[표지]
제출문
보고서 요약서
요약문
SUMMARY
Contents
목차 45
제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 68
제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 73
제1절 국외 기술개발 현황 73
1. 용융염내 An 및 Ln의 UV-Vis-NIR 흡수분광학적 특성 연구 73
2. 고온 용융염 화학 반응 측정 및 자료 생산 73
3. 고온 용융염 물성 측정기술 개발 및 자료 생산 74
4. 다성분 용융염 공정물질 화학분석기술 개발 75
제2절 국내 기술개발 현황 및 수준 분석 77
제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 83
제1절 용융염내 An 및 Ln의 UV-VIs-NIR 흡수분광학적 특성 연구 83
1. An(U, Np)-Ln(Nd, Ce, La)계 다성분 전기화학적 전위에 따른 분광 특성 연구 83
2. An(U, Np)-Ln(Yb, Sm Eu)계 다성분 전기화학적 전위에 따른 분광 특성 연구 118
3. U-Np-Ln(La, Ce, Nd)계 다성분 전기화학적 전위에 따른 분광 특성 연구 137
4. 고온 용융염 내 NIR 흡수 분광 특성 연구 140
제2절 고온 용융염 화학 반응 측정 및 자료 생산 157
1. 다성분 용융염 내 An, Ln 전기화학적 전극계면반응 특성연구 및 화학반응 측정 기반 연구 157
2. 고온 용융염 내 An, Ln 이온의 열역학 자료(활동도 계수) 생산 213
3. 다성분 용융염 내 화학반응 측정 기술개발 226
4. 고온 용융염 내 전기화학적 반응속도 자료 생산 258
5. 란탄족 원소의 열역학적·전기화학적 물성자료 생산 316
6. 용융염 내 지르코늄의 전기화학적 거동 분석 328
7. 액체 금속 전극에서의 An/Ln의 전착 거동 338
8. 고체 전극에서의 금속 전착거동 351
9. 이온성 액체에서 금속의 전착 거동 359
10. 고순도 몰리브데늄 전극 형성 370
제3절 고온 용융염 물성 측정기술 개발 및 자료 생산 373
1. 고온 용융염 물성 측정 성능 향상 373
2. 고온 용융염 물성측정 시스템 신뢰도 검증 426
3. 다성분 고온 용융염 물성 자료 생산 445
제4절 파이로공정물질 화학분석 기술개발 464
1. 다성분 용융염 공정물질 화학분석 기술개발 465
2. 다성분 용융염 공정물질 고효율 화학분리 기반기술개발 494
3. 용융염 공정물질 고효율 분리기술 및 신속 화학분석기술 개발 516
4. 고방사성 공정물질 화학분석 기반구축 533
5. 파이로 공정시료 화학분석 기술적용 555
제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 583
제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 589
1. 용융염내 전기화학적 산화상태에 따른 U(U, Np)-Ln계 분광학적 특성 연구 589
2. 고온 용융염 화학 반응 측정 및 자료 생산 590
3. 고온 용융염 물성 측정기술 개발 및 자료 생산 591
4. 다성분 용융염 공정물질 화학분석기술 개발 592
제6장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 597
제7장 연구개발성과의 보안등급 603
제8장 연구장비의 구축 및 활용 결과 607
제9장 연구개발과제 수행에 따른 연구실 등의 안전 조치 이행 실적 614
제1절 연구 개발 과제 수행에 따른 위험 요소 및 대처방안 614
제2절 실험실 관리 및 위험성 평가 실행 615
1. 실험실 관리 내용 615
2. 위험성 평가 시행 616
제10장 참고문헌 623
제11장 부록 629
부록 1. 유도결합플라스마 발광분석기 운영절차서 629
부록 2. 브로민법에 의한 전해환원공정 모의사용후핵연료 금속전환체 환원율 측정 641
부록 3. 금속전환체 및 염물질에 대한 방사선량 평가 결과보고서 649
부록 4. 다성분계(LiCl-KCl-UCl₃) 용융염의 계산화학적 컴퓨터시뮬레이션 및 소프트웨어 개발 보고서 669
서지정보양식(BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SHEET) 711
Table 1-4-1. Molar absorptivity of PrCl₃ in LiCl-KCl at 450 ℃ 145
Table 2-1-1. Analytical results for the concentration of elements in... 199
Table 2-2-1. Thermodynamic properties of UCl₃, UCl4, NpCl₃, NpCl₄, NdCl₃, CeCl₃,... 214
Table 2-2-2. Thermodynamic properties of NdCl₃ in LiCl-KCl molten salt 224
Table 2-2-3. Enthalpy and entropy changes of formation in LiCl-KCl... 225
Table 2-4-1. Diffusion coefficients of lanthanide ions in LiCl-KCl melt... 292
Table 2-4-2. Electron transfer resistances and exchange current densities of... 292
Table 2-4-3. Diffusion coefficients of uranium ions in LiCl-KCl melt... 296
Table 2-4-4. Electron transfer coefficients and exchange current densities of... 296
Table 2-4-5. Electrochemical parameters of lanthanide elements in LiCl-KCl molten... 307
Table 2-4-6. Thermodynamic and electrochemical data of 1.0 wt.% lanthanide elements in 500 ℃ LiCl-KCl molten salt using tungsten... 311
Table 2-4-7. Dissolution rate of urainum metal in LiCl-KCl melt at various... 315
Table 2-5-1. Ln³⁺/Ln⁰ 반응을 갖는 란탄족 원소들의 전기화학적열역학적 물성자료 319
Table 2-6-1. LiCl-KCl-ZrCl₄ (ZrCl₄=1 wt.%) 샘플에서 측정한 XPS 스펙트럼의... 333
Table 2-6-2. LiCl-KCl-ZrCl₄-Zr (ZrCl₄=1 wt.%) 샘플에서 측정한 XPS 스펙트... 334
Table 2-7-1. 액체 카드뮴 전극에서의 각 원소의 초기 농도값 및 확산계수 342
Table 2-7-2. 첫 회수과정 후, 회수된 각 원소의 양 및 불순물 함량 346
Table 2-7-3. 목표 순도를 99%로 하여 5번의 회수 공정을 거친 경우의 회수량 348
Table 3-1-1. Liquid density test results for water using LDS-GENII 414
Table 3-1-2. Liquid level test results for water using LDS-GENII 414
Table 3-1-3. Liquid density and level test results for KNO₃ molten salts at 600 ℃... 414
Table 3-1-4. Liquid density and level test results for KNO₃ molten salts at 800 ℃... 418
Table 3-1-5. Liquid density and level test results for KNO₃ molten salts at 600 ℃... 419
Table 3-1-6. Liquid density and level test results for KNO₃ molten salts at 850 ℃... 420
Table 3-2-7. Result of the distance measurements using the tube pressure method 441
Table 3-3-1. Conductivity of U³⁺ in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts at 773 K 446
Table 3-3-2. Conductivity of Nd³⁺ in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts at 773 K 446
Table 3-3-3. Conductivity of La³⁺ in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts at 773 K 446
Table 3-3-4. Viscosity data for 1-component system 449
Table 3-3-5. Viscosity data for 2-component system 450
Table 4-1-1. Selection of appropriate solution for selective dissolution of... 466
Table 4-1-2. Measurement of metallic contents in the carefully selected... 480
Table 4-1-3. Dissolution of Ln₂O₃ by bromine method. 484
Table 4-1-4. Enthalpy of formation for LnBr₃, LnCl₃ and Ln₂O₃ 486
Table 4-1-5. Results of measurements of metal contents in Nd metal chips 489
Table 4-1-6. Metal composition of SIMFuel of PWR spent nuclear fuel (burn up... 491
Table 4-2-1. Recovery yield of 242Pu under different elution conditions[이미지참조] 503
Table 4-2-2. Results of the activity measurements of triplicate 248Cm...[이미지참조] 508
Table 4-2-3. ICP-AES result of 4 M NH₄SCN-0.1 M formic acid solution... 511
Table 4-2-4. Recovery and FWHM of 243Am determined by alpha...[이미지참조] 511
Table 4-4-1. Distribution of gamma emitters in an irradiated TRISO fuel sample 547
Table 4-4-2. Analytical results of an irradiated TRISO fuel sample by Shielded... 549
Table 4-5-1. Chemical Composition of SIMFUEL sample 556
Table 4-5-2. Reduction yields of electrolytically reduced SIMFuel 557
Table 4-5-3. Comparison of quantitative results of the selective method and the total... 558
Table 4-5-4. Dependence of U metal conversion yield of reduced SIMFUEL... 560
Table 4-5-5. Comparison of U metal conversion yield before and... 560
Table 4-5-6. Information of samples for chemical analysis. The samples were... 564
Table 4-5-7. ICP-AES result of sample #4 568
Table 4-5-8. Results of chemical analysis of solids obtained from the LCC... 575
Table 4-5-9. Eight different voloxidized samples produced by varying... 577
Table 4-5-10. Raw data sheet of chemical analysis of voloxidized samples... 578
Table 4-5-11. Technical support to pyroprocessing technology development... 579
Fig. 1-1-1. Molar absorptivity of CeCl₃ (a) and NdCl₃ (b) in... 84
Fig. 1-1-2. Electronic absorption spectra of LaCl₃ (a), CeCl₃ (b), NdCl₃ (c), and... 85
Fig. 1-1-3. Absorption spectra of multi-component systems obtained... 87
Fig. 1-1-4. Absorption spectrum of NpCl₄ in LiCl-KCl at 450 ℃ 88
Fig. 1-1-5. Absorption spectrum of NpCl₄ in LiCl-KCl at 450 ℃ with... 90
Fig. 1-1-6. Schematic description of an electrochemical... 91
Fig. 1-1-7. Cyclic voltamogram of a multi-component LiCl-KCl eutectic... 92
Fig. 1-1-8. Chronological electronic absorption spectra of a multi-component... 95
Fig. 1-1-9. Chronological electronic absorption spectra of a multi-component... 96
Fig. 1-1-10. Chronological electronic spectra of the electrochemical reaction of Np⁴⁺ to... 100
Fig. 1-1-11. Chronological electronic spectra of the electrochemical reaction of... 101
Fig. 1-1-12. Overview of electronic spectral change of Np ion in... 102
Fig. 1-1-13. Chronological electronic spectrum of a multi-component LiCl-KCl... 103
Fig. 1-1-14. Chronological electronic spectrum of a multi-component LiCl-KCl... 104
Fig. 1-1-15. Cyclic voltammogram of NpCl₄ in LiCl-KCl eutectic... 106
Fig. 1-1-16. Absorption spectra recorded during the oxidation of ... 107
Fig. 1-1-17. (a) Absorption spectra of NpCl₃ (~0.1 mM) in LiCl–KCl eutectic... 108
Fig. 1-1-18. Schematic diagram of experimental setup 112
Fig. 1-1-19. Absorption spectra of Er³⁺ dissolved in a LiCl–KCl eutectic... 113
Fig. 1-1-20. Fluorescence spectra of Er³⁺ dissolved in a LiCl–KCl... 114
Fig. 1-1-21. Schematic energy diagram of Er³⁺. "ET" refers to energy transfer 115
Fig. 1-1-22. Normalized fluorescence spectra of Er³⁺ for various ErCl₃... 116
Fig. 1-1-23. Fluorescence spectra of Pr³⁺ dissolved in a LiCl–... 117
Fig. 1-2-1. Electronic absorption spectra of SmCl₃ (a), YbCl₃ (b),... 119
Fig. 1-2-2. Absorption spectra of multi-component systems obtained from the... 123
Fig. 1-2-3. Absorption spectra of multi-component systems obtained from... 124
Fig. 1-2-4. Absorption spectra change with the addition of Li₂O to... 126
Fig. 1-2-5. Absorption spectra change with the addition of Li₂O to LiCl-KCl... 128
Fig. 1-2-6. Absorption spectra of multi-component systems obtained from... 129
Fig. 1-2-7. Cyclovoltammogram of Sm2+/3+, Yb2+/3+, and Eu2+/3+ in LiCl-KCl...[이미지참조] 130
Fig. 1-2-8. Electronic absorption spectra after applying potentials to a... 132
Fig. 1-2-9. Electronic absorption spectra after applying potentials to a... 133
Fig. 1-2-10. Electronic absorption spectra after applying potentials to a... 135
Fig. 1-2-11. Photo of the tungsten electrode in molten LiCl-KCl after... 136
Fig. 1-3-1. Electronic absorption spectra of (a) a mixture of U and Np and... 139
Fig. 1-4-1. (a) NIR absorption spectra of SmCl₃ in LiCl-KCl at 450 ℃. (b)... 142
Fig. 1-4-2. (a) and (b) absorption spectra of NdCl₃ in LiCl-KCl at 450 ℃... 143
Fig. 1-4-3. (a) and (b) absorption spectra of PrCl₃ in LiCl-KCl at 450 ℃ 144
Fig. 1-4-4. (a) and (b) absorption spectra of PrCl₃ in LiCl-KCl at 450 ℃ 146
Fig. 1-4-5. (a) and (b) absorption spectra of DyCl₃ in LiCl-KCl at 450 ℃... 147
Fig. 1-4-6. UV-Vis-NIR electronic transition spectra of lanthanides and uranium... 149
Fig. 1-4-7. (a) and (b) Electronic absorption spectra of... 151
Fig. 1-4-8. Photographs of optical cells containing LiCl-KCl... 152
Fig. 1-4-9. (a) and (b) Electronic absorption spectra of Np³⁺... 154
Fig. 1-4-10. Photographs of optical cells containing... 155
Fig. 1-4-11. Electronic absorption spectra of U³⁺ (red) and...[원문불량;p.155] 156
Fig. 2-1-1. Cyclic voltammogram of U in LiCl-KCl molten...[원문불량;p.157] 158
Fig. 2-1-2. Cyclic voltammogram of Np in LiCl-KCl molten...[원문불량;p.157] 158
Fig. 2-1-3. Cyclic voltammograms of lanthanide elements in 500 ℃ LiCl-KCl... 160
Fig. 2-1-4. CVs of UCl₃, NdCl₃, and CeCl₃ in LiCl-KCl at...[원문불량;p.160] 161
Fig. 2-1-5. CVs obtained from W electrode in LiCl-KCl...[원문불량;p.161] 162
Fig. 2-1-6. (a) CVs obtained from W electrode in LiCl-KCl... 163
Fig. 2-1-7. UV-Vis absorption spectrum of U(III) in LiCl-KCl with addition... 164
Fig. 2-1-8. UV-Vis absorption spectrum of Np(IV) in LiCl-KCl with addition... 165
Fig. 2-1-9. (a) UV-Vis absorption spectra of U(III) in LiCl-KCl with addition of EuCl₃. (b)... 166
Fig. 2-1-10. UV-Vis absorption spectra of U(III) in LiCl-KCl...[원문불량;p.166] 167
Fig. 2-1-11. (a) UV-Vis absorption spectra of U(III) in LiCl-KCl with...[원문불량;p.167] 168
Fig. 2-1-12. UV-Vis absorption spectra of U(III) in LiCl-KCl with...[원문불량;p.167] 168
Fig. 2-1-13. Cyclic voltammograms obtained from W wire in LiCl-KCl melt... 171
Fig. 2-1-14. Peak currents of the electrodeposition and its dissolution... 171
Fig. 2-1-15. Repeating chronoamperometry results obtained from W wire in... 173
Fig. 2-1-16. Schematic of repeating chronoamperometry for... 174
Fig. 2-1-17. Steady state currents of repeating chronoamperometry... 174
Fig. 2-1-18. Charge passed during the repeating chronoamperometry... 176
Fig. 2-1-19. Repeating chronoamperometry results obtained from W... 177
Fig. 2-1-20. Steady state currents of repeating chronoamperometry as... 178
Fig. 2-1-21. Charge passed during the repeating chronoamperometry... 178
Fig. 2-1-22. Schematic of repeating multi-step voltammetry for Pyrochemical... 180
Fig. 2-1-23. Repeating multi-step voltammetry results obtained from W wire in... 182
Fig. 2-1-24. Steady state currents (a) and passed charge (b) of repeating... 184
Fig. 2-1-25. Linear sweep voltammograms and (a) and passed charge (b)... 185
Fig. 2-1-26. Cyclic voltammograms obtained from W wire in... 187
Fig. 2-1-27. Cyclic voltammograms obtained from W wire in LiCl-KCl... 187
Fig. 2-1-28. Cyclic voltammogram obtained from W wire in LiCl-KCl... 189
Fig. 2-1-29. Cyclic voltammograms obtained from W wire in LiCl-KCl... 189
Fig. 2-1-30. Cyclic voltammograms obtained from W wire (a) and W plate (b)... 191
Fig. 2-1-31. Repeating multi-step voltammograms obtained from W plate in...[원문불량;p.191] 192
Fig. 2-1-32. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) obtained with a W working electrode in 2... 195
Fig. 2-1-33. (a) Quantity of electric charges and (b) dependence of redox peak... 196
Fig. 2-1-34. UV-VIS absorption spectra of (a) 0.05 wt.% U³⁺, (b) 1 wt.% Nd³⁺,... 200
Fig. 2-1-35. Raman spectra of (a) uranium, (b) neodymium, (c) cerium, and (d)... 202
Fig. 2-1-36. XRD patterns of (a) uranium, (b) neodymium, (c) cerium, and (d)...[원문불량;p.202] 203
Fig. 2-1-37. Titration of 10 mL 1 wt.% Li₂O solution with a 0.1 M HCl. (a)... 205
Fig. 2-1-38. Titration curve of (a) 1 wt.% and (b) 3 wt.% Li₂O solution with a... 206
Fig. 2-1-39. The color changes of the phenolphthalein solutions containing H₂O₂... 207
Fig. 2-1-40. The color changes of various indicator in aqueous solution before... 209
Fig. 2-1-41. Time dependence of the various indicators in aqueous solutions... 210
Fig. 2-1-42. Pictures of solutions containing various indicators before and after... 211
Fig. 2-1-43. Pictures of the gamma ray irradiated solutions containing various... 212
Fig. 2-2-1. CV results obtained from W (a) and GC (b) in LiCl-KCl melt...[원문불량;p.219] 220
Fig. 2-2-2. CV results obtained from W (a) and GC (b) in LiCl-KCl melt...[원문불량;p.220] 221
Fig. 2-2-3. CV results obtained from W (a) and GC (b) in LiCl-KCl melt...[원문불량;p.221] 222
Fig. 2-2-4. CV results obtained from W (a) and GC (b) in LiCl-KCl melt...[원문불량;p.222] 223
Fig. 2-3-1. Electronic absorption spectra of UCl₃ in LiCl-KCl at 450℃ 227
Fig. 2-3-2. Electronic absorption spectra of concentrated UCl₃ in... 229
Fig. 2-3-3. Electronic absorption spectra of concentrated UCl₃ in LiCl-KCl at... 230
Fig. 2-3-4. Molar absorptivity of lanthanides and actinides in LiCl-KCl at 450 ℃ 233
Fig. 2-3-5. (a) Absorption spectra of UCl₃ in LiCl-KCl eutectic at 450 ℃... 234
Fig. 2-3-6. NIR molar absorptivity of UCl₃ in LiCl-KCl at 450 ℃ 236
Fig. 2-3-7. (a) Absorption spectra of UCl₃ in LiCl-KCl eutectic at 450 ℃... 237
Fig. 2-3-8. Concentration dependent absorbance changes of the NIR f-d... 238
Fig. 2-3-9. Cyclic voltammogram obtained from W wire in LiCl-KCl melt... 241
Fig. 2-3-10. Potentials applied during RCA measurement in LiCl-KCl melt... 241
Fig. 2-3-11. RCA results obtained from W wire in LiCl-KCl... 242
Fig. 2-3-12. RCA results obtained from W wire in LiCl-KCl... 243
Fig. 2-3-13. Cyclic voltammogram obtained from W wire in... 244
Fig. 2-3-14. CA results obtained from W wirein LiCl-KCl melt containing 2... 246
Fig. 2-3-15. CA results obtained from W wirein LiCl-KCl melt containing 2... 247
Fig. 2-3-16. CA results obtained from W wire in LiCl-KCl melt containing 2... 248
Fig. 2-3-17. Design of electrode system for electrochemical... 250
Fig. 2-3-18. Pictures of electrode system for electrochemical on-line monitoring... 251
Fig. 2-3-19. Schematics of testing system for electrochemical on-line... 253
Fig. 2-3-20. Chronoamperometry result obtained during height...[원문불량;p.253] 254
Fig. 2-3-21. Chronopotentiometry result obtained from Bi Pool[원문불량;p.253] 254
Fig. 2-3-22. RCA results obtained from W wire before and... 255
Fig. 2-3-23. RCA results obtained from W wire before... 256
Fig. 2-3-24. RCA results obtained from W wire after U... 257
Fig. 2-4-1. Current-overpotential curves for electrochemical reaction... 261
Fig. 2-4-2. Tafel plots for anodic and cathodic branches of the... 264
Fig. 2-4-3. Schematics of rotating disk electrode 264
Fig. 2-4-4. Schematics of rotating disk electrode system for high... 266
Fig. 2-4-5. Picture of rotating disk electrode system manufactured by... 267
Fig. 2-4-6. Stand for height control of RDE 268
Fig. 2-4-7. Glove box design for RDE system in molten salts 270
Fig. 2-4-8. Furnace design for RDE system in molten salts 271
Fig. 2-4-9. (a) RDE measurement system in high temperature molten salt. (b)... 272
Fig. 2-4-10. MgO insulated RDE. (a) Hole in MgO rod, (b) MgO rod W rod,... 275
Fig. 2-4-11. Cycle voltammograms obtained from MgO insulated RDE in...[원문불량;p.274] 275
Fig. 2-4-12. Rotating disk electrodes. (a) W electrode extended with stainelss... 277
Fig. 2-4-13. Cycle voltammograms obtained from W RDE in LiCl-KCl...[원문불량;p.276] 277
Fig. 2-4-14. (a) Cycle voltammograms and (b) scan rate dependence of... 280
Fig. 2-4-15. (a) Linear sweep voltammograms at various rotation... 281
Fig. 2-4-16. Tafel plot obtained from W RDE in LiCl-KCl containing 1.5 wt.%... 282
Fig. 2-4-17. Arrhenius plots for the diffusion (a) and the reduction reactions (b)... 283
Fig. 2-4-18. (a) Linear sweep voltammograms at various... 285
Fig. 2-4-19. (a) Linear sweep voltammograms at various rotation...[원문불량;p.285] 286
Fig. 2-4-20. (a) Linear sweep voltammograms at various rotation rates... 287
Fig. 2-4-21. Tafel plot obtained from W RDE in LiCl-KCl containing 1.5 wt.%... 288
Fig. 2-4-22. (a) Linear sweep voltammograms at various rotation rates and (b)... 289
Fig. 2-4-23. Levich plot for Eu³⁺ (a) and Eu²⁺ (b) obtained from W RDE... 290
Fig. 2-4-24. Tafel plot obtained from W RDE in LiCl-KCl containing 1.5... 291
Fig. 2-4-25. (a) Linear sweep voltammograms at various rotation rates... 294
Fig. 2-4-26. Tafel plot obtained from W RDE in LiCl-KCl containing 1.83... 295
Fig. 2-4-27. Current variation with rotating rate at an RDE for an... 298
Fig. 2-4-28. Scan rate dependence of CV on RDE obtained from LiCl-KCl... 299
Fig. 2-4-29. Linear sweep voltammetries of U...[원문불량;p.299] 300
Fig. 2-4-30. Levich plot of U electrodeposition in LiCl-KCl...[원문불량;p.300] 301
Fig. 2-4-31. RDE results of U electrodeposition at various temperatures in LiCl-KCl...[원문불량;p.300] 301
Fig. 2-4-32. Diffusion coefficient of U³⁺ ion take from RDE...[원문불량;p.301] 302
Fig. 2-4-33. Relation between temperature and diffusion...[원문불량;p.301] 302
Fig. 2-4-34. Koutecky-Levich plot of U electrodeposition in...[원문불량;p.302] 303
Fig. 2-4-35. Heterogeneous rate constant for U...[원문불량;p.303] 304
Fig. 2-4-36. Standard Heterogeneous rate constant for U...[원문불량;p.304] 305
Fig. 2-4-37. Kinetic current vs. overpotential for U...[원문불량;p.305] 306
Fig. 2-4-38. Exchange current density for U electrodeposition...[원문불량;p.305] 306
Fig. 2-4-39. RDE results of lanthanide ions in LiCl-KCl melt 308
Fig. 2-4-40. Tafel plots of lanthanide elements in 500 ℃ LiCl-KCl molten salt 310
Fig. 2-4-41. Dissolution of uraium in LiCl-KCl containing 1.83 wt.% UCl₃... 313
Fig. 2-4-42. Dissolution of uraium in LiCl-KCl containing 1.83... 314
Fig. 2-5-1. Ln(III)/Ln(II) 반응을 갖는 란탄족 원소의 순환전압전류 그래프 317
Fig. 2-5-2. Ln(III)/Ln(II) 반응을 갖는 란탄족 원소들과 Nd의 순환전압전류 그래프 317
Fig. 2-5-3. Ln(III)/Ln(II) 반응을 갖는 란탄족 원소(La, Ce, Pr, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Lu)의... 318
Fig. 2-5-4. Ln(III)/Ln(II) 반응을 갖는 란탄족 원소(Sm, Eu, Tm, Yb)의 Tafel 그래프 320
Fig. 2-5-5. NdCl₃의 용융염내 전체 범위 및 각 산화환원 평형전위에서의 Tafel 그래프 320
Fig. 2-5-6. 농도에 따른 CeCl₃의 교환전류밀도... 322
Fig. 2-5-7. 란탄족 원소들의 온도에 따른 교환전류밀도 324
Fig. 2-5-8. 반응활성화에너지와 교환전류밀도(a) 및 원자화 에너지(b)의 상관관계 325
Fig. 2-5-9. La와 이후에 Ce을 첨가한 La-Ce의 순환전압전류 그래프 326
Fig. 2-5-10. Ce과 이후에 La을 첨가한 La-Ce의 순환전압전류 그래프 327
Fig. 2-5-11. La-Ce 이성분계 시스템의 용융염 내 Tafel 그래프 327
Fig. 2-6-1. LiCl-KCl-ZrCl₄ (1 wt.%) 시스템에서 텅스텐 작업전극을 이용해 측정한... 328
Fig. 2-6-2. (a) LiCl-KCl-ZrCl₄ (0.49 wt.%) 시스템의 흡수 스펙트럼(할로겐 램프... 329
Fig. 2-6-3. 산화수 미상의 Zr 이온을 가진 갈색의 LiCl-KCl-ZrCl₄-Zr 염을 굳힌 모습(위). 해... 330
Fig. 2-6-4. LiCl-KCl-ZrCl₄-Zr (1 wt.%) 시스템에서 텅스텐 작업전극을 이용해 측... 331
Fig. 2-6-5. LiCl-KCl-ZrCl₄ (ZrCl₄=1 wt.%) 샘플에서... 332
Fig. 2-6-6. LiCl-KCl-ZrCl₄-Zr (ZrCl₄=1 wt.%) 샘플에서 측정한 XPS 스펙트럼 333
Fig. 2-6-7. Square wave voltammetry를 측정할 때 전극에 가해지는 전압을 시간의 함... 335
Fig. 2-6-8. LiCl-KCl-ZrCl₄-Zr (ZrCl₄=1 wt.%) 시스템에서 텅스텐 작업전극을... 336
Fig. 2-6-9. Square wave voltammogram의 R₁ 에 대한 peak deconvolution 수행 결과... 336
Fig. 2-7-1. (a) 파이로 프로세싱의 모식도, (b)파이로 프로세싱의 염 처리 순서도... 338
Fig. 2-7-2. 전류밀도가 55 mA/㎠일 때 액체금속 내에서의 농도구배, (a) Nd, (b)Pr... 339
Fig. 2-7-3. 55 mA/cm₂ 의 전류밀도를 0.35 초 동안인가하는 경우 (a) 액체금... 340
Fig. 2-7-4. 액체 금속 전극 내 악티나이드 원소의 다단계, 선택적... 341
Fig. 2-7-5. 계산을 위해 설정한 단순화된... 341
Fig. 2-7-6. 전기화학적 회수를 진행하지 않는 상황에서, 액체 카드뮴 전극 내... 345
Fig. 2-7-7. 정전압 조건으로 실제 회수가 진행되는 상황에서 시간에... 347
Fig. 2-7-8. 회수 차수에 따른 (a) 악티나... 349
Fig. 2-8-1. 수지상 전해도금층 형성의 개략도 [9] 351
Fig. 2-8-2. 0.2 M H₂SO₄ 용액내에서 150초 동안 (a) 10, (b) 50, (c) 100, and... 352
Fig. 2-8-3. 0.57M NiSO₄ and 0.24M H₃BO₃용액내에서 형성된 니켈... 352
Fig. 2-8-4. 0.43M NiSO₄, 0.14M NiCl₂, and 0.24M H₃BO₃ 용액내에서 형... 353
Fig. 2-8-5. 0.57M NiSO₄, 0.24M H₃BO₃, and 0.28M NH₄Cl 용액내에서 형... 354
Fig. 2-8-6. 시뮬레이션 도메인의 개략도 355
Fig. 2-8-7. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 예측된 1M CuSO₄ 의 전해액 내에서... 357
Fig. 2-8-8. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 예측된 1M CuSO₄ 의 전해액 내... 358
Fig. 2-9-1. 이온성 액체의 순환전위곡... 361
Fig. 2-9-2. (a)12시간 baking한 이온성 액체(검은색 선) 및 SiCl₄ 첨가된... 361
Fig. 2-9-3. (a) 이온성 액체(BMP-TFSI)의 순환전위 곡선. (b) 이온성 액체에 0.06... 363
Fig. 2-9-4. 이온성 액체 내에서 각각의 조건으로 형성한 La 전착층의 SEM 이미지... 364
Fig. 2-9-5. 자체 설계, 제작한 테프론 셀의 구성도 365
Fig. 2-9-6. 테프론 셀을 이용하여 측정한 순환전위곡선, 0.06 M... 366
Fig. 2-9-7. 테프론 셀을 이용하여 3 시간 동안 형성된 La 전착층의 SEM 이미지... 366
Fig. 2-9-8. 70℃에서 측정한 순환전위곡선, 0.06 M La(NO₃)₃∙4H₂O 368
Fig. 2-9-9. 구리를 기재로 하여 측정한 순환전위곡선 369
Fig. 2-9-10. 구리 기재위에 각각의 전위로 3시간 동안 인가하여 형성된 La 도금... 369
Fig. 2-10-1. NiSO₄6H₂O 0.02M, Na₂MoO4·2H₂O 0.4M KC6H5O72H₂O...[이미지참조] 371
Fig. 2-10-2. NiSO₄6H₂O 0.02M, Na₂MoO4·2H₂O 0.8M KC6H5O72H₂O...[이미지참조] 372
Fig. 3-1-1. Electrical conductivity measurement system using a AC... 374
Fig. 3-1-2. Various types of the glass capillary electrodes combined with... 376
Fig. 3-1-3. Various equivalent circuits of the electrochemical cells, and the... 377
Fig. 3-1-4. Nyquist plot of the conductivity standards (0.001M KCl). 378
Fig. 3-1-5. Nyquist plot of the conductivity standards. (a) 0.01M KCl, (b)... 380
Fig. 3-1-6. Cell constants of the glass capillary cells with the KCl... 381
Fig. 3-1-7. Current vs. time curve in chronoamperometry. (a) 3-electrode... 383
Fig. 3-1-8. The effect of electrical conductivity on the peak currents in... 384
Fig. 3-1-9. Current vs. time curve in chronoamperometry with the... 385
Fig. 3-1-10. Effect of the time interval in the multiple-potential step... 387
Fig. 3-1-11. Effect of the open circuit potential on the current-voltage... 388
Fig. 3-1-12. Effect of applied voltages on the cell constants. (a) the range... 389
Fig. 3-1-13. Electrical conductivity measurement system where x=the cell... 390
Fig. 3-1-14. The effect of the cell distance from the bottom of the... 391
Fig. 3-1-15. Viscosity measurement system using a double-walled falling... 393
Fig. 3-1-16. Determination of the time of fall in a double-walled falling... 394
Fig. 3-1-17. Effect of the height of fall on the time of fall 396
Fig. 3-1-18. Calibration curve obtained by using the viscosity standards 397
Fig. 3-1-19. Viscosity measurement system equipped with the... 399
Fig. 3-1-20. Various tools and accessaries in the viscosity measurement... 401
Fig. 3-1-21. Specially-designed viscometer and the electric... 402
Fig. 3-1-22. Driving unit for the precise alignment of viscometer and the... 403
Fig. 3-1-23. Temperature correction using KNO₃ as the reference molten salts 404
Fig. 3-1-24. SINTERFACE BPA-1SX tensiometer and the high-temperature... 406
Fig. 3-1-25. Determination of the density by using maximum bubble pressure... 407
Fig. 3-1-26. Determination of the liquid level based on the pressure method 410
Fig. 3-1-27. Circuit diagram of the liquid level measurement system... 411
Fig. 3-1-28. Bubble pressure measurements for water using LDS-GENII... 413
Fig. 3-1-29. Bubble pressure measurements for KNO₃ molten salts at 600 ℃ (setting... 415
Fig. 3-1-30. Bubble pressure measurements for KNO₃ molten salts at 800 ℃ (setting... 417
Fig. 3-1-31. Bubble pressure measurements for KNO₃ molten salts at 600 ℃... 421
Fig. 3-1-32. Bubble pressure measurements for KNO₃ molten salts at 850... 422
Fig. 3-1-33. Special equipment for the measurement of the differential scanning... 424
Fig. 3-1-34. Special equipment for the measurement of the differential scanning... 425
Fig. 3-2-1. Electrical conductivity of pure LiCl(44wt%)-KCl(56wt%) molten... 427
Fig. 3-2-2. Conductivity of pure LiCl-KCl eutectic using a short time... 428
Fig. 3-2-3. Viscosities of pure LiCl-KCl molten salts 430
Fig. 3-2-4. Effect of temperature on the viscosities of pure KNO₃... 431
Fig. 3-2-5. Kinematic viscosities of pure LiCl-KCl molten salts at... 432
Fig. 3-2-6. Viscosity of the LiCl-KCl eutectic molten salts with... 434
Fig. 3-2-7. Variation in the bubble pressures with time depending on... 436
Fig. 3-2-8. Densities of pure KNO₃ molten salts at various temperatures 437
Fig. 3-2-9. Dynamic surface tension of pure KNO₃ molten salts at various... 438
Fig. 3-2-10. Static surface tension of pure KNO₃ molten salts at various... 439
Fig. 3-2-11. Result of the LiCl-KCl eutectic using the differential... 443
Fig. 3-2-12. Determination of the melting point of the LiCl-KCl eutectic... 444
Fig. 3-3-1. Effect of the temperature on the viscosity of eutectic LiCl-KCl... 448
Fig. 3-3-2. 3-component phase diagram obtained using FactSage 6.3. (a)... 453
Fig. 3-3-3. Phase diagram of the 3-component LiCl-KCl-LaCl₃ system at... 454
Fig. 3-3-4. Calculated results of the phase behavior of CeCl₃ in LiCl-KCl... 455
Fig. 3-3-5. Conductivities of NdCl₃-LiCl-KCl molten salts measured by using... 456
Fig. 3-3-6. Concentration of CeCl₃. (a) 15 wt%, (b) 20 wt%, (c) 25... 458
Fig. 3-3-7. Concentration of LaCl₃. (a) 15 wt%, (b) 20 wt%, (c) 25 wt%, and... 459
Fig. 3-3-8. Conductivity of 6.7 wt% UCl₃ in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts 460
Fig. 3-3-9. Conductivities of 5 wt% CeCl₃ + 6.7 wt% UCl₃ in... 461
Fig. 3-3-10. DataChoa ver. 1.0. (a) initial front web page, and (b)... 463
Fig. 4-1-1. Schematic presentation of bromine method 469
Fig. 4-1-2. Chemical stripping of lanthanides from organic phase... 470
Fig. 4-1-3. metallic (dissolved by Br₂-ethylacetate) portion (a)... 473
Fig. 4-1-4. Evaporation of solvent and drying for Nd sample 474
Fig. 4-1-5. Examples of pretreatment failure (side reaction, particle formation... 475
Fig. 4-1-6. Pretreatment by adding oxidat (H₂O₂) in case of fine particle... 476
Fig. 4-1-7a. Block flow diagram for selective dissolution analysis of... 477
Fig. 4-1-7b. Schematic presentation of bromine-dissolution and sample... 478
Fig. 4-1-8. Corrosion properties of Nd metal 481
Fig. 4-1-9. Measurement of metallic contents (blue) in the samples and... 482
Fig. 4-1-10. Thermodynamical basis of bromine method 487
Fig. 4-1-11. Separation of fission products using a UTEVA... 492
Fig. 4-1-12. Monitoring of temperature change during...[원문불량;p.492] 493
Fig. 4-1-13. Scheme of the determination of the metal conversion yield (left) and the... 494
Fig. 4-2-1. Flow sheet of separation of U, Am/Cm, and Pu using UTEVA and... 497
Fig. 4-2-2. Extraction chromatography where a flow rate is controlled by... 498
Fig. 4-2-3. Chemical recovery yield of coprecipitation of 243Am under different...[이미지참조] 500
Fig. 4-2-4. Flow sheet of recovery of Np from LiCl-KCl eutectic waste 501
Fig. 4-2-5. Photos of anion exchange chromatography of Np (left) and... 502
Fig. 4-2-6. Certificate of calibration of a 248Cm standard...[이미지참조] 507
Fig. 4-2-7. Alpha spectrum of a 248Cm standard solution after...[이미지참조] 509
Fig. 4-2-8. Flow sheet of separation of Am and rare earth elements using... 512
Fig. 4-2-9. Alpha sepctra of 243Am before (a) and after (b) separation of...[이미지참조] 513
Fig. 4-3-1. Photos of coupled-column chromatography system for the... 518
Fig. 4-3-2. (a) Structure of sodium eicosyl sulfate and (b) hydrophobic... 519
Fig. 4-3-3. Schematic of coupled-column chromatography system for the... 521
Fig. 4-3-4. Structures of Arsenanzo III (a) and α-hydroxyisobutyric acid. 522
Fig. 4-3-5. Separation of lanthanides from uranium matrix using C18 reversed... 524
Fig. 4-3-6. Scheme of SI system. D: detector 527
Fig. 4-3-7. SI-networks assembled using extraction or anion exchange... 528
Fig. 4-3-8. Photos of the SI-system assembly. (a) Top: an integrated... 529
Fig. 4-3-9. Program of SI system to separate Pu/Np in environment... 532
Fig. 4-4-1. Shielded ICP-AES layout design 534
Fig. 4-4-2. Front view of shielded ICP-AES system 535
Fig. 4-4-3. Exhaust system for shielded ICP-AES 535
Fig. 4-4-4. Installed shielded ICP-AES system 536
Fig. 4-4-5. Smart analyzer Vision 소프트웨어 실행창... 538
Fig. 4-4-6. Smart analyzer Vision 소프트웨어 Device Config 539
Fig. 4-4-7. ppm V(바나듐)의 spectrum 541
Fig. 4-4-8. 1 ppm S(황)의 spectrum 541
Fig. 4-4-9. 1 ppm P(인)의 spectrum 542
Fig. 4-4-10. 2 ppm Cu (구리)의 spectrum 542
Fig. 4-4-11. 3 ppm Al(알루미늄)의 spectrum 543
Fig. 4-4-12. 3 ppm Ce(세륨)의 spectrum 543
Fig. 4-4-13. 35 ppm Mo(몰리브덴)의 spectrum 544
Fig. 4-4-14. Analytical processes for the... 546
Fig. 4-4-15. Design of molular type 3-part centrifuge for... 550
Fig. 4-4-16. Home built modular type centrifuge (before assemble → after... 551
Fig. 4-4-17. Radioactivity distribution in the... 552
Fig. 4-4-18. Radioactivity distribution in the operation salt of electrolytic... 553
Fig. 4-5-1. Application of bromine method to determine the conversion yield of a...[원문불량;p.554] 555
Fig. 4-5-2. EDS result of insoluble solid collected after... 559
Fig. 4-5-3. Variation of dissolved Ba, Sr and Rh in various operation salt... 562
Fig. 4-5-4. Photos taken during the dissolution of sample #4 resulting from the... 566
Fig. 4-5-5. SEM image of the insoluble solid recovered from the dissolution of... 570
Fig. 4-5-6. EDX result of spot 1 in Fig. 4-5-5 571
Fig. 4-5-7. EDX result of spot 2 in Fig. 4-5-5 572
Fig. 4-5-8. EDX result of spot 3 in Fig. 4-5-5 573
Fig. 4-5-9. EDX result of spot 4 in Fig. 4-5-5 574