표제지
제출문
요약문
SUMMARY
Contents
목차
제1장 서론 33
제2장 메탄 산출량 산정 37
제1절 에너지 부문에서 발생하는 메탄 37
1. 자연연료 연소 과정에서 발생하는 메탄 37
2. 석탄 생산과 처리과정에서 발생하는 메탄 40
3. 원유/천연가스에서 발생하는 메탄 43
제2절 토지 및 산림개발과정에서 발생하는 메탄 47
1. 소개 47
2. 방법 48
3. 자료 48
4. 결과 49
제3절 농업 부문에서 발생하는 메탄 50
1. 가축과 그 배설물에서 발생하는 메탄 50
2. 쌀 생산에서 발생하는 메탄 54
3. 농산물 찌꺼기 소각에서 발생하는 메탄 57
제4절 폐기물 부문에서 발생하는 메탄 61
1. 폐기물 매립지로 부터 발생하는 메탄 61
2. 폐수로 부터 발생하는 메탄 64
제5절 결론 71
참고문헌 74
제3장 온실기체의 지화학적 순환과정 연구 I : 해양-대기 경계면에서의 온실 기체 순환 과정 연구 77
제1절 머리말 77
제2절 분석방법 I : pCO₂ 및 pCH₄ 측정 80
1. 서론 80
2. 기체 크로마토그래프 시스템 81
3. 시료 채취 88
4. 전체 시스템의 통제 90
5. 분석 시스템의 정확도 및 정밀도 92
제3절 분석 방법 II : 기타 해양 파라미터들 95
1. 서론 95
2. 수온 및 염분 95
3. alkalinity 및 SCO₂ 99
4. pH 102
5. chlorophyll a 104
제4절 결과 107
1. 조사 해역 107
2. 일반 해황 : 수온 및 염분 111
3. alkalinity 및 pH, ΣCO₂ 116
4. chlorophyll a 116
5. pCH₄ 120
6. pCO₂ 125
제5절 고찰 134
1. 동해에서의 pCO₂ 조절 기구 134
2. 동해에서 대기로의 온실 기체 수지 예측 141
참고문헌 147
제4장 지구 온난화 예측 모델 154
제1절 모델의 기본구성 154
1. 개요 154
2. 기본방정식 및 경계조건 156
제2절 역학과정 159
1. 연직좌표에서의 방정식 159
2. 수평좌표에서의 방정식 164
3. 시간적분 170
제3절 물리과정 175
1. 기본방정식 175
2. 연직확산 177
3. 지표면 과정 179
4. 복사과정 182
5. 대류과정 184
참고문헌 186
제5장 지구 온난화 예측 모델의 기초실험 190
제1절 모델 실험의 개요 191
1. 모델의 격자 및 주변조건 191
2. 모델 실험수행의 개요 200
제2절 모델의 실험결과 201
1. 연평균 온도 분석 203
2. 모델결과와 기후평균 관측장과의 비교 205
3. 지구 열수지 결과 216
제3절 결언 221
참고문헌 225
제6장 인공위성 자료를 이용한 지구 온난화 분석과 그 응용 230
제1절 서언 230
제2절 자료 232
제3절 상관 관계 분석 234
1. 해수면 온도와 장파 복사 234
2. MSU 밝기 온도와 장파 복사 237
제4절 맑은 대기의 온실 효과 240
제5절 장파 복사 시뮬레이션의 검증과 이의 이용 245
1. 복사 전달 방법 245
2. 다중 선형 회귀 방법 246
제6절 결언 249
참고문헌 253
제7장 한반도의 기온 변동성 258
제1절 서언 258
제2절 자료 259
제3절 한반도 평균 기온의 온난화 경향 260
제4절 지역별 온난화 경향 267
1. 1906-1993년 동안 온도상승의 지역분포 267
2. 1960년 전후의 변동성 268
제5절 한반도 온난화 경향의 시간 고유모드 276
1. 다중 채널 고유분광 분석(MSSA)의 개요 277
2. 다중채널 고유분광 분석의 결과 279
제6절 결언 및 토의 281
참고문헌 284
제8장 결론 288
부록 290
Appendix A. 290
A.1. GC 시스템 분석 자동화 프로그램 290
A.2. CO₂에 대한 Aquasorb 제습제의 영향 312
A.3. alkalinity와 pH를 이용한 pCO₂ 계산 314
A.4. Gran's graphic method 319
A.5. pH glass electrode의 점검 323
A.6. ΣCO₂ 및 pCO₂의 계산 324
Appendix B. GCM flow chart 327
Table 2.1. Combustion efficiency and carbon fraction for biomass. 38
Table 2.2. Methane emission ratio for biomass. 38
Table 2.3. Production of forest products. 39
Table 2.4. Methane emissions from biomass fuels. 39
Table 2.5. Methane emission factors for mining activities. 41
Table 2.6. Anthracite production/demand and bituminous demand. 42
Table 2.7. Methane emissions from coal mining and handling. 43
Table 2.8. Methane emission factors for oil and gas system. 45
Table 2.9. Crude oil import/refined and LNG consumption. 46
Table 2.10. Methane emissions from crude oil and LNG. 46
Table 2.11. The Status of Forest Fire. 49
Table 2.12. Methane Emissions from Forest Fire 49
Table 2.13. Emissions Factor for Enteric Fermentation 51
Table 2.14. Emissions Factor for Manure Management 51
Table 2.15. The Status of Livestock 52
Table 2.16. Methane Emissions from Enteric Fermentation 53
Table 2.17. Methane Emissions from Manure Management 53
Table 2.18. Methane Emissions from Enteric and Manure 54
Table 2.19. Harvested Area and Hectare-Days 56
Table 2.20. Methane Emissions from Rice Production. 57
Table 2.21. Crop Residue Statistics. 58
Table 2.22. The Status of Crop Production. 59
Table 2.23. Methane Emissions from Agricultural Residue. 60
Table 2.24. The Status of Wastes Reclaimed 63
Table 2.25. Methane Emissions from Wastes Reclaimed 64
Table 2.26. Estimated Total Urban Wastewater Fraction Anaerobically Treated. 66
Table 2.27. Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) Estimated for Various Industrial Wastewater 67
Table 2.28. The Status of Wastewater Amounts in Industry 68
Table 2.29. Methane Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Treatment 69
Table 2.30. Methane Emissions from Industrial Wastewater Treatment 70
Table 2.31. Total methane emissions. 72
Table 2.32. CO2 emission by fuels and sectors. 73
Table 3.1. The precision of the FID-GC analyses. 96
Table 3.2. The FID sensitivity vs. CO₂ concentration. 98
Table 3.3. A comparison of chlorophyll a concentrations determined by... 108
Table 7.1. Weather stations, observation stating date, and the missing period... 261
Fig. 3.1. Global carbon cycle reservoirs and fluxes, in Gt C and Gt C/yr,... 79
Fig. 3.2. A schematic diagram of FID-GC system with equilibrator. 82
Fig. 3.3. A graph showing CH₄ sensitivity (peak height) against flow rate of... 85
Fig. 3.4. A graph showing CH₄ sensitivity (peak height) against flow rate of... 86
Fig. 3.5. A typical chromatogram of FID-GC system. 87
Fig. 3.6. A schematic diagram of air intake and equilibrator system. 89
Fig. 3.7. A block diagram for system automation. 91
Fig. 3.8. A picture showing the total FID-GC system for measurement of pCO₂ and pCH₄ 93
Fig. 3.9. A picture showing the sample intake system : a), air intake system 94
Fig. 3.10. A graph showing FID sensitivity vs. CO₂ concentration. 97
Fig. 3.11. A schematic diagram of alkalinity measurement system. 100
Fig. 3.12. A typical example for the titration curve and Gran's four functions. 103
Fig. 3.13. A graph showing the fluctuation of E.M.F.s for standard pH buffer... 105
Fig. 3.14. A graph showing the fluctuation of difference of E.M.F.s between... 106
Fig. 3.15. A map showing the research area with bathymetry and the cruise... 109
Fig. 3.16. The contour map of sea surface temperature during the survey. 112
Fig. 3.17. The contour map of sea surface salinity during the survey. 113
Fig. 3.18. A satellite image showing sea surface temperature in the East Sea... 114
Fig. 3.19. The contour map of alkalinity in surface seawaters during the survey 117
Fig. 3.20. The contour map of ΣCO₂ in surface seawaters during the survey. 118
Fig. 3.21. The contour map of pH in surface seawaters during the survey. 119
Fig. 3.22. The contour map of chlorophyll a in surface seawaters during the survey 121
Fig. 3.23. A graph showing the vertical profile of chlorophyll a at stn. 31 in... 122
Fig. 3.24. The pCH₄ concentrations of marine air and surface seawater... 123
Fig. 3.25. The contour map of pCH₄ in surface seawaters during the survey.... 124
Fig. 3.26. A graph showing the actually measured pCO₂ concentrations of... 126
Fig. 3.27. A graph showing the corrected pCO₂ concentrations of marine air... 129
Fig. 3.28. The contour map of pCO₂ in surface seawaters during the survey. 130
Fig. 3.29. The contour map of ΔpCO₂ in surface seawaters during the... 131
Fig. 3.30. The temperature, alkalinity, ΣCO₂, PCO₂ and chlorophyll a in... 132
Fig. 3.31. A plot showing the relationship between pCO₂ and sea surface... 133
Fig. 3.32. A plot showing the relationship between pCO₂ and chlorophyll a. 135
Fig. 3.33. A model calculation of the variation of PCO₂ in surface seawaters... 137
Fig. 3.34. A proposed carbon cycle in the East Sea. 144
Fig. 5.1. Vertical structure of the present model. 192
Fig. 5.2. Surface index used in the global warming prediction model for (a)... 194
Fig. 5.3. As in Fig. 5.2 except for sea surface temperature. 195
Fig. 5.4. As in Fig. 5.2 except for surface albedo. 196
Fig. 5.5. As in Fig. 5.2 except for deep soil temperature in 1 m depth underground. 198
Fig. 5.6. As in Fig. 5.2 except for vertical ozone amount. 199
Fig. 5.7. Time series of global mean surface air temperature, zonal wind at... 202
Fig. 5.8. Distribution of annual mean surface air temperature obtained from (a)... 204
Fig. 5.9. As in Fig. 5.8 except for (a) NASA/GISS GCM, (b) GFDL GCM, (c)... 206
Fig. 5.10. Distribution of seasonal mean sea level pressure from the present... 208
Fig. 5.11. As in Fig. 5.10 except for surface air temperature. 210
Fig. 5.12. As in Fig. 5.10 except for precipitation. 211
Fig. 5.13. Vertical distribution of annual-mean zonal-mean temperature (a)... 213
Fig. 5.14. As in Fig. 5.13 except for zonal wind. 213
Fig. 5.15. Distribution of seasonal mean wind at 850hPa from the present... 215
Fig. 5.16. Time series of global-mean net heat flux at the top of the... 217
Fig. 5.17. Distribution of annual-mean insolation and outgoing longwave... 219
Fig. 5.18. Distribution of summation of shortwave radiation, longwave radiation,... 220
Fig. 5.19. Vertical distribution of heating rate per a day (a) shortwave... 222
Fig. 6.1. Normalized weighting functions for MSU channel 2 (53.74 GHz), 4... 233
Fig. 6.2. Mean clear-sky longwave flux as observed by the ERBE scanner for... 235
Fig. 6.3. Global distribution of the sea surface temperature for annual mean... 236
Fig. 6.4. Correlation map of the clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation with... 238
Fig. 6.5. Brightness temperature from MSU channel 2. Contour interval is 3C. 239
Fig. 6.6. Mean clear-sky greenhouse effect (CSGE) for the period from... 241
Fig. 6.7. Clear-sky greenhouse effect versus sea surface temperature for DJF... 243
Fig. 6.8. Mean clear-sky longwave flux by the ERBE (top), MODEL (middle),... 247
Fig. 6.9. Clear-sky greenhouse effect from ERBE (top), MODEL (middle), and... 250
Fig. 7.1. Time series of Korean mean temperature anomalies averaged for 13... 261
Fig. 7.2. Time series of the seasonal-mean temperature averaged over Korea... 263
Fig. 7.3. Distribution of the warming index (w) obtained from Eq. (7.2). The... 265
Fig. 7.4. Distribution of standard deviation of annual mean temperature. 266
Fig. 7.5. (a) Distribution of the first EOF eigenvector of 13 stations... 268
Fig. 7.6. As in Fig. 7.5 except for 5 stations. 270
Fig. 7.7. As in Fig. 7.6 except that the spatial mean is eliminated in the... 271
Fig. 7.8. As in Fig. 7.7 except for second eigenvectors. 273
Fig. 7.9. As in Fig. 7.7 except for the data period of 1961-1993. 274
Fig. 7.10. As in Fig. 7.9 except for the second eigenvector. 275
Fig. 7.11. Time series of the first eigenmode calculated by multi-channel... 280
Fig. A-1. The effect of aquasorb drying column on CO₂ measurement. 313
Fig. A-2. The relationship between pCO₂ determinated by GC and pCO₂... 315
Fig. A-3. The relationship between pCO₂ calculated from titration data... 316
Fig. A-4. The relationship between pCO₂ determined by GC and pH. 317
Fig. A-5. The relationship between estimated of pCO₂ from regression with... 318