2-18. Secondary vapor fraction on height and droplet size distribution during evaporation(2-Pentanol, H = 2 m) 69
Fig.2-19. Secondary vapor fraction of 1- & 2- Pentanol droplets on height during evaporation(H = 10 m, MMD = 100 ㎛, σg(이미지참조) = 2) 70
Fig.2-20. Secondary vapor fraction on time and droplet size distribution during evaporation(1-Pentanol, H = 2 m) 71
Fig.2-21. Secondary vapor fraction on time and droplet size distribution during evaporation(2-Pentanol, H = 2 m) 72
Fig.2-22. Secondary vapor fraction of 1- & 2- Pentanol droplets on time during evaporation(H = 10 m, MMD = 100 ㎛, σg(이미지참조) = 2) 73
Fig.2-23. Gaussian puffs fitting to secondary vapor on downwind distance (1-Pentanol, H = 2m, MMD=100㎛, σg(이미지참조)=2) 77
Fig.2-24. Gaussian puffs fitting to secondary vapor on height (1-Pentanol, H = 2 m, MMD = 100 ㎛, σg(이미지참조) = 2) 78
Fig.2-25. Gaussian puffs fitting to secondary vapor on time (1-Pentanol, H = 2 m, MMD = 100 ㎛, σg(이미지참조) = 2) 79
Fig.2-26. Gaussian puffs fitting to secondary vapor on downwind distance (1-Pentanol, H = 10 m, MMD = 100 ㎛, σg(이미지참조) = 2) 80
Fig.2-27. Gaussian puffs fitting to secondary vapor on height (1-Pentanol, H = 10 m, MMD = 100 ㎛, σg(이미지참조) = 2) 81
Fig.2-28. Gaussian puffs fitting to secondary vapor on time (1-Pentanol, H = 10 m, MMD = 100 ㎛, σg(이미지참조) = 2) 82
Fig.3-1. Schematic diagram of atmospheric boundary layer for pollutant dispersion. 135
Fig.3-2. Calculated results for the standard case. (a) Vector plot (b) Pollutant concentration profile (c) Particle trajectories for 8 different particle sizes and 3 Injection points Particle sizes:1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100㎛ Injection points:1.5, 10, 15m 136
Fig.3-3. Schematic diagram of pollutant air parcel. 137
Fig.3-4. Horizontal velocity discontinuity between atmospheric air and pollutant gas at inlet stream. 137
Fig.3-5. Grid layout for discretization at inlet velocity discontinuity. 137
Fig.3-6. Velocity vector plots as a function of pollutant gas temperature (a)50℃ (b)100℃ (c)200℃ 138
Fig.3-7. Particle trajectories as a function of pollutant gas temperature. (a)50℃ (b)100℃ (c)200℃ 139
Fig.3-8. Velocity vector plots of two different pollutant gas velocities with same air velocities. (a)2m/s (b)5m/s 140
Fig.3-9. Comparison of velocity fields with simple terrain according to temperature. (a)30℃ (b)50℃ (c)100℃ 141
Fig.3-10. Mean flow around a cubical building(Perkins, 1974). 142
Fig.3-11. Schematic of the grid layout in rectangular coordinate 143
Fig.3-12. Schematic of the grid layout in cylindrical coordinate. 143
Fig.3-13. Schematic of a staggered layout 144
Fig.3-14. Standard velocity(velcity) vector plots of four dispersion simulants. (a) NH₃(b) Air (c) CO₂ (d) CH₂Cl₂ 145
Fig.3-15. Velocity vector plots of NH₃case. (a)50℃ (b)100℃ (c)200℃ 147
Fig.3-16. Velocity(Velcity) vector plots of Air case. (a)50℃ (b)100℃ (c)200℃ 148
Fig.3-17. Velocity vector plots of CO₂case. (a)50℃ (b)100℃ (c)200℃ 149
Fig.3-18. Velocity vector plots of CH₂Cl₂case. (a)50℃ (b)100℃ (c)200℃ 150
Fig.3-19. Mixture fraction contour for the case of 100℃. (a) NH₃(b) Air 151
Fig.3-20. Mixture fraction contour for the case of 100℃. (a) CO₂(b) CH₂Cl₂ 152
Fig.3-21. Velocity vector plots of NH₃without inlet hydrodynamic discontinuity for uInlet(이미지참조)=2m/s. (a) 50℃ (b) 100℃ 153
Fig.3-22. Velocity vector plots of Air without inlet hydrodynamic discontinuity for uInlet(이미지참조)=2m/s. (a) 50℃ (b) 100℃ 154
Fig.3-23. Velocity vector plots of CO₂without inlet hydrodynamic discontinuity for uInlet(이미지참조)=2m/s. (a) 50℃ (b) 100℃ 155
Fig.3-24. Velocity vector plots of CH₂Cl₂without inlet hydrodynamic discontinuity for uInlet(이미지참조)=2m/s. (a) 50℃ (b) 100℃ 156
Fig.3-25. Velocity vector plots of NH₃case without inlet hydrodynamic discontinuity for uInlet(이미지참조)=5m/s. (a)50℃ (b)100℃ 157
Fig.3-26. Velocity vector plots of Air case without inlet hydrodynamic discontinuity for uinlet(이미지참조)=5m/s. (a)50℃ (b)100℃ 158
Fig.3-27. Velocity vector plots of CO₂case without inlet hydrodynamic discontinuity for uinlet(이미지참조)=5m/s. (a)50℃ (b)100℃ 159
Fig.3-28. Velocity vector plots of CH₂Cl₂case without inlet hydrodynamic discontinuity for uinlet(이미지참조)=5m/s. (a)50℃ (b)100℃ 160
Fig.3-29. Partical trajectory plots for 3 injection locations(1, 5, 10, 15m) and 8 particle size(1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100㎛). (a) 500kg/㎥ (b) 1000kg/㎥ (c) 2000kg/㎥ 161
Fig.3-30. Particle trajectory plots for the case of particle density 1000kg/㎥ 162
Fig.3-31. Particle trajectory plots for the particle sizes of 10, 50, 100㎛ with density 2000kg/㎥ and injection height 10m. 163
Fig.3-32. Particle trajectory plots for the size of 100㎛ with the density of 500, 1000, 2000kg/㎥. 164
Fig.3-33. NH₃pollutant puff motion with atmospheric air apeed 5m/s (a) 1sec. (b) 10sec. (c)20sec. 165
Fig.3-34. CO₂ pollutant puff motion with atmospheric air apeed 5m/s. (a) 1sec. (b) 10sec. (c)20sec. 166
Fig.3-35. Schematic diagram of the deflected jet system. 167
Fig.3-36. Comparison(Comparision) of Mean Velocities between Prediction and Measurements in x-y Plane ● : Measurement, ── : Prediction 168
Fig.3-37. x-y Plane axial velocity(u) contour plots for R=2, at z=0, 0.25 (Ohm & Jang, 1995). 169
Fig.3-38. x-y Plane u-v vector plots for R=2, at z=0, 0.25 (Ohm & Jang, 1995). 170
Fig.3-39. x-y Plane axial velocity(u) contour plots for R=4, at z=, 0.25 (Ohm & Jang, 1995). 171
Fig.3-40. x-y Plane u-v vector plots for R=4, at z=0, 0.25 (Ohm & Jang, 1995). 172
Fig.3-41. x-y Plane isothermal plot for z=0(Ohm & Jang, 1995). 173
Fig.3-42. x-y pollutant mixture fraction for z=0 (Ohm & Jang, 1995). 174