표제지
목차
요약문 3
제1장 서론 8
제2장 국가별 방사선기기 규제현황 10
제1절 미국 10
제2절 캐나다 13
제3절 독일 15
제3장 국가별 방사선기기 설계 및 구조기준 17
제1절 미국 17
제2절 캐나다 23
제3절 독일 38
제4장 결론 41
1. 국가별 방사선기기 규제 현황 41
2. 국가별 방사선기기 설계 및 규조기준 42
3. 결과 및 고찰 42
참고문헌 43
[첨부 1] 설계 및 구조기준(안) 44
[첨부 2] ANSI N43.3 51
Abstract 53
Foreword 54
1.0. Scope 60
2.0. Normative References 60
3.0. Definitions 60
4.0. Classes of installations 64
4.1. Shielded installation 65
4.2. Unattended installation 65
4.3. Open installation 65
5.0. Requirements for installation classes 65
5.1. Shielded installation 65
5.2. Unattended installation 68
5.3. Open installation 69
6.0. Plans for radiation installations 70
6.1. Review by qualified expert 70
6.2. Information to be supplied to a qualified expert 70
6.3. Approval of plans by qualified expert 70
6.4. Effect of distance on shielding requirements 70
6.5. Direction of useful beam 70
6.6. Cross section of the beam 70
6.7. Multiple sources of radiation 70
6.8. Radiation energy, output, and workload 70
6.9. Validation of software and firmware 70
7.0. Structural shielding and protection details 71
7.1. Quality of shielding material 71
7.2. Lead shielding 71
7.3. Joints between different materials or structures 72
7.4. Shielding penetrations 72
7.5. General requirements for doors into controlled areas 72
8.0. Radiation protection surveys and inspections 72
8.1. Survey of new installations 72
8.2. Changes in existing installations 73
8.3. Report of radiation protection survey 73
8.4. Elimination of deficiencies 73
8.5. Retention of survey reports 73
8.6. Radiation protection survey 73
8.7. Inspections 74
9.0. Radiation protection 74
9.1. Radiation protection responsibility 74
9.2. Radiation protection program 74
9.3. Requirements according to classification 75
9.4. Personnel monitoring requirements 77
9.5. Dose equivalent limits 78
9.6. Radiation measurement and instrument calibration 79
Annex A. Occupancy and use factors 80
Annex B. General information on shielding 81
Annex C. Determination of gamma-ray shielding thickness 90
C.1. General 90
C.2. Computation of primary shielding thicknesses 90
C.3. Useful beam 90
C.4. Example of a primary radiation shield thickness calculation 91
C.5. Computation of secondary shielding thicknesses 92
Annex D. Determination of x-ray shielding thickness 102
D.1. General 102
D.2. Computation of primary shielding thicknesses 102
D.3. Useful beam 102
D.4. Example of primary shielding calculation 103
D.5. Computation of secondary shielding thickness 104
Annex E. Bibliography - Cited References 120
Annex F. Bibliography - Other Informative References, Ordered by Date 123
[첨부 3] 캐나다 법령 130
[첨부 4] 방사선 규정 211
1장 일반 규정 212
1a장 방사선 방호의 기본 원칙 221
2장 감시 규칙 223
2.1장 방사선 장치와 방사선원의 운전 223
2.2장 방사선 장치와 간섭 방사선원과 관련된 기타 업무 235
2.3장 품질안전 마크 허가 238
3장 운전을 위한 규정 243
3.1장 일반 규정 243
3.2장 인체에 대한 방사선의 사용 264
3.2a장 의학 연구 275
3.3장 수의학 혹은 기타 경우에 방사선의 사용 282
3.4장 방사선 피폭에 대한 규정 285
4장 노동의학적 예비 조치 300
5장 비상한 사건 진행 혹은 운전 상황 306
6장 형식 규정 307
7장 규정 위반 308
8장 종료 규정 312
표 3-1. 미국의 방사선기기 설치 형식에 따른 분류 22
표 3-2. 캐나다의 방사선기기 분류별 설계 및 구조기준 23
표 3-3. 독일의 방사선기기 설계 및 구조기준 38
그림 2-1. (a) 미국 원자력규제위원회(U.S. NRC) 조직도, (b) 미국 식품의약품안전청(U.S. FDA) 조직도 12
그림 2-2. (a) 캐나다 원자력규제위원회(CNSC) 조직도, (b) 캐나다 보건성(HECSB) 조직도 14
그림 2-3. 독일연방 내무환경성(Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety : BMU) 조직도 16
Table 1. Maximum permissible dose equivalent values (MPD) 78
Table A1. Occupancy factors (T) 80
Table A2. Use factors (U) for primary shielding 80
Table B1. Half-value and tenth-value layers 86
Table B2. Densities of shielding materials 87
Table B3. Commercial lead sheets [From NCRP Report No. 49] 88
Table B4. Approximate specific exposure rate constants at 1 meter 89
Table C1. Ratio, a, of scattered to incident exposure 101
Table D1. Ratio, a, of scattered to incident exposure 119
Figure 1. Radiation symbol (Note: Crosshatched area to be purple, magenta, or black; background to be yellow). 67
Figure B1. Examples of a joint between different kinds of shielding materials. 82
Figure B2. Example of a wall joint. 82
Figure B3. Example of a baffle design for an opening in a shield when the radiation is from the indicated direction [from NCRP Report No. 49]. 83
Figure B4. Source conduit baffle for exposure cells. 84
Figure B5. Methods of compensating for shielding lost due to penetration of a conduit or service box into the shielding barrier [from NCRP Report No. 49]. 85
Figure B6. Example of door baffle. 85
Figure C1. Transmission through concrete with density 2.35 g-cm-3 (147 lb-ft-3) of gamma rays from 226Ra, a 60Co and 137Cs, b and 192Irc. 94
Figure C2. Transmission through iron of gamma rays from 226Ra, a 60Co and 137Cs, b and 192Irc. 95
Figure C3. Transmission through lead of gamma rays from 226Ra, a 60Co and 137Cs, b and 192Irc. 96
Figure C4. Transmission through concrete with density 2.35 g-cm-3 (147 lb-ft-3) of 60Co radiation scattered from a cylindrical unit density phantom, 20-cm-diameter field, at 1 m from the source[From NCRP Report No. 49]. 97
Figure C5. Transmission through lead of 60Co radiation scattered from a cylindrical unit density phantom, 20-cm-diameter field, at 1 m from the source [From NCRP Report No. 49]. 98
Figure C6. Transmission through concrete with density 2.35 g-cm-3 (147 lb-ft-3) of 137Cs scattered radiation [From NCRP Report No. 49]. 99
Figure C7. Transmission through lead of 137Cs scattered radiation [From NCRP Report No. 49]. 100
Figure D1. Relation between the path length, S/cosθ , of radiation incident on a shield with an angle of obliquity, θ, and the thickness of the shield, S [From NCRP Report No. 49]. 108
Figure D2. Attenuation in lead of x-rays produced at potentials of 50- to 150-kV peak. The measurements were made with a 90-degree angle between the electron beam and the axis of the x-ray beam and with pulsed waveform... 109
Figure D3. Attenuation in lead of x-rays produced by potentials of 200-, 250-, and 300-kV peak; 300- and 400-kV constant potential. The measurements were made with a 90-degree angle between the electron beam and the axis of the x-ray beam... 110
Figure D4. Attenuation in lead of x-rays produced by potentials of 0.5 to 3 MV constant potential. The measurements were made with 0-degree angle between the electron beam and the axis of the x-ray beam and with a constant potential generator... 111
Figure D5. Transmission through lead of x-rays produced at 4 to 10 MV [From NCRP Report No. 49]. 112
Figure D6. Transmission through lead and steel of 6-MV primary x-rays scattered at 90 degrees. The measurements were made with 6-MV radiation scattered at 90 degrees from a cylindrical unit density phantom, 27 cm in diameter, 30 cm long... 113
Figure D7. Transmission through iron with density 7.8 g-cm-3 (488 lb-ft-3) of x-rays produced at 4 to 10 MV [From NCRP Report No. 49]. 114
Figure D8. Attenuation in concrete of x-rays produced by potentials of 50 to 300 kV peak; 400 kV constant potential. The measurements were made with a 90-degree angle between the electron beam and the axis of the x-ray beam... 115
Figure D9. Attenuation in concrete of x-rays produced by potentials of 0.5 to 3 MV constant potential. The measurements were made with a 0-degree angle between the electron beam and the axis of the x-ray beam and with a constant potential generator... 116
Figure D10. Transmission through concrete with density 2.35 g-cm-3 (147 lb-ft-3) of x-rays produced at 4 to 10 MV [From NCRP Report No. 49]. 117
Figure D11. Transmission through concrete with density 2.35 g-cm-3 (147 lb-ft-3) for 6-MV primary x-rays scattered at six different angles from a unit density phantom. The measurements were made with 6-MV radiation scattered from a cylindrical unit density phantom... 118