[표지]
제출문
보고서 요약서
요약문
SUMMARY
Contents
목차
제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 110
제1절 연구개발 목적 및 필요성 110
제2절 연구범위 114
제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 120
제1절 전해정련공정 기술개발 120
1. 미국의 전해정련공정 기술개발 120
2. 일본의 전해정련공정 기술개발 125
3. 국내 연구개발 현황 129
제2절 UCl₃ 제조공정 134
1. 국외 UCl₃ 제조공정 134
2. 국내 UCl₃ 제조 공정 135
제3절 Cathode processing(염증류공정/잉곳주조공정) 136
1. 미국 Cathode processing 기술 개발 136
2. 일본의 Cathode processing 기술개발 138
3. 국내 Cathode processing 기술개발 142
제4절 액체카드뮴음극 전해제련기술 146
1. 국외 기술개발 현황 146
2. 국내 기술개발 현황 166
제5절 잔류악티늄족 회수기술 169
1. 국외 기술개발 현황 169
2. 국내 기술개발 현황 173
제6절 전해제련 농도측정기술 176
1. 국외 기술개발 현황 176
2. 국내 기술개발 현황 188
제7절 전해제련 전산모사기술 190
1. 국외 기술개발 현황 190
2. 국내 기술개발 현황 196
제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 200
제1절 평판형 전극개념 전해정련장치 개발 200
1. 평판형 전극배열 전해정련장치 개발 200
2. 일체형 염화우라늄 제조장치 개발 229
3. 제련-정련 연계기술 개발 238
제2절 고효율 음극처리장치 개발 241
1. 고효율 염증류장치 개발 241
2. 우라늄 잉곳주조장치 개발 256
제3절 PRIDE 전해정련 공정장치 개발 275
1. PRIDE 전해정련장치 275
2. PRIDE 염화우라늄 제조장치 312
3. PRIDE 제련-정련 염이송장치 320
4. PRIDE 염증류장치 329
5. PRIDE 우라늄 잉곳주조장치 364
제4절 평판형 전해정련기 최적 전극배열을 위한 전기수력학적 해석 386
1. 전해정련장치 386
2. 염증류장치 396
제5절 PRIDE 전해제련 공정장치 406
1. PRIDE 전해제련 시스템 406
2. PRIDE LCC/RAR 장치 성능평가 408
3. PRIDE Cd 증류장치 454
4. 전해제련 염 이송장치 488
제6절 고효율 전해제련시스템 개발 496
1. 일체형 LCC 전해제련장치 496
2. RAR장치 핵심기술 520
3. 농도 측정기술 554
4. 전해제련 전산모델기술 578
제7절 PRIDE 전해회수 공정장치 simfuel 성능시험 및 종합평가 612
1. PRIDE 전해정련장치를 이용한 simfuel 성능시험 612
2. Simfuel 시험을 위한 PRIDE UCl₃ 제조장치를 이용한 UCl₃ 제조 639
3. PRIDE 잉곳주조장치를 이용한 U 및 simfuel 전착물 잉곳주조 성능시험 644
4. PRIDE 염 증류장치를 이용한 simfuel 전해정련 전착물의 염 증류시험 648
5. PRIDE LCC 전해제련장치를 이용한 simfuel 성능시험 657
6. PRIDE RAR 공정장치를 이용한 simfuel 성능시험 674
7. PRIDE Cd 증류장치를 이용한 simfuel 전해제련 전착물의 Cd 증류시험 698
8. PRIDE 염 이송장치 성능시험 704
제8절 전해회수 핵심기술 성능평가 및 개선 710
1. 양극 용해 거동 관련 cut-off potential 평가 710
2. 다중배열 전해정련 최적 전극배열을 위한 전기수력학적 해석 717
3. 전해정련을 위한 전극특성 분석 723
4. 전기화학적 방법을 이용한 UCl₃ 제조방법 개발을 위한 기초연구 730
5. RAR 핵심기술 성능개선 시험 735
6. 전극연결 모드에 따른 전해제련 거동연구 756
7. 다중배열 액체음극 전해제련 성능평가 768
8. 금속 염화물의 증발거동 773
9. 일체형 증류장치 781
제9절 IRT 실증시험 및 핵심기술 (CGRD) 개발 (한미공동연구) 790
1. Kg 규모 파이로 일관공정 (IRT) 성능시험 790
2. 파이로 핵심기술 (CGRD) 성능시험 792
제10절 KAPF 전해회수공정장치 예비개념설계 797
1. KAPF 전해회수장치 예비개념설계 797
2. KAPF UCl₃ 제조장치 예비개념설계 801
3. KAPF 전해회수 증류공정 예비개념설계 803
제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 810
제1절 연구개발목표 달성도 810
제2절 관련분야에의 기여도 812
1. 전해정련 812
2. UCl₃ 제조공정 814
3. 음극처리공정 815
4. 고효율 전해제련장치 개발 817
5. RAR장치 핵심기술 818
6. 농도분석 820
7. 전해제련공정 전산모사기술 개발 821
제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 826
1. 경제, 사회 및 기술적 측면 826
2. 연구개발 결과의 종합 활용 방안 827
제6장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 832
1. 해외 동향정보 832
2. 수집자료 832
3. 수집자료 목록 832
제7장 연구개발성과의 보안등급 840
제8장 연구장비의 구축 및 활용 결과 844
제9장 연구개발과제 수행에 따른 연구실 등의 안전조치 이행 실적 850
제10장 참고문헌 854
서지정보양식(BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SHEET) 864
Table 2.1.1.1. Comparison of the throughput of the electrorefiner 120
Table 2.4.1.1. Summary of 40 runs with pounder cathode at ANL 148
Table 2.4.1.2. LCC experiment conditions and results 150
Table 2.4.1.3. Total separation factors of actinide and rare earth elements... 151
Table 2.4.1.4. Initial composition for electrolyte used for LCC tests... 151
Table 2.4.1.5. Composition of spent ternary fuel (values in ppm) 152
Table 2.4.1.6. LCC experiment conditions and primary objective 152
Table 2.4.1.7. Actinides and REs in adhering salt (values in ppm) 153
Table 2.4.1.8. The ratio of actinides and rare earths in the salts... 154
Table 2.4.1.9. Actinides and REs collected by LCCs... 155
Table 2.4.1.10. Transuranic recovery experiment results for 3 tests 158
Table 2.4.1.11. Conditions of U and Pu recovery experiments 161
Table 2.4.1.12. Major results of U and Pu recovery experiments (1) 161
Table 2.4.1.13. Major results of U and Pu recovery experiments (2) 161
Table 2.4.1.14. Concentration of An and RE elements in molten salt... 163
Table 2.4.1.15. Current efficiency and content in cathode Cd ingot 163
Table 2.4.1.16. Separation factor against Pu in the molten LiCl-KCl eutectic/Cd... 163
Table 2.5.1.1. Results from drawdown operations in the engineering-scale electrorefiner 171
Table 2.7.1.1. Exchange current densities of U³⁺/U redox couple at different electrode... 192
Table 2.7.1.2. Comparison of calculated cell resistance and experimental data for RUN... 195
Table 2.7.1.3. Comparison of calculated cell resistance... 195
Table 3.1.1.1. Amount of deposits and salts at various current 204
Table 3.1.1.2. Dimension and surface area of electrode 215
Table 3.1.1.3. Mass balance of uranium after deposition at various array of electrode 222
Table 3.1.1.4. Mass balance of uranium after deposition at various... 224
Table 3.1.1.5. Mass balance of uranium after deposition at various ratio of... 227
Table 3.2.2.1. Weight changes and feeding yields of Cu-chips for the materials feeder 262
Table 3.2.2.2. Weight changes and feeding yields of U-dendrites for the materials... 263
Table 3.2.2.3. Calculated yield for ingot consolidation by supplemental charge method 264
Table 3.2.2.4. Measured size and density of U-dendrites after compression molding 266
Table 3.2.2.5. Calculated yield for ingot consolidation after melting test of compressed 267
Table 3.2.2.6. Melting capacity of both the compression molding method and... 267
Table. 3.3.1.1. PRIDE electrorefiner improvement strategy for remote operation 276
Table. 3.3.1.2. Heating schedule for #1 run 283
Table. 3.3.1.3. Heating schedule for #2 run 283
Table. 3.3.1.4. Amount of dehydrated salt by batch and moisture content 284
Table. 3.3.4.1. Revision items of PRIDE ER salt distiller 335
Table. 3.3.4.2. Test results for crucible carrier and turn table 341
Table. 3.3.4.3. Input data of temperature controllers for 8 kg salt test 351
Table. 3.3.4.4. Input data of temperature controllers for 6 kg salt test 359
Table. 3.3.4.5. Input data of temperature controllers for 8 kg U deposit distillation test 362
Table 3.3.5.1. Setting condition of the modeling for ingot casting 370
Table 3.3.5.2. Shrinkage of Cu ingot with tilting rate of the melting crucible 372
Table 3.4.1.1. Boundary condition and constants for CFX modeling 387
Table 3.4.2.1. Geometry and boundary condition for salt distiller 397
Table 3.4.2.2. Coefficient for salt distillation 398
Table 3.5.2.1. Improved parts of PRIDE RAR equipment 420
Table 3.5.2.2. Summary of LCC operation result (1st, 2nd and 3rd)[이미지참조] 442
Table 3.5.2.3. Summary of LCC operation result (4th and 5th)[이미지참조] 446
Table 3.5.3.1. Modified components of Cd distillation equipment 460
Table 3.5.3.2. Weights of Cd ingot crucible and recovery crucible 463
Table 3.5.3.3. Distillation result 464
Table 3.5.3.4. Modified components of PRIDE Cd distillation equipment 469
Table 3.6.1.1. Various types of electrode module structure 497
Table 3.6.1.2. Basic information of LCC electrode module test equipment 498
Table 3.6.1.3. Experimental condition of LCC electrode module performance... 506
Table 3.6.1.4. Experimental condition of LCC electrode module performance... 513
Table 3.6.1.5. Experimental results of 1st series LCC electrowinning-Cd.. 514
Table 3.6.1.6. Experimental results of 2nd series LCC electrowinning-Cd... 514
Table 3.6.1.7. Comparison of anode materials can be used in LCC... 518
Table 3.6.2.1. Initial salt composition for the HSC calculations... 524
Table 3.6.2.2. Gibbs free energy for formation reaction of chlorides;... 525
Table 3.6.2.3. Initial salt composition for the HSC calculations of a multi-component... 528
Table 3.6.2.4. Gibbs free energy for a formation of chlorides at 500°C;... 539
Table 3.6.2.5. Simulated salt composition based on a FS v.4.0 for HSC equilibrium... 540
Table 3.6.2.6. HSC calculation result for a salt composition based on FS v.4.0 using Gd... 542
Table 3.6.2.7. HSC calculation result for a salt composition based on FS v.4.0 using Y... 543
Table 3.6.2.8. HSC calculation result for a salt composition based on FS v.4.0 using Nd... 545
Table 3.6.2.9. Extent of reduction of metal chlorides to... 552
Table 3.6.3.1. Comparison of electrochemical methods 556
Table 3.6.3.2. Comparison of electrode materials 557
Table 3.6.3.3. Equilibrium potentials of the Ag⁺/Ag electrodes of which... 568
Table 3.6.3.4. Experimental condition 571
Table 3.6.4.1. Sensitivity case study for electrode reaction kinetic parameters 580
Table 3.6.4.2. Electrolyte conditions and electrochemical kinetic parameters for potential... 583
Table 3.6.4.3. Linear polarization resistances and exchange current densities estimated... 590
Table 3.6.4.4. Measured exchange current density for LCC and solid cathode 601
Table 3.6.4.5. Updated standard potential data at 773 K 601
Table 3.6.4.6. Input data for electrowinning simulation 602
Table 3.6.4.7. Conductivity of U³⁺ in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts at 500°C 609
Table 3.6.4.8. Comparison of simulated cell resistance and correlation results 611
Table 3.7.1.1. Results of the U refining experiments with U metal as an anodic... 619
Table 3.7.1.2. Elements of simfuel and composition & weight of elements of 60 kg... 626
Table 3.7.1.3. Results of the U refining experiments with simfuel metal as an anodic... 628
Table 3.7.1.4. Results of the U refining experiments with the reduced simfuel metal... 635
Table 3.7.2.1. Input chemical sources for UCl₃ production 640
Table 3.7.2.2. Supplied quantity of UCl₃ salt 642
Table 3.7.2.3. Result of ICP for the produced UCl₃ salt 643
Table 3.7.3.1. Measured size/density of U-dendrites after compression... 648
Table 3.7.4.1. Experimental conditions for the salt separation experiments 653
Table 3.7.4.2. Input data for the temperature controllers of the salt distiller 654
Table 3.7.5.1. Polarization curve data 661
Table 3.7.5.2. Initial salt composition for LCC process 668
Table 3.7.5.3. Polarization curve data 669
Table 3.7.6.1. Current–potential values using a graphite anode and LCC (At upper... 680
Table 3.7.6.2. Current–potential values using a graphite anode and LCC (At higher... 680
Table 3.7.6.3. Current-potential values using graphite anode and LCC (RAR test) 693
Table 3.7.6.4. Summary on RAR process test 697
Table 3.7.7.1. Input data for the temperature controllers of the Cd distiller (LCC... 699
Table 3.7.7.2. Input data for the temperature controllers of the Cd distiller (RAR... 701
Table 3.7.7.3. Input data for the temperature controllers of the Cd distiller (LCC... 703
Table 3.7.7.4. Weight change of crucible and recovering vessel 704
Table 3.8.1.1. Results of the electrorefining experiment with 300 mA 713
Table 3.8.1.2. Results of the electrorefining experiment at -0.7 V 715
Table 3.8.2.1. Size of anode, cathode, and electrorefining cell 717
Table 3.8.2.2. Boundary conditions and material properties for COMSOL modeling 718
Table 3.8.2.3. The change of parameters 722
Table 3.8.3.1. Peak potentials and currents associated with U reduction and... 725
Table 3.8.4.1. Chemical properties and thermodynamic data for Cd, Bi and Zn 731
Table 3.8.5.1. HSC calculation composition for equilibrium reactions... 746
Table 3.8.6.1. U/RE concentration of salt and Cd at each experimental set 767
Table 3.8.9.1. Comparison of resistance and induction heating method 783
Table 3.10.2.1. Specification of KAPF UCl₃ production system 801
Table 3.10.2.2. Operation condition of KAPF UCl₃ production system 803
Table 3.10.3.1. Specification of KAPF salt distillation system 804
Table 3.10.3.2. Operation condition of KAPF salt distillation system 806
Fig. 1.1.1.1. The conceptual diagram of electrorefining system 111
Fig. 2.1.1.1. Mark IV electrorefiner 121
Fig. 2.1.1.2. Mark-V electrorefiner 122
Fig. 2.1.1.3. Electrode structure of PEER 123
Fig. 2.1.1.4. PEER electrorefiner system (including transfer system of deposits) 123
Fig. 2.1.1.5. Stripping and recovery of U deposits in the PEER 124
Fig. 2.1.1.6. Electrorefining Experiment for the reduced metal of the electrolytic... 124
Fig. 2.1.2.1. High throughput electrorefiner developed in CRIEPI... 125
Fig. 2.1.2.2. Obtained product after reduction, electrorefining and consolidation 126
Fig. 2.1.2.3. Recovery of cathode deposit of earlier high throughput electrorefiner 126
Fig. 2.1.2.4. Modification of high throughput electrorefiner 127
Fig. 2.1.2.5. Recovery of deposits with a modified electrorefiner 127
Fig. 2.1.2.6. Reduced UO₂ by the electrolytic reduction 128
Fig. 2.1.2.7. Recovery of U deposits by the electrorefining 128
Fig. 2.1.2.8. Electrorefiner contains ~30 ℓ LiCl-KCl electrolyte in CRIEPI 129
Fig. 2.1.2.9. Cathode deposit obtained in electrorefining operation in CRIEPI 129
Fig. 2.1.3.1. Scale-up of electrorefiner developed in KAERI 130
Fig. 2.1.3.2. Continuous electrorefining system developed in KAERI 131
Fig. 2.1.3.3. High throughput electrorefiner with graphite cathodes 131
Fig. 2.1.3.4. Electrode assembly in the electrorefiner 131
Fig. 2.1.3.5. CFX analysis with respect to the electrode configuration 132
Fig. 2.1.3.6. Effect of the electrode configuration on deposition of Cu 132
Fig. 2.1.3.7. Proving Instrument of KAERI Electrorefiner and Geometry for Numerical... 133
Fig. 2.3.1.1. Cathode processor developed in INL 136
Fig. 2.3.1.2. HFDA (right) and salt distillation apparatus/furnace (lift) in the main cell... 138
Fig. 2.3.2.1. Schematic diagram of cathode processor developed in CRIEPI 139
Fig. 2.3.2.2. Schematic of pyroprocess in CRIEPI 139
Fig. 2.3.2.3. Conceptual design of engineering scale cathode processor 140
Fig. 2.3.2.4. Salt distillation equipment in CRIEPI 140
Fig. 2.3.2.5. Injection casting equipment in CRIEPI 141
Fig. 2.3.2.6. Loaded materials and U-Zr alloy rod product of injection casting... 141
Fig. 2.3.3.1. Evaporation coefficients of U deposits with respect to hold temperature... 142
Fig. 2.3.3.2. Combined salt separation process for the uranium deposits of high salt... 143
Fig. 2.3.3.3. Photograph of an integrated sieve-crucible assembly for sequential... 143
Fig. 2.3.3.4. Ingot consolidation after compression with U-dendrite 144
Fig. 2.3.3.5. Improved PRIDE melting furnace with compressor 145
Fig. 2.3.3.6. Obtained ingot from PRIDE melting furnace; (a) top view and (b) bottom... 145
Fig. 2.4.1.1. Cathode pounder 146
Fig. 2.4.1.2. Cold mockup test of pounder cathode 147
Fig. 2.4.1.3. Section view of HFDA 149
Fig. 2.4.1.4. Section view of LCC 149
Fig. 2.4.1.5. Current and LCC voltage traces for LCC tests 3, 4 and 6 153
Fig. 2.4.1.6. The relation between Pu/U in salt and Pu/U in Cd 155
Fig. 2.4.1.7. Separation efficiency plot of Pu relative to U of the LCC tests 156
Fig. 2.4.1.8. Separation efficiency plots of Am241 and Np237 relative to Pu of the... 156
Fig. 2.4.1.9. Separation efficiency plots of REs relative to Pu of the LCC tests 157
Fig. 2.4.1.10. Engineering-scale LCC experiment device 157
Fig. 2.4.1.11. Cathode products after 3 LCC experiments 159
Fig. 2.4.1.12. Change of Am content in LCC in (a) Run 4-1 and (B) Run 5 162
Fig. 2.4.1.13. Change of cathode potentials during electrorefining 164
Fig. 2.4.1.14. Engineering installation of semi-continuous electrorefiner with... 165
Fig. 2.4.1.15. Reduction potentials of some actinides and lanthanides on different... 166
Fig. 2.5.1.1. Schematic of electrorefiner for drawdown operation 169
Fig. 2.5.1.2. Cyclic voltammogram of AmCl₃ : in order to verify... 170
Fig. 2.5.1.3. Multi staged reductive extraction concept of... 172
Fig. 2.6.1.1. Schematic view of the experimental apparatus 177
Fig. 2.6.1.2. Effect of tmon result of NPV in LiCl-KCl-CeCl₃[이미지참조] 177
Fig. 2.6.1.3. Effect of half height and frequency of square waveform on result... 178
Fig. 2.6.1.4. NPV curves for LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ -PuCl₃ 178
Fig. 2.6.1.5. Differentiated NPV curves for LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ -PuCl₃ -GdCl₃ 179
Fig. 2.6.1.6. Reference electrode and CV curve of U³⁺ 180
Fig. 2.6.1.7. Cyclic voltammograms obtained in multi-composition system 181
Fig. 2.6.1.8. NPV curve for LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ -LaCl₃ 182
Fig. 2.6.1.9. SWV curve for LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ -LaCl₃ 183
Fig. 2.6.1.10. ASV curve for LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ -NpCl₃ -GdCl₃ 183
Fig. 2.6.1.11. Drawing (l) and photograph (r) of electrochemical cell 184
Fig. 2.6.1.12. (a) SWV peak currents for U and Np as a function of immersion... 186
Fig. 2.6.1.13. Superimposed CVs (a) and SWVs (b) after using an optimized... 187
Fig. 2.6.1.14. Uranium and Neptunium cathodic peak currents as a function... 187
Fig. 2.6.1.15. SWV peak difference current as a function of f½ for uranium (a)...[이미지참조] 188
Fig. 2.7.1.1. Linear polarization of W-electrode in LiCl-KCl eutectic mixture of... 192
Fig. 2.7.1.2. Tafel plot with charge transfer coefficient of W-electrode in... 193
Fig. 2.7.1.3. Calculation model for Cd cathode where h₁=1.82 cm, h₂=10.67 cm... 194
Fig. 2.7.2.1. Diffusion-controlled model of the REFIN 196
Fig. 2.7.2.2. 1D-EcWinSim computational model 197
Fig. 2.7.2.3. 3D computational model 197
Fig. 3.1.1.1. Planar Electrode Electrorefiner in ANL: PEER 200
Fig. 3.1.1.2. Designs of multi-array electrorefiner; reactor and electrode 201
Fig. 3.1.1.3. Mock-up multi-array electrorefiner in the capacity of 10 kg 202
Fig. 3.1.1.4. Potential changes as a function of (a) time and (b) current 203
Fig. 3.1.1.5. Morphology of deposits at various current 204
Fig. 3.1.1.6. Potential changes at (a) single electrode and (b) multi electrode 205
Fig. 3.1.1.7. Mock-up multi array electrorefiner in capacity of 10 kg 206
Fig. 3.1.1.8. Change of Resistance as a function of electrode distance and weight 207
Fig. 3.1.1.9. Change of cell voltage as a function of current and distance 207
Fig. 3.1.1.10. Weight of deposits as a function of electrode distance 208
Fig. 3.1.1.11. Cell voltage in single anode and dual anode 209
Fig. 3.1.1.12. (a, c) Front, (b, d) Back of single (a, b) and dual (c, d) anode 209
Fig. 3.1.1.13. Concept of high temperature multi array electrorefiner 210
Fig. 3.1.1.14. Potential changes as a function of time 211
Fig. 3.1.1.15. Potential difference as a function of (a) pulse time and (b) current 212
Fig. 3.1.1.16. Deposits on (a), (b) graphite and (c), (d) stainless steel 212
Fig. 3.1.1.17. Design of multi array electrorefiner 213
Fig. 3.1.1.18. Electrode assembly in the electrorefiner 214
Fig. 3.1.1.19. Potential of electrode as a function of current density at various... 216
Fig. 3.1.1.20. Cell voltage as a function of current density at various electrode... 217
Fig. 3.1.1.21. Cathode potential as a function of current density at 7.6 wt% UCl₃ 218
Fig. 3.1.1.22. Cell voltage as a function of current density at 7.6 wt% UCl₃ 219
Fig. 3.1.1.23. Potential as a function of current density at various array of electrode 220
Fig. 3.1.1.24. Cell voltage as a function of current density at various array of electrode 221
Fig. 3.1.1.25. Potential changes of electrode during uranium deposition at various array of... 221
Fig. 3.1.1.26. Potential of electrode as a function of current density at various... 223
Fig. 3.1.1.27. Cell voltage as a function of current density at various electrode... 223
Fig. 3.1.1.28. Potential changes of electrode during uranium deposition at various... 224
Fig. 3.1.1.29. Potential of electrode as a function of current density at various ratio of... 225
Fig. 3.1.1.30. Cell voltage as a function of current density at various ratio of... 226
Fig. 3.1.1.31. Cell voltage at various ratio of anode/cathode surface area 227
Fig. 3.1.1.32. Scraper in the multi array electrorefiner 228
Fig. 3.1.1.33. Collected deposits from electrorefiner 229
Fig. 3.1.2.1. Conceptual drawing of U chlorinator 230
Fig. 3.1.2.2. Inside drawing of reactor 230
Fig. 3.1.2.3. Drawing of reactor 231
Fig. 3.1.2.4. Picture of inside of reactor 231
Fig. 3.1.2.5. Picture of reactor 231
Fig. 3.1.2.6. Shaft of high temperature valve 232
Fig. 3.1.2.7. Adjustable handler of valve 232
Fig. 3.1.2.8. Before pressing by argon gas (1 hr after added pressure) 233
Fig. 3.1.2.9. Electrode for sounding of surface of liquid 233
Fig. 3.1.2.10. Established experimental equipment 234
Fig. 3.1.2.11. Liquid level of molten salt before and after salt transfer 234
Fig. 3.1.2.12. UCl₃ salt made by integrated UCl₃ maker 235
Fig. 3.1.2.13. Compacted UCl₃ making equipments 235
Fig. 3.1.2.14. Drawing of compacted UCl₃ making equipments 236
Fig. 3.1.2.15. Upper side of compacted UCl₃ making equipments 236
Fig. 3.1.2.16. Pellet mold and pellet making equipments 237
Fig. 3.1.2.17. Pellet mold of pellet making equipments 237
Fig. 3.1.2.18. Control panel to supply of Cl₂ and Ar gas 238
Fig. 3.1.2.19. MFC equipments for Cl₂ and Ar gas 238
Fig. 3.1.3.1. Improved salt transport system 238
Fig. 3.1.3.2. Load call and data logging program 239
Fig. 3.1.3.3. Salt insertion and transport 240
Fig. 3.1.3.4. Transported salt into the mold 240
Fig. 3.2.1.1. Experimental set-up for the salt distillation experiment 242
Fig. 3.2.1.2. Photograph of control panel for the salt distiller 243
Fig. 3.2.1.3. Computer display for data acquisition of experimental data 243
Fig. 3.2.1.4. Photograph of steel ball 244
Fig. 3.2.1.5. Photographs of salt and steel ball in crucibles 244
Fig. 3.2.1.6. Photograph of crucible hung under load-cell 245
Fig. 3.2.1.7. Temperature and salt weight profiles (steel ball) 245
Fig. 3.2.1.8. Temperature profiles of distillation chamber 246
Fig. 3.2.1.9. Temperature and salt weight profiles (uranium deposits) 246
Fig. 3.2.1.10. Photograph of steel chips 247
Fig. 3.2.1.11. Temperature and salt weight profiles (steel chips) 247
Fig. 3.2.1.12. comparison of evaporation surface of steel ball and steel chip system 248
Fig. 3.2.1.13. Photograph of uranium deposits 249
Fig. 3.2.1.14. Temperature and salt weight profiles (Density of deposits: 0.86) 249
Fig. 3.2.1.15. Temperature and salt weight profiles (Density of deposits: 1.45) 250
Fig. 3.2.1.16. Concept of multi-layer porous crucible system 251
Fig. 3.2.1.17. Photograph of multi-layer porous crucible system 252
Fig. 3.2.1.18. Revise of internals for salt distillation system ((a) initial, (b) revised) 252
Fig. 3.2.1.19. Photograph of multi-layer porous crucible systems loaded with uranium... 253
Fig. 3.2.1.20. Temperature profiles of salt distillation chamber 253
Fig. 3.2.1.21. Photograph of uranium deposits before and after salt distillation 253
Fig. 3.2.1.22. XRD pattern of uranium deposits after salt separation 254
Fig. 3.2.1.23. Photograph of crucible system with liquid salt guide disk 255
Fig. 3.2.1.24. Photograph of recovered salt during distillation 255
Fig. 3.2.2.1. A photo of (a) U-melting furnace and (b) chiller for the operating... 256
Fig. 3.2.2.2. A photo of (a) induction generator and (b) chiller for the generator 257
Fig. 3.2.2.3. A photo of (a) induction generator and (b) chiller for the generator 257
Fig. 3.2.2.4. A photo of U-dendrite after salt distillation 258
Fig. 3.2.2.5. U-dendrite feeder at a laboratory scale; (a) A drawing and (b) photo 259
Fig. 3.2.2.6. A photo of (a) opened and (b) closed feeding cup for materials feeder 260
Fig. 3.2.2.7. A holder for the feeding cup in the materials feeder 260
Fig. 3.2.2.8. A holder for the feeding cup in the materials feeder 260
Fig. 3.2.2.9. A holder for the feeding cup (a) before and (b) after tiltin 261
Fig. 3.2.2.10. Cu-chips in the feeding cup; cap (a) opened and (b) closed 262
Fig. 3.2.2.11. Obtained U-ingot after melting test by supplemental charge method 264
Fig. 3.2.2.12. U-dendrite (a) before and (b) after compression molding 265
Fig. 3.2.2.13. Obtained U-ingot after melting test of compressed dendrite 266
Fig. 3.2.2.14. Gibb's free energy changes for the reaction with (a) U and (b) UCl₃ 268
Fig. 3.2.2.15. Cross-sectional SEM images of graphite coupon coated with ZrN, TiN... 269
Fig. 3.2.2.16. XRD pattern of surface coated sample : (a) ZrN, (b) TiN and (c) Y₂O₃ 269
Fig. 3.2.2.17. Cross-sectional SEM images of ZrN, TiN and Y₂O₃ coated sample after... 270
Fig. 3.2.2.18. Design of uranium dendrite compressor 271
Fig. 3.2.2.19. Concept of uranium compressor in PRIDE melting furnace 272
Fig. 3.2.2.20. Uranium compressor in PRIDE melting furnace 273
Fig. 3.2.2.21. Uranium dendrite before and after compression molding 273
Fig. 3.3.1.1. PRIDE electrorefiner 275
Fig. 3.3.1.2. PRIDE electrorefiner improvement 276
Fig. 3.3.1.3. Remote operation test of electrode assembly by lift frame 277
Fig. 3.3.1.4. Remote operation test of anode basket and cathode module by electrode... 278
Fig. 3.3.1.5. Remote operation test of dendrite recovery system 278
Fig. 3.3.1.6. Remote operation test of lift frame maintenance 279
Fig. 3.3.1.7. Remote operation test of electrorefiner and electrode assembly... 279
Fig. 3.3.1.8. Remote operation test of electrode exchange system and cable box... 279
Fig. 3.3.1.9. Remote operation test of lift frame bottom plate maintenance 280
Fig. 3.3.1.10. Remote operation test of electrorefiner bottom plate maintenance 280
Fig. 3.3.1.11. PRIDE electrorefiner heating test and temperature measurement 281
Fig. 3.3.1.12. Salt dehydrator and dehydrated LiCl-KCl eutectic salt ingot 282
Fig. 3.3.1.13. 5 kg salt ingot insertion test 284
Fig. 3.3.1.14. 5 kg salt ingot melting and level measurement 284
Fig. 3.3.1.15. 5 kg salt ingot level evaluation 285
Fig. 3.3.1.16. Dehydrated salt ingot insertion 286
Fig. 3.3.1.17. Uninstallation of electrorefiner from Ar cell 287
Fig. 3.3.1.18. Covers of electrorefiner flange and dendrite transport system 288
Fig. 3.3.1.19. Tuning of electrorefiner furnace and dendrite transport system furnace 288
Fig. 3.3.1.20. Uninstallation and improvement of electrode exchange system and M1 289
Fig. 3.3.1.21. Uninstallation and improvement of electrode exchange system and M4 290
Fig. 3.3.1.22. Uninstallation and improvement of M5 290
Fig. 3.3.1.23. Extension of electrode assembly guide hole 291
Fig. 3.3.1.24. Measurement of electrorefiner bottom level at 500°C 291
Fig. 3.3.1.25. Installation of electrorefiner flange spacer 292
Fig. 3.3.1.26. Damaged graphite cathode guide rail 293
Fig. 3.3.1.27. Recovery of graphite cathode module 293
Fig. 3.3.1.28. Recovery of damaged apparatus 294
Fig. 3.3.1.29. Removal of salt from electrorefiner 295
Fig. 3.3.1.30. Un-installation of electrode assembly from Ar cell 295
Fig. 3.3.1.31. Improved attachment between electrode assembly and graphite cathode 295
Fig. 3.3.1.32. Alumina scraper for graphite cathode 296
Fig. 3.3.1.33. Improved main scraper shaft 297
Fig. 3.3.1.34. Improved main scraper sensor 297
Fig. 3.3.1.35. Damaged parts due to heat 298
Fig. 3.3.1.36. Sensor heat shield 298
Fig. 3.3.1.37. 6-pointed and ring-structured graphite brush 299
Fig. 3.3.1.38. Improved anode basket 299
Fig. 3.3.1.39. Improved reference electrode port 300
Fig. 3.3.1.40. Installation of guide for bucket cover 300
Fig. 3.3.1.41. Extension of bucket hinge clearance 301
Fig. 3.3.1.42. Installation of salt vapor block between bucket and shaft 301
Fig. 3.3.1.43. Salt insertion and level measurement (for the first time) 302
Fig. 3.3.1.44. Electrorefiner level measurement (for the first time) 303
Fig. 3.3.1.45. Salt insertion and level measurement (after salt test) 304
Fig. 3.3.1.46. Electrorefiner level measurement (after salt test) 304
Fig. 3.3.1.47. Level measurement by using water 305
Fig. 3.3.1.48. LiCl-KCl molten salt CV measurement 306
Fig. 3.3.1.49. Result of LiCl-KCl molten salt CV measurement at 500°C (50 mV/sec) 306
Fig. 3.3.1.50. Insertion of UCl₃ 306
Fig. 3.3.1.51. Result of LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ molten salt CV measurement at 500°C (50... 307
Fig. 3.3.1.52. Insertion of U metal into anode basket 308
Fig. 3.3.1.53. Installation of anode basket on electrode assembly 309
Fig. 3.3.1.54. Installation of electrode assembly on electrorefiner 309
Fig. 3.3.1.55. Installation of reference electrode, bus-bar and voltage sensor 310
Fig. 3.3.1.56. Current-potential curves 310
Fig. 3.3.1.57. Cell voltage curves 311
Fig. 3.3.1.58. Deposited U metal on graphite cathode 311
Fig. 3.3.1.59. Self-scrapped graphite cathode 312
Fig. 3.3.1.60. U metal recovered by dendrite transport system 312
Fig. 3.3.2.1. Position of insulation of transfer line 313
Fig. 3.3.2.2. Insulator of transfer line 313
Fig. 3.3.2.3. Repair position of cylinder 314
Fig. 3.3.2.4. Repaired cylinder 314
Fig. 3.3.2.5. Testing for operating of flange of reactors 314
Fig. 3.3.2.6. Ball type flowmeter to supply of Cl₂ and Ar gas 315
Fig. 3.3.2.7. Damaged needle of Cl₂ gas flowmeter 315
Fig. 3.3.2.8. Established MFC to supply Cl₂ and Ar gas 315
Fig. 3.3.2.9. Controller of MFC 316
Fig. 3.3.2.10. Putting of salt into reactor 316
Fig. 3.3.2.11. Sounding of salt by measuring rod 317
Fig. 3.3.2.12. Temperature of transfer line before salt transportation 317
Fig. 3.3.2.13. Temperature of transfer line after salt transportation 318
Fig. 3.3.2.14. Sounding of residual salt after salt transportation 318
Fig. 3.3.2.15. Picture of mold before opening 319
Fig. 3.3.2.16. Picture of mold after opening 319
Fig. 3.3.2.17. Salt ingot fabricated by pelletizer 319
Fig. 3.3.2.18. Putting salt into reactor 320
Fig. 3.3.2.19. Putting uranium metal into reactor 320
Fig. 3.3.2.20. Produced UCl₃ salt pellet 320
Fig. 3.3.3.1. Improved PRIDE salt transport system 322
Fig. 3.3.3.2. Installation of PRIDE salt transport system on Ar cell 322
Fig. 3.3.3.3. PRIDE salt transport system mock-up test 323
Fig. 3.3.3.4. Installation of PRIDE salt transport system on Ar cell 324
Fig. 3.3.3.5. Salt transport tube connection by using MSM and crane 324
Fig. 3.3.3.6. Remote operation test of salt transport system by using MSM and crane 325
Fig. 3.3.3.7. Remote operation test of salt ingot production system, salt transport... 326
Fig. 3.3.3.8. Improved salt gripper and salt transport basket 327
Fig. 3.3.3.9. Remote operation of salt transport mock-up test 327
Fig. 3.3.3.10. Result of salt transport system heating by 500°C 328
Fig. 3.3.3.11. Result of suction head calculation 329
Fig. 3.3.4.1. PRIDE ER salt distillation system (1. Control panel, 2. Distillation... 330
Fig. 3.3.4.2. Photographs of hook frame and chain systems for crane 331
Fig. 3.3.4.3. Guide pin and hole for combination of distillation tower and crucible... 331
Fig. 3.3.4.4. Loading system for crucible and salt recovering vessel 333
Fig. 3.3.4.5. Movement test for crucible gripper 333
Fig. 3.3.4.6. Movement test of crucible stand 334
Fig. 3.3.4.7. Movement test of distillation tower 334
Fig. 3.3.4.8. Control panel and display during heating test of EW salt distiller 337
Fig. 3.3.4.9. Set value and process value profiles during heating (300°C) 337
Fig. 3.3.4.10. Set value and process value profiles during heating (400°C) 338
Fig. 3.3.4.11. Temperature profiles during heating (800°C) 338
Fig. 3.3.4.12. Vacuum pressure gauge (a) and display (b) 338
Fig. 3.3.4.13. Crucible carrier (a) and turn table (b) for salt distiller 340
Fig. 3.3.4.14. Procedures for the salt charging into salt distiller 342
Fig. 3.3.4.15. Temperature profiles during salt test of PRIDE ER salt distiller 343
Fig. 3.3.4.16. Photograph of uranium deposit crucible after salt distillation 343
Fig. 3.3.4.17. Photographs of salt receiving vessel and recovered salt block 344
Fig. 3.3.4.18. Damaged rail of tray for salt recovering vessel 344
Fig. 3.3.4.19. Repair of tray rail of salt recovering vessel 345
Fig. 3.3.4.20. Revision of bolt for tray rail 345
Fig. 3.3.4.21. Repair of control board for salt distillation system 345
Fig. 3.3.4.22. Stand for the installation of uranium deposit crucible 346
Fig. 3.3.4.23. Stand up/down robot installed at the end of the crucible set-up system 346
Fig. 3.3.4.24. Movement test of revised stand up/down robot 347
Fig. 3.3.4.25. Display of control system for crucible installation robot 348
Fig. 3.3.4.26. Vacuum hoses connected to vacuum system 349
Fig. 3.3.4.27. Various jigs used for PRIDE ER salt distiller 349
Fig. 3.3.4.28. Pneumatic pumps for the circulation of cooling water 350
Fig. 3.3.4.29. Control zones of heaters for distillation towers 351
Fig. 3.3.4.30. Photograph of uranium deposit crucible after salt test 352
Fig. 3.3.4.31. Photograph of crucible stand after salt test 352
Fig. 3.3.4.32. Photograph of bottom flange after salt test 353
Fig. 3.3.4.33. Photograph of salt recovering vessel after salt test 353
Fig. 3.3.4.34. Separation of salt block from salt recovering vessel (a) and salt block (b) 354
Fig. 3.3.4.35. A shelf for uranium deposit crucible 354
Fig. 3.3.4.36. Frozen salt remained in the inner side of the distillation chamber 355
Fig. 3.3.4.37. Revised distillation chamber frame 356
Fig. 3.3.4.38. Revised bottom plate for distillation chamber 356
Fig. 3.3.4.39. Photograph of distillation tower after installation of three round bars 357
Fig. 3.3.4.40. Photograph of rings for round bars 357
Fig. 3.3.4.41. Revised frame for salt distillation chamber 357
Fig. 3.3.4.42. Revised crucible stand for salt distillation 358
Fig. 3.3.4.43. Adjustment of crane position using a pendulum 358
Fig. 3.3.4.44. Salt separation test in the separation funnel 359
Fig. 3.3.4.45. Recovered salt block separated from salt recovering vessel 359
Fig. 3.3.4.46. Photographs of crucible and uranium deposits 360
Fig. 3.3.4.47. Photograph of crucible carrier before salt distillation experiment 360
Fig. 3.3.4.48. Photograph of crane for distillation chamber up/down movement 362
Fig. 3.3.4.49. Crucible and uranium deposits after salt distillation experiment 363
Fig. 3.3.4.50. Funnel device for the recovered salt block separation 363
Fig. 3.3.4.51. Salt block separated from salt recovering vessel 364
Fig. 3.3.5.1. U-melting furnace at a engineering scale for the PRIDE facility 365
Fig. 3.3.5.2. (a) continuous materials feeder, (b) tilting-type melting crucible and (c)... 366
Fig. 3.3.5.3. Hoist and clamp installed in the glove box 366
Fig. 3.3.5.4. Elevator type glove box for uranium handing 367
Fig. 3.3.5.5. Melting process of melting furnace for uranium consolidation 368
Fig. 3.3.5.6. Temperature profile during Cu-chip melting test 368
Fig. 3.3.5.7. Modeling of a mold at the (a) laboratory and (b) engineering scale... 369
Fig. 3.3.5.8. Distribution of shrinkage cavity at various filling time; (a) 45 sec and (b)... 371
Fig. 3.3.5.9. Photograph of Cu ingot shrink with tilting rate of the melting crucible;... 372
Fig. 3.3.5.10. (a) Solidification sequence and (b) distribution of shrinkage for various... 373
Fig. 3.3.5.11. (a) Solidification sequence and (b) distribution of shrinkage for various... 374
Fig. 3.3.5.12. (a) Injection behaviors of molten Cu and (b) corresponding distribution... 375
Fig. 3.3.5.13. (a) schematic figure and (b) photograph for salt-trap 376
Fig. 3.3.5.14. An induction heating system with (a) hollow-type and (b) rod-type coil 377
Fig. 3.3.5.15. Temperature profiles of the heating coil during heating test 377
Fig. 3.3.5.16. A photograph of heating system (a) before and (b) after heating test 378
Fig. 3.3.5.17. Photograph of preliminary test for Cu-chip distribution 379
Fig. 3.3.5.18. Temperature profiles during heating test up to 1400°C 379
Fig. 3.3.5.19. Photographs for the operating process of melting furnace: (a) heating of... 380
Fig. 3.3.5.20. Cross-sectional image of the obtained Cu-ingot after melting test 381
Fig. 3.3.5.21. Improved PRIDE melting furnace with compressor 382
Fig. 3.3.5.22. Y₂O₃ coated crucible and mold for PRIDE melting furnace 382
Fig. 3.3.5.23. Elevator-type glove box for uranium handling 383
Fig. 3.3.5.24. Temperature profiles during uranium melting test 384
Fig. 3.3.5.25. Obtained ingot after melting test; (a) top view and (b) bottom view 384
Fig. 3.3.5.26. Remained uranium after melting test in the melting crucible; (a) top... 385
Fig. 3.4.1.1. Electrode morphology and array for CFX modeling (Cylindrical, Plate) 386
Fig. 3.4.1.2. Configurations of mesh in cylindrical and plate electrode 386
Fig. 3.4.1.3. Uranium dissolution and deposit behavior at cylindrical and plate... 387
Fig. 3.4.1.4. Effects of convection at cylindrical and plate electrode 388
Fig. 3.4.1.5. Geometry of multi array electrorefiner 388
Fig. 3.4.1.6. Behaviors of anodic dissolution 389
Fig. 3.4.1.7. Behavior of cathodic deposit at current density of=149 mA/㎠ 389
Fig. 3.4.1.8. Proving Instrument of KAERI Electrorefiner and Geometry for Numerical... 390
Fig. 3.4.1.9. Boundary Condition and Mesh Size 390
Fig. 3.4.1.10. Comparing a Distribution of Current Density between Round type and... 391
Fig. 3.4.1.11. Proving Experiment for Cell Voltage 392
Fig. 3.4.1.12. Cyclic Voltammetry for Numerical Analysis of Multi-component 393
Fig. 3.4.1.13. Thermodynamic Property of UCl₃ , PuCl₃ , Pu and U 393
Fig. 3.4.1.14. Concentration change of UCl₃ , PuCl₃ 394
Fig. 3.4.1.15. Reaction 1, 2, 3 for Chemical Equilibrium 394
Fig. 3.4.1.16. Molar Ratio and Calculating Condition according to Concentration of UCl₃ 395
Fig. 3.4.1.17. Different Potential windows according to a Concentration of UCl₃ 395
Fig. 3.4.1.18. Comparison Concentration between UCl₃ , PuCl₃ according to Applied... 396
Fig. 3.4.2.1. Modeling of salt distiller 396
Fig. 3.4.2.2. Salt distillation as a function of time 398
Fig. 3.4.2.3. Behavior of salt as a function of time 398
Fig. 3.4.2.4. Change of diffusion coefficient as a function of temperature 399
Fig. 3.4.2.5. Change of vapor pressure as a function of temperature 399
Fig. 3.4.2.6. Behavior of salts vapor as a function of time 400
Fig. 3.4.2.7. Temperature distribution according to cathode processor height 400
Fig. 3.4.2.8. Vertical temperature profiles according to diameter and thickness of thermal radiation shield 401
Fig. 3.4.2.9. Change of salt gas concentration over time in whole domain 402
Fig. 3.4.2.10. Total amount of remained salt gas according to difference diameter and 402
Fig. 3.4.2.11. Comparing vapor pressure of HSC chemistry and august equation 403
Fig. 3.4.2.12. Distribution of temperature and pressure in calculated domain 404
Fig. 3.4.2.13. Distribution of salt gas according to a time 404
Fig. 3.4.2.14. Phase changing rate according to a time 405
Fig. 3.5.1.1. Layout of LCC electrowinning, RAR and Cd distillations in ... 407
Fig. 3.5.1.3. Installation procedures of PRIDE RAR equipment 407
Fig. 3.5.1.4. Installation procedures of PRIDE Cd distillation equipment 408
Fig. 3.5.1.5. Installation location and MSM (master slave manipulator) of the... 408
Fig. 3.5.1.6. LCC electrowinning, RAR and Cd distillation equipment installed... 408
Fig. 3.5.2.1. Main parts of PRIDE LCC electrowinning equipment 409
Fig. 3.5.2.2. Operation test of LCC assembly and LM guide assembly 409
Fig. 3.5.2.3. Operation test of the rotation part of LCC crucible 410
Fig. 3.5.2.4. Heating test of PRIDE LCC electrowinning equipment 411
Fig. 3.5.2.5. Disintegration procedure of PRIDE LCC electrowinning equipment 411
Fig. 3.5.2.6. Detachment and transfer of power connector assembly 412
Fig. 3.5.2.7. Detachment and transfer of LM guide assembly 413
Fig. 3.5.2.8. Detachment and transfer of Frame/heater assembly 414
Fig. 3.5.2.9. Improved parts of PRIDE LCC electrowinning equipment 414
Fig. 3.5.2.10. Main parts of PRIDE RAR equipment 415
Fig. 3.5.2.11. Operation test of LCC assembly and LM guide assembly 416
Fig. 3.5.2.12. Operation test of the rotation part of LCC crucible 416
Fig. 3.5.2.13. Heating test of PRIDE LCC electrowinning equipment 417
Fig. 3.5.2.14.(a) Disintegration test of PRIDE RAR equipment 418
Fig. 3.5.2.14.(b) Reintegration test of PRIDE RAR equipment 418
Fig. 3.5.2.15. Schematic diagram of LCC blade of PRIDE RAR equipment 419
Fig. 3.5.2.16. Improved parts of PRIDE RAR equipment 419
Fig. 3.5.2.17. Transfer of LCC alumina crucible and Cd ingots to the... 422
Fig. 3.5.2.18. Loading of Cd ingots into the LCC alumina crucible 423
Fig. 3.5.2.19. Disintegration procedures of top flange 424
Fig. 3.5.2.20. Loading of LiCl-KCl salt into the LCC/RAR electrolytic crucible 425
Fig. 3.5.2.21. Measurement of salt level by dip-stick method 427
Fig. 3.5.2.22. Measurement of salt level using IBM radar sensor 427
Fig. 3.5.2.23. Charging of LCC assembly into the LCC electrolytic crucible 429
Fig. 3.5.2.24. Detachment of the mesh from the LCC crucible 431
Fig. 3.5.2.25. Detachment of the LCC safety crucible from the LCC assembly 432
Fig. 3.5.2.26. Detachment of Cd deposits from the LCC crucible 433
Fig. 3.5.2.27. Transfer of LCC crucible to the Cd distillation equipment 433
Fig. 3.5.2.28. Small electrolytic cell using CaCl₂(H₂O)₆ 434
Fig. 3.5.2.29. Cyclic voltammogram of PRIDE LCC/RAR cells using... 434
Fig. 3.5.2.30. Measurement of the level of LiCl-KCl salt at 500°C in... 435
Fig. 3.5.2.31. CV measurement of LiCl-KCl salt at 500°C in PRIDE...[원문불량;p.437] 436
Fig. 3.5.2.32. CV results of LiCl-KCl salt in PRIDE LCC/RAR cells (500°C,... 436
Fig. 3.5.2.33. CV of solid cathode and LCC at 500°C in LiCl-KCl salt in... 437
Fig. 3.5.2.34. Schematic diagram of alumina crucible with 4 holes in... 437
Fig. 3.5.2.35. Separation of LCC crucible from LCC assembly and weighing 438
Fig. 3.5.2.36. Preparation of LiCl-KCl, CdCl₂ and U metal 439
Fig. 3.5.2.37. Manufacturing of LiCl-KCl-35wt%UCl₃ salt 439
Fig. 3.5.2.38. CV of LiCl-KCl-2wt%UCl₃ 440
Fig. 3.5.2.39. Preparation of LiCl-KCl-80wt%NdCl₃ 440
Fig. 3.5.2.40. Polarization curves for LCC operation(from 1st to 3rd)[이미지참조] 442
Fig. 3.5.2.41. 1st LCC operation at 50 mA/㎠ at 468°C[이미지참조] 443
Fig. 3.5.2.42. 2nd LCC operation at 50 mA/㎠ at 468°C[이미지참조] 444
Fig. 3.5.2.43. Monitoring electrode module 444
Fig. 3.5.2.44. 3rd LCC operation at 50 mA/㎠ at 500°C[이미지참조] 445
Fig. 3.5.2.45. 4th LCC operation at 50 mA/㎠ at 500°C[이미지참조] 447
Fig. 3.5.2.46. CV on the liquid Cd for LiCl-KCl-UCl₃-NdCl₃ at 461°C 448
Fig. 3.5.2.47. Polarization curve for LiCl-KCl-UCl₃-NdCl₃ at 461°C... 448
Fig. 3.5.2.48. 5th LCC operation at 50 mA/㎠ at 461°C (32 h) and 492°C (4h)[이미지참조] 449
Fig. 3.5.2.49. CV on the solid W for LiCl-KCl-UCl₃-NdCl₃ at 461°C 449
Fig. 3.5.2.50. CV on the solid W for LiCl-KCl-UCl₃-NdCl₃ at 461 and 492°C 450
Fig. 3.5.2.51. U/Nd deposits adhering on the Cd lead 450
Fig. 3.5.2.52. Polarization (I-V) measurements for RAR electrolysis operation 451
Fig. 3.5.2.53. RAR electrolysis operation with 50 mA/㎠ at 470°C 452
Fig. 3.5.2.54. CV monitoring of a salt before and after RAR electrolysis... 452
Fig. 3.5.2.55. Addition of CdCl₂ ingot into a salt in LCC crucible 453
Fig. 3.5.2.56. CV monitoring of a salt during a RAR oxidation operation... 453
Fig. 3.5.2.57. CV monitoring of a salt during and after RAR oxidation... 454
Fig. 3.5.2.58. Salt level measurement after CdCl₂ oxidation operation 454
Fig. 3.5.3.1. Main components of PRIDE Cd distillation equipment 455
Fig. 3.5.3.2. Procedure of Cd safety crucible (Cd + Cd crucible) loading 456
Fig. 3.5.3.3. MSM operation for PRIDE Cd distillation equipment 458
Fig. 3.5.3.4. Heater and thermocouple in PRIDE Cd distillation equipment 459
Fig. 3.5.3.5. Temperature and pressure during the Cd distillation 459
Fig. 3.5.3.6. Modifications of PRIDE Cd distillation equipment 460
Fig. 3.5.3.7. Heating test condition 462
Fig. 3.5.3.8. Heating test result 462
Fig. 3.5.3.9. Property of Cd ingot 463
Fig. 3.5.3.10. Cd crucible/safety crucible/Cd ingot transfer crucible 463
Fig. 3.5.3.11. Method of Cd ingot loading 464
Fig. 3.5.3.12. Procedure of Cd ingot loading 464
Fig. 3.5.3.13. Photographs of crucible after Cd distillation 466
Fig. 3.5.3.14. Changes of temperature and pressure during the Cd distillation 466
Fig. 3.5.3.15. Procedure of Cd ingot and Cd recovery crucible loading 467
Fig. 3.5.3.16. Remote maintenance of PRIDE Cd distillation equipment 468
Fig. 3.5.3.17. Modified assemblies in PRIDE Cd distillation equipment 469
Fig. 3.5.3.18. Photographs before/after modification of PRIDE Cd distillation equipment 470
Fig. 3.5.3.19. Photographs before/after modification of assemblies in PRIDE Cd... 470
Fig. 3.5.3.20. Lifting chains of PRIDE Cd distillation equipment 470
Fig. 3.5.3.21. Loading of Cd ingot into the PRIDE Cd distillation equipment 472
Fig. 3.5.3.22. Change of temperature and pressure during distillation 473
Fig. 3.5.3.23. Photographs after Cd distillation 473
Fig. 3.5.3.24. Experimental results of 3 times Cd distillation 474
Fig. 3.5.3.25. Loading of salt into the Cd distillation equipment 474
Fig. 3.5.3.26. Photographs after salt distillation 476
Fig. 3.5.3.27. Changes of temperature and pressure during salt distillation 476
Fig. 3.5.3.28. Loading of 1st LCC product 477
Fig. 3.5.3.29. Photographs after 1st distillation and changes of temperature... 478
Fig. 3.5.3.30. Loading of 2nd LCC product 479
Fig. 3.5.3.31. Photographs after 2nd distillation 480
Fig. 3.5.3.32. Changes of temperature and pressure during the 2nd distillation 480
Fig. 3.5.3.33. Photographs after 2nd distillation and changes of temperature and... 481
Fig. 3.5.3.34. Loading of 3rd LCC product 482
Fig. 3.5.3.35. After the distillation of 3rd LCC product (1) 483
Fig. 3.5.3.37. Loading of 3rd LCC product (2) 483
Fig. 3.5.3.38. Changes of temperature and pressure during LCC distillation 484
Fig. 3.5.3.39. Loading of 4th LCC product (1) 485
Fig. 3.5.3.40. Photographs after distillation 486
Fig. 3.5.3.41. Loading of 4th LCC product (2) 487
Fig. 3.5.3.42. Photographs after distillation 487
Fig. 3.5.4.1. Schematic diagram of electrowinning salt transfer equipment 489
Fig. 3.5.4.2. Design of electrowinning salt transfer equipment 493
Fig. 3.5.4.3. Remote controller for the operation of electrowinning salt transfer 493
Fig. 3.5.4.4. Transferred ca. 8 kg of LiCl-KCl molten salt 495
Fig. 3.6.1.1. Conceptual diagram of integrated LCC electrowinning equipment 496
Fig. 3.6.1.2. Design of LCC electrode module test equipment 498
Fig. 3.6.1.3. Synthesis of Li-B alloy (left) and CV measurement in... 500
Fig. 3.6.1.4. Design of inert anode structure 500
Fig. 3.6.1.5. Cyclic voltammogram of graphite anode (a) with and (b)... 501
Fig. 3.6.1.6. The change of normalized Ipc depending on the scanning... 502
Fig. 3.6.1.7. Anodic polarization curves of graphite anode (a) with... 502
Fig. 3.6.1.8. The effect of anode surface area on the anode potential during the... 502
Fig. 3.6.1.9. The effect of SiC shroud on the anode potential profiles during... 502
Fig. 3.6.1.10. Diagram and photographs of LCC electrode module structure 503
Fig. 3.6.1.11. Photograph of LCC electrode module test equipment 504
Fig. 3.6.1.12. CV measurements of W and LCC electrode module 505
Fig. 3.6.1.13. EIS measurement of electrode module 505
Fig. 3.6.1.14. Calculated results of impedance elements from Fig.3.6.1.13 505
Fig. 3.6.1.16. Electrode potential profile of LCC electrode module during... 507
Fig. 3.6.1.17. SEM and EDS analysis of product obtained at LCC... 507
Fig. 3.6.1.18. SEM, EDS, and XRD analysis of Li-B alloy 508
Fig. 3.6.1.19. CV measurements of Li-B alloy in LiCl-KCl (scan rate=100... 509
Fig. 3.6.1.20. CA measurement of Li-B alloy in 500°C LiCl-KCl at 0 V vs... 510
Fig. 3.6.1.21. Reduction potential at solid and liquid cadmium cathode 510
Fig. 3.6.1.22. Electrochemical cell for redox potential measurement of Zr... 511
Fig. 3.6.1.23. Redox potential of Zr in LiCl-KCl-1wt%ZrCl 4 (500°C), (a) solid... 511
Fig. 3.6.1.24. Redox potential of Zr and Zr-Cd in... 512
Fig. 3.6.1.25. Synthesis of Li-B alloy 515
Fig. 3.6.1.26. SEM and XRD analysis of Li-B alloy 515
Fig. 3.6.1.27. Electrochemical cell of Li-B anode and LCC in... 515
Fig. 3.6.1.28. (a) Cyclic voltammograms during the immersion of Li-B alloy... 516
Fig. 3.6.1.29. (a) Potential profiles during the electro-reduction in... 517
Fig. 3.6.1.30. Conceptual diagram of integrated LCC electrowinning... 519
Fig. 3.6.1.31. Design of integrated LCC electrowinning equipment 520
Fig. 3.6.2.1. Electrolysis-oxidation method connected by electrowinning- RAR... 521
Fig. 3.6.2.2. Schematic of a RAR key technology (RE reduction) for recovery... 522
Fig. 3.6.2.3. HSC distribution diagram for reduction reactions using Nd metal... 523
Fig. 3.6.2.4. CV detection for the recovery of U using a RAR key technology... 523
Fig. 3.6.2.5. Two components salt reaction using a Nd reductant; (a) Ce-La... 525
Fig. 3.6.2.6. Two components salt reaction using a Nd reductant; (a) U-Nd... 526
Fig. 3.6.2.7. Two components salt reaction using a Nd reductant; Am-Nd... 526
Fig. 3.6.2.8. Two components salt reaction using a Ce reductant; (a) Ce-La... 527
Fig. 3.6.2.9. Two components salt reaction using a Ce reductant; (a) U-Nd... 527
Fig. 3.6.2.10. Two components salt reaction using a Ce reductant; Am-Nd... 528
Fig. 3.6.2.11. Multi-component U containing salt reactions using a RE... 529
Fig. 3.6.2.12. Multi-component U and TRU containing salt reactions using a Y... 529
Fig. 3.6.2.13. Multi-component U and TRU containing salt reactions using a... 530
Fig. 3.6.2.14. Performance test equipment for a RAR key technology (left), port... 533
Fig. 3.6.2.15. Test equipment for U recovery using a RAR... 533
Fig. 3.6.2.16. Concentration changes of U (left) and RE (right) metals in a... 535
Fig. 3.6.2.17. On-line CV monitoring of the molten salt... 536
Fig. 3.6.2.18. Schematic for making a Cd ingot of U/TRU... 536
Fig. 3.6.2.19. Analysis results of a U sample recovered using... 537
Fig. 3.6.2.20. Schematic for a recovery of An using a RAR key... 538
Fig. 3.6.2.21. XRD analysis results of a RE sample floated... 538
Fig. 3.6.2.22. HSC calculation result for multi-component distribution of U and TRU... 540
Fig. 3.6.2.23. HSC calculation result for multi-component distribution of U and... 541
Fig. 3.6.2.24. Analysis on DF, recovery yield of An and An/RE ratio from HSC... 541
Fig. 3.6.2.25. HSC calculation result for multi-component distribution of U and... 543
Fig. 3.6.2.26. HSC calculation result for multi-component distribution of U and... 544
Fig. 3.6.2.27. Core part of RAR key technology (left) and RE rod... 546
Fig. 3.6.2.28. CV monitoring results with time progress during a... 547
Fig. 3.6.2.29. Photograph of salt samples catched at every 30 min. interval... 547
Fig. 3.6.2.30. Schematic of making an ingot of actinide fine particles recovered... 548
Fig. 3.6.2.31. Various Ga metal properties in the periodic table 550
Fig. 3.6.2.32. Schematic of making an ingot of actinide fine particles recovered... 550
Fig. 3.6.2.33. Schematic of making an ingot of actinide fine particles recovered... 550
Fig. 3.6.2.34. Analysis on recovery of the actinides using a Nd metal 552
Fig. 3.6.2.35. Core part of a demonstration equipment (left) and a core part... 553
Fig. 3.6.3.1. Electrochemical methods 555
Fig. 3.6.3.2. Al electrode and liquid electrode 557
Fig. 3.6.3.3. Experimental apparatus 558
Fig. 3.6.3.4. Cyclic voltammograms with Al electrode and W electrode (… Al... 559
Fig. 3.6.3.5. Cyclic voltammograms with Bi electrode 559
Fig. 3.6.3.6. Cyclic voltammograms with Ga electrode 559
Fig. 3.6.3.7. Effect of measurement parameters of electrochemical methods 561
Fig. 3.6.3.8. Concentration dependence of peak high in CV curves for... 562
Fig. 3.6.3.9. Effect of deposition time for LiCl-KCl-LaCl₃-UCl₃ solution 563
Fig. 3.6.3.10. Measurement of CV and CP with Ga electrode for... 564
Fig. 3.6.3.11. Measurement of CV and CA with Cd electrode and W electrode... 565
Fig. 3.6.3.12. Experimental apparatus of lab-scale on-line monitoring... 567
Fig. 3.6.3.13. Temperature dependence of equilibrium potential for Ag⁺/Ag... 567
Fig. 3.6.3.14. Experimental apparatus and schematic drawing of the electric... 569
Fig. 3.6.3.15. OCV measurement data of 1mol% and 1wt% reference... 570
Fig. 3.6.3.16. Cyclic voltammograms obtained with LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ solution at... 572
Fig. 3.6.3.17. Cyclic voltammograms obtained with LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ solution at... 572
Fig. 3.6.3.18. NPV curves obtained with LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ solution at 773K (C₀... 573
Fig. 3.6.3.19. NPV curves obtained with LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ solution at 773K (C₀... 574
Fig. 3.6.3.20. DPV curves obtained with LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ solution at 773 K (C₀... 575
Fig. 3.6.3.21. DPV curves obtained with LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ solution at 773 K (C₀... 575
Fig. 3.6.3.22. SWV curves obtained with LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ solution at 773 K (C₀... 576
Fig. 3.6.3.23. SWV curves obtained with LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ solution at 773 K (C₀... 577
Fig. 3.6.3.24. Design of the on-line monitoring equipment for PRIDE... 578
Fig. 3.6.4.1. Case study for actinide recovery ratio, TRU/RE and residual... 580
Fig. 3.6.4.2. Coupling model of CFD-electro chemical reaction 582
Fig. 3.6.4.3. Voltage-to-current algorithm for linear polarization model 582
Fig. 3.6.4.4. Meshed geometry of BASi electrochemical cell for simulation 583
Fig. 3.6.4.5. Linear polarization simulation as a function of scan rate 584
Fig. 3.6.4.6. Linear polarization simulation as a function of exchange... 584
Fig. 3.6.4.7. Cathodic current density change as a function of scan rate 584
Fig. 3.6.4.8. Concentration profile change as a function of scan rate 584
Fig. 3.6.4.9. Linear potential sweep measurements of Cu deposition as a... 584
Fig. 3.6.4.10. Linear potential sweep simulations of Cu deposition as a... 584
Fig. 3.6.4.11. Electrochemical cell installed in glove box 586
Fig. 3.6.4.12. Electrode configuration in a cell system 586
Fig. 3.6.4.13. 5 scans of linear potential sweep measurements for... 587
Fig. 3.6.4.14. Linear potential sweep measurement for LiCl-KCl-LaCl₃/LCC... 588
Fig. 3.6.4.15. Linear fitting for potential sweep measurement of... 588
Fig. 3.6.4.16. Linear potential sweep measurement for LiCl-KCl-CeCl₃/LCC... 588
Fig. 3.6.4.17. Linear fitting for potential sweep measurement of... 588
Fig. 3.6.4.18. Linear potential sweep measurement for LiCl-KCl-PrCl₃/LCC... 589
Fig. 3.6.4.19. Linear fitting for potential sweep measurement of... 589
Fig. 3.6.4.20. Linear potential sweep measurement for LiCl-KCl-NdCl₃/LCC... 589
Fig. 3.6.4.21. Linear fitting for potential sweep measurement of ... 589
Fig. 3.6.4.22. Linear potential sweep measurement for LiCl-KCl-GdCl₃/LCC... 589
Fig. 3.6.4.23. Linear fitting for potential sweep measurement of... 589
Fig. 3.6.4.24. Linear potential sweep measurement for LiCl-KCl-YCl₃/LCC... 590
Fig. 3.6.4.25. Linear fitting for potential sweep measurement of... 590
Fig. 3.6.4.26. Linear potential sweep measurements for La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Gd, Y 590
Fig. 3.6.4.27. Electrochemical cell installed in a glove box 592
Fig. 3.6.4.28. Glove box used for experiments 592
Fig. 3.6.4.29. Potential-current measurement (a) and linear regression... 593
Fig. 3.6.4.30. Potential-current measurement (a) and linear regression... 593
Fig. 3.6.4.31. Potential-current measurement (a) and linear regression... 593
Fig. 3.6.4.32. Potential-current measurement (a) and linear regression... 593
Fig. 3.6.4.33. (a) Multiphase model for LiCl-KCl/Cd system... 595
Fig. 3.6.4.34. (a) Simulation of immiscible multiphase liquids behavior and (b) effective... 595
Fig. 3.6.4.35. Lab-scale experimental cell of integrated electrode module... 597
Fig. 3.6.4.36. (a) Simulated electric field and (b) current stream pattern for... 597
Fig. 3.6.4.37. Front view CAD drawing of glove box 599
Fig. 3.6.4.38. Front view of installed glove box 599
Fig. 3.6.4.39. Floor plan and side view of electrolytic cell assembly 600
Fig. 3.6.4.40. Electrolyte salt composition changes during electrowinning transport 603
Fig. 3.6.4.41. Accumulation amount changes in LCC during electrowinning transport 604
Fig. 3.6.4.42. Changes of LCC electrode potential and element reduction potential... 605
Fig. 3.6.4.43. Element partial current density changes during electrowinning transport 606
Fig. 3.6.4.44. Changes of deposit compositions and quality (TRU/RE) during... 606
Fig. 3.6.4.45. Integrated lab-scale LCC electrode module: (a) photo and (b) 2D... 608
Fig. 3.6.4.46. Integrated lab-scale LCC electrode module: (a) 2D dimensions and... 609
Fig. 3.6.4.47. Simulated 2D current-potential patterns for Case 1: (a) current... 610
Fig. 3.6.4.48. Simulated 2D current-potential patterns for Case 2: (a) current... 611
Fig. 3.7.1.1. Diagram of PRIDE electrorefiner 612
Fig. 3.7.1.2. Design of catching pan recovery system for improvement of the U... 613
Fig. 3.7.1.3. Design of catching pan and rests for the electrode assembly 614
Fig. 3.7.1.4. 1st remote mock-up test for catching pan and rests for the electrode...[이미지참조] 615
Fig. 3.7.1.5. 2nd remote mock-up test for catching pan and rests for the electrode...[이미지참조] 616
Fig. 3.7.1.6. Removal of the graphite cathodes and scraper by using a decontamination... 616
Fig. 3.7.1.7. Installation of a screw shaft of the catching pan, new graphite cathodes... 617
Fig. 3.7.1.8. Remote test of the catching pan and the electrode assembly in Ar-cell 617
Fig. 3.7.1.9. Insertion of the electrode assembly installing a catching pan into the... 618
Fig. 3.7.1.10. Installation of bus-bars for electric circuit 618
Fig. 3.7.1.11. Measurement of the current-potential curve for PRIDE electrorefiner... 618
Fig. 3.7.1.12. Chronopotentiogram for 1st run of U refining with U metal as an anodic...[이미지참조] 620
Fig. 3.7.1.13. Recovery of U deposits by using a catching pan recovery system 620
Fig. 3.7.1.14. U deposits stuck in the catching pan 620
Fig. 3.7.1.15. U deposits recovery by using a hammer drill in 1st run of U refining...[이미지참조] 621
Fig. 3.7.1.16. Chronopotentiogram for 5th run of U refining with U metal as an anodic...[이미지참조] 622
Fig. 3.7.1.17. U deposits recovered into the catching pan in 5th run of U refining...[이미지참조] 622
Fig. 3.7.1.18. U deposits recovery by using a hammer drill in 5th run of U refining...[이미지참조] 623
Fig. 3.7.1.19. Chronopotentiogram for 6th run of U refining with U metal as an anodic material[이미지참조] 624
Fig. 3.7.1.20. U deposits recovered into the catching pan in 6th run of U refining...[이미지참조] 624
Fig. 3.7.1.21. U deposits recovery by using a hammer drill in 6th run of U refining...[이미지참조] 624
Fig. 3.7.1.22. U deposits recovered into the catching pan in 7th run of U refining...[이미지참조] 625
Fig. 3.7.1.23. U deposits recovered into the catching pan in 8th run of U refining...[이미지참조] 625
Fig. 3.7.1.24. 60 kg simfuel fed into anode baskets 626
Fig. 3.7.1.25. Ag/AgCl reference electrode for PRIDE electrorefiner 627
Fig. 3.7.1.26. Installation of anode baskets with simfuel into the electrode assembly 627
Fig. 3.7.1.27. Measurement of the current-potential curve for PRIDE electrorefiner... 628
Fig. 3.7.1.28. Chronopotentiogram for 1st run of U refining with simfuel metal as an...[이미지참조] 629
Fig. 3.7.1.29. U deposits recovered into the catching pan in 1st run of U refining...[이미지참조] 629
Fig. 3.7.1.30. U deposits recovery by using a hammer drill in 1st run of U refining...[이미지참조] 630
Fig. 3.7.1.31. Chronopotentiogram for 2nd run of U refining with simfuel metal as an...[이미지참조] 630
Fig. 3.7.1.32. U deposits recovered into the catching pan in 2nd run of U refining...[이미지참조] 631
Fig. 3.7.1.33. U deposits recovery by using a hammer drill in 2nd run of U refining...[이미지참조] 631
Fig. 3.7.1.34. Chronopotentiogram for 3rd run of U refining with simfuel metal as an...[이미지참조] 632
Fig. 3.7.1.35. U deposits recovered into the catching pan in 3rd run of U refining...[이미지참조] 632
Fig. 3.7.1.36. U deposits recovery by using a hammer drill in 3rd run of U refining...[이미지참조] 633
Fig. 3.7.1.37. U deposits recovered into the catching pan in 4th run of U refining...[이미지참조] 633
Fig. 3.7.1.38. The reduced simfuel metal of the electroreduction process loaded into... 634
Fig. 3.7.1.39. Installation of anode baskets with reduced simfuel metal into the... 634
Fig. 3.7.1.40. Measurement of the current-potential curve for PRIDE electrorefiner... 635
Fig. 3.7.1.41. U deposits recovered into the catching pan in 1st run of U refining...[이미지참조] 636
Fig. 3.7.1.42. U deposits recovery by using a hammer drill in 1st run of U refining...[이미지참조] 636
Fig. 3.7.1.43. Chronopotentiogram for 2nd run of U refining with the reduced simfuel...[이미지참조] 637
Fig. 3.7.1.44. U deposits recovered into the catching pan in 2nd run of U refining...[이미지참조] 637
Fig. 3.7.1.45. U deposits recovery by using a hammer drill in 2nd run of U refining...[이미지참조] 638
Fig. 3.7.1.46. U deposits recovered into the catching pan in 3rd run of U refining...[이미지참조] 639
Fig. 3.7.1.47. U deposits recovery by using a hammer drill in 3rd run of U refining...[이미지참조] 639
Fig. 3.7.2.1. Putting salt into reactor 640
Fig. 3.7.2.2. Putting U metal into reactor 641
Fig. 3.7.2.3. Column to supply Cl₂(g) into reactor 641
Fig. 3.7.2.4. Basket for U/Cl₂(g) reaction 642
Fig. 3.7.2.5. UCl₃ salt pellet in casting mold 642
Fig. 3.7.2.6. CV of produced UCl₃ salt 643
Fig. 3.7.3.1. Design of uranium dendrite compressor 645
Fig. 3.7.3.2. Uranium compressor in PRIDE melting furnace 646
Fig. 3.7.3.3. Obtained U-ingot after melting 646
Fig. 3.7.3.4. U-dendrite compression molding 647
Fig. 3.7.3.5. Obtained U-ingot after melting 647
Fig. 3.7.4.1. Photograph of the heating board 650
Fig. 3.7.4.2. Photograph of the heating board replacement 650
Fig. 3.7.4.3. Photograph of the heating test for the distillation tower 651
Fig. 3.7.4.4. Temperature profiles of heaters (Heater 1: top, Heater 2 : roof, Heater 3... 654
Fig. 3.7.4.5. Cooling water pumps for the engineering scale salt distiller 655
Fig. 3.7.4.6 Photograph of uranium deposits after the salt distillation experiment... 655
Fig. 3.7.4.7. Photograph of the salt recovered in the salt distillation experiment... 656
Fig. 3.7.4.8. Photograph of uranium deposits after the salt distillation experiment... 656
Fig. 3.7.5.1. Inert anode for LCC and RAR process (without shroud) 658
Fig. 3.7.5.2. Inert anode for RAR process (with shroud) 659
Fig. 3.7.5.3. Monitoring electrode for LCC and RAR process 660
Fig. 3.7.5.4. LCC safety crucible for LCC and RAR process 660
Fig. 3.7.5.5. CV for initial salt 661
Fig. 3.7.5.6. Alumina crucible 661
Fig. 3.7.5.7. Variation of potentials at 70 mA/㎠ during LCC process 662
Fig. 3.7.5.8. LiCd reaction using Cd-2wt%Li ingot (1st LiCd) 663
Fig. 3.7.5.9. Variation of U/RE before and after LiCd reaction (1st LiCd) 663
Fig. 3.7.5.10. LiCd reaction using Cd-2wt%Li ingot (2nd LiCd) 664
Fig. 3.7.5.11. Variation of U/RE during LiCd reaction (2nd LiCd) 664
Fig. 3.7.5.12. Inert anode for LCC/RAR process 666
Fig. 3.7.5.13. Monitoring electrode for LCC/RAR process 667
Fig. 3.7.5.14. Reference electrode for LCC/RAR process 668
Fig. 3.7.5.15. CV behavior depending on grounded/ungrounded current 669
Fig. 3.7.5.16. Deposition behavior during 1st LCC deposition[이미지참조] 670
Fig. 3.7.5.17. Status of the electrodes after 1st LCC deposition[이미지참조] 670
Fig. 3.7.5.18. Deposition behavior during 2nd LCC deposition[이미지참조] 671
Fig. 3.7.5.19. Status of the electrodes after 2nd LCC deposition[이미지참조] 672
Fig. 3.7.5.20. Deposition behavior during 3rd LCC deposition[이미지참조] 673
Fig. 3.7.5.21. Status of the electrodes after 3rd LCC deposition[이미지참조] 673
Fig. 3.7.6.1. BeO crucible used for RAR test 675
Fig. 3.7.6.2. LCC crucible, Anode, Monitoring electrode (RAR pre-test): (a) LCC 675
Fig. 3.7.6.3. CV monitoring of a salt after inserting anode, stirrer and LCC... 676
Fig. 3.7.6.4. CV monitoring of a salt after removing stirrer and LCC assembly (RAR... 677
Fig. 3.7.6.5. CV monitoring of a salt after adding CdCl₂ 99 g and 40 minute... 678
Fig. 3.7.6.6. CV monitoring of a salt after adding CdCl₂ 195 g and 15 hours passed... 678
Fig. 3.7.6.7. CV monitoring of a salt after inserting salt stirrer and removing LCC... 679
Fig. 3.7.6.8. Potential monitoring after applying current at 50 mA/㎠ (RAR... 680
Fig. 3.7.6.9. CV monitoring after applying current at 50 mA/㎠ for 10 hours and... 681
Fig. 3.7.6.10. Potential monitoring after applying current at 50 mA/㎠ for 10... 682
Fig. 3.7.6.11. CV monitoring before and after the 2nd applying current at=49 mA/㎠...[이미지참조] 682
Fig. 3.7.6.12. Examination of the electrodes and stirrer (RAR pre-test; the 2nd...[이미지참조] 683
Fig. 3.7.6.13. BeO crucible after RAR pre-test (the 2nd electrolysis)[이미지참조] 684
Fig. 3.7.6.14. BeO crucible (RAR main test) 684
Fig. 3.7.6.15. CV monitoring before electrolysis (RAR main test) 685
Fig. 3.7.6.16. Electrolysis at a current 50 mA/㎠ for 5 hours (RAR main test; the 1st...[이미지참조] 686
Fig. 3.7.6.17. CV monitoring after applying current at 50 mA/㎠ for 4 hours (RAR... 686
Fig. 3.7.6.18. Examination of anode and LCC after the 1st electrolysis (RAR main test; ...[이미지참조] 687
Fig. 3.7.6.19. Electrolysis at a current 50 mA/㎠ for 10 hours (RAR main test; the... 688
Fig. 3.7.6.20. CV monitoring after applying current at 50 mA/㎠ for=9 hours (RAR... 688
Fig. 3.7.6.21. Examination of anode, monitoring electrode and LCC (RAR main test;... 689
Fig. 3.7.6.22. Addition of CdCl₂ ingot (RAR main test; ... 689
Fig. 3.7.6.23. CV monitoring after completing CdCl₂ reaction (RAR main test; the 2nd...[이미지참조] 690
Fig. 3.7.6.24. BeO crucible after RAR test (RAR main test; the 2nd electrolysis)[이미지참조] 690
Fig. 3.7.6.25. LCC assembly loaded with alumina crucible and CV result... 692
Fig. 3.7.6.26. Potential monitoring of RAR and CV results before and after... 693
Fig. 3.7.6.27. Potential monitoring of RAR and CV results before and after... 694
Fig. 3.7.6.28. Potential monitoring of RAR and CV results before and after... 694
Fig. 3.7.6.29. Overall results of RAR electrolysis 695
Fig. 3.7.6.30. Electrodes after completing RAR test (LCC, rference electrode, ... 696
Fig. 3.7.7.1. Procedure for LCC simfuel crucible and Cd recovery vessel loading 698
Fig. 3.7.7.2. Profiles of temperature and pressure during the Cd distillation 700
Fig. 3.7.7.3. Photographs after salt distillation 700
Fig. 3.7.7.4. Procedure for RAR simfuel and Cd recovery crucible loading 700
Fig. 3.7.7.5. Profiles of temperature and pressure during the Cd distillation 701
Fig. 3.7.7.6. Photographs after salt distillation 702
Fig. 3.7.7.7. Procedure of LCC simfuel and Cd recovery crucible loading 703
Fig. 3.7.7.8. Profiles of temperature and pressure during the Cd distillation 704
Fig. 3.7.7.9. Photographs after salt distillation 704
Fig. 3.7.8.1. Improvement module of electrowinning salt transfer equipment 705
Fig. 3.7.8.2. Photographs before/after modification of salt transfer equipment 706
Fig. 3.7.8.3. Schematic diagram of electrowinning salt transfer equipment 707
Fig. 3.7.8.4. Changes of during the electrowinning salt transfer equipmen 707
Fig. 3.7.8.5. LTL Loading of electrowinning salt transfer equipment 708
Fig. 3.7.8.6. Procedure of electrowinning salt transfer loading 708
Fig. 3.7.8.7. Photographs after electrowinning salt transfer 709
Fig. 3.8.1.1. Current-potential curves for anode with U, Zr and stainless steel 711
Fig. 3.8.1.2. Preparation of experiments for behavior of the anodic dissolution 711
Fig. 3.8.1.3. Installation of electrodes for electrorefining experiment 712
Fig. 3.8.1.4. Chronopotentiogram of electrorefining experiment with 300 mA 712
Fig. 3.8.1.5. SEM images of U metal before and after electrorefining with 300... 713
Fig. 3.8.1.6. SEM images of Zr metal before and after electrorefining with 300... 714
Fig. 3.8.1.7. SEM images of stainless steel before and after electrorefining with... 714
Fig. 3.8.1.8. Chronoamperogram of electrorefining experiment at -0.7 V 715
Fig. 3.8.1.9. SEM image of U metal after electrorefining with at -0.7 V 716
Fig. 3.8.1.10. SEM image of Zr metal after electrorefining at -0.7 V 716
Fig. 3.8.1.11. SEM image of stainless steel after electrorefining at -0.7 V 716
Fig. 3.8.2.1. Geometry of lab-scale electrorefiner for COMSOL modeling 717
Fig. 3.8.2.2. Configurations of mesh of the electrorefiner and electrodes 718
Fig. 3.8.2.3. I-V curve depending on the equilibrium constant 719
Fig. 3.8.2.4. The amount change of deposited U and Pu depending on the... 720
Fig. 3.8.2.5. The effect of current density and Keq on the ratio of Pu³⁺/(U³⁺+Pu³⁺)...[이미지참조] 720
Fig. 3.8.2.6. The contact of U deposits on each cathode (13 hr) 721
Fig. 3.8.2.7. The distribution of U deposits on each cathode (21 hr) 722
Fig. 3.8.2.8. The distribution of U deposits on each after the rearrangement of ... 723
Fig. 3.8.2.9. Cell potential according to the cathode distance, anodes size 723
Fig. 3.8.3.1. (a) Cyclic voltammograms at various electrode materials in 500°C... 725
Fig. 3.8.3.2. Photographs of various electrode materials: (a) STS, (b) Mo, and (c)... 726
Fig. 3.8.3.3. SEM images of electrorefined U dendrites grown on various... 727
Fig. 3.8.3.4. SEM and EDX mapping images of the surfaces of various electrode... 728
Fig. 3.8.3.5. (a) Potential transient for U electrorefining on W rod cathode at... 729
Fig. 3.8.3.6. U dendrite scraped from W rod electrode 729
Fig. 3.8.3.7. (a) W rod electrode before and after U electrorefining/ scraping... 730
Fig. 3.8.4.1. Experimental set-up 732
Fig. 3.8.4.2. Cyclic voltammograms on W in LiCl-KCl-BiCl₃ at 773 K 732
Fig. 3.8.4.3. Chronoamperogram and cyclic voltammogram on W in... 733
Fig. 3.8.4.4. Cyclic voltammograms on W in LiCl-KCl-ZnCl₂ at 773 K 734
Fig. 3.8.4.5. Chronoamperogram and cyclic voltammogram on W in... 735
Fig. 3.8.5.1. Schematic of a mesh type stirring basket equipped with Yttrium... 736
Fig. 3.8.5.2 Yttrium rods equipped in a mesh type basket for stirring 736
Fig. 3.8.5.3. Preparation of the U precipitates for the ICP analysis 737
Fig. 3.8.5.4. Concentrations of MCl₃ in LiCl-KCl salt during the reduction of UCl₃... 738
Fig. 3.8.5.5. HSC simulation result upon distribution of compounds in a RAR salt... 739
Fig. 3.8.5.6. Concentrations of RECl₃ in LiCl-KCl salt during the reduction of... 739
Fig. 3.8.5.7. On-line CV monitoring in a salt phase during U recovery reaction... 740
Fig. 3.8.5.8. On-line CV monitoring in a salt phase during U recovery reaction... 740
Fig. 3.8.5.9. On-line CV monitoring in a salt phase during U recovery reaction... 741
Fig. 3.8.5.10. On-line CV monitoring in a salt phase for redissolution of... 742
Fig. 3.8.5.11. On-line CV monitoring in a salt phase for redissolution of... 742
Fig. 3.8.5.12. Uranium recovery using rare earth metals in a liquid Cd 745
Fig. 3.8.5.13. Distribution result for an equilibrium reaction... 746
Fig. 3.8.5.14. CV monitoring in a salt phase for a reaction of RE metal with UCl₃ 747
Fig. 3.8.5.15. On-line CV monitoring in a salt phase for a reaction of RE metal... 747
Fig. 3.8.5.16. Schematic of REs reductant in a liquid Cd for recovery of actinides... 748
Fig. 3.8.5.17. CV monitoring for recovery of U by Y metal in liquid Cd at 20... 748
Fig. 3.8.5.18. CV monitoring for recovery of U by Y metal in liquid Cd at 60... 749
Fig. 3.8.5.19. CV monitoring for recovery of U by Y metal in liquid Cd at 150... 750
Fig. 3.8.5.20. CV monitoring for recovery of U by Y metal in liquid Cd at 300... 750
Fig. 3.8.5.21. CV monitoring for recovery of U by Y metal in liquid Cd at 21... 750
Fig. 3.8.5.22. CV monitoring for recovery of U by Y metal in liquid Cd at 24... 751
Fig. 3.8.5.23. Constant current 6th electrolysis at 30 mA/㎠ using a liquid Cd[이미지참조] 752
Fig. 3.8.5.24. On-ine CV monitoring for constant current at 1st-6th electrolysis[이미지참조] 753
Fig. 3.8.5.25. CV monitoring for recovery of U by REs metal in liquid Cd at 30... 753
Fig. 3.8.5.26. CV monitoring for recovery of U by REs metal in liquid Cd at... 754
Fig. 3.8.5.27. Integrated CV monitoring for recovery of U by REs metal in liquid... 754
Fig. 3.8.5.28. CV monitoring for recovery of U by Y metal in salt 755
Fig. 3.8.5.29. CV monitoring for effect of back diffusion on recovery of U after... 755
Fig. 3.8.6.1. Electrode connection mode of 3-electrode potentiostat system 757
Fig. 3.8.6.2. CV by grounded standard mode at insulation-broken... 758
Fig. 3.8.6.3. CV by grounded CE to ground mode at insulation-broken... 758
Fig. 3.8.6.4. CV by grounded CE to ground mode at insulation-broken... 759
Fig. 3.8.6.5. CV by ungrounded standard mode at insulation-broken... 760
Fig. 3.8.6.6. CV by ungrounded standard mode at insulation-broken... 760
Fig. 3.8.6.7. Potentials depending on the current density at grounded... 762
Fig. 3.8.6.8. CV after deposition at each current density at grounded... 762
Fig. 3.8.6.9. Potentials depending on the current density... 764
Fig. 3.8.6.10. CV after deposition at each current density... 764
Fig. 3.8.6.11. CE to ground mode (grounded) 765
Fig. 3.8.6.12. Standard mode (ungrounded) 765
Fig. 3.8.7.1. Multi-array liquid cathode electrowinner 769
Fig. 3.8.7.2. CV of multi-array LCC electrowinner (scan rate=100mV/s) 769
Fig. 3.8.7.3. I-V measurements depending on the various distances of... 770
Fig. 3.8.7.4. Effect of anode-to-cathode distance on the cathode potential 770
Fig. 3.8.7.5. Effect of electrode arrangement on the cell voltage... 771
Fig. 3.8.7.6. Effect of electrode arrangement on the cell voltage... 771
Fig. 3.8.7.7. Diagram of multi-array electrode in electrowinner (left) and... 772
Fig. 3.8.7.8. Current distribution of each cathode in multi-array electrowinner 772
Fig. 3.8.8.1. Experimental set-up for vacuum distillation 774
Fig. 3.8.8.2. Replacement of condensing chamber for the salt distiller 775
Fig. 3.8.8.3. Photograph of stainless steel crucible 776
Fig. 3.8.8.4. Temperature profiles of distillation chamber during experiment 776
Fig. 3.8.8.5. Pressure profile of distillation chamber during experiment (CeCl₃) 777
Fig. 3.8.8.6. Temperature and salt weight profiles (CeCl₃) 777
Fig. 3.8.8.7. Temperature and salt weight profiles (LaCl₃) 778
Fig. 3.8.8.8. Temperature and salt weight profiles (PrCl₃) 778
Fig. 3.8.8.9. Temperature and salt weight profiles (NdCl₃) 779
Fig. 3.8.8.10. Temperature and salt weight profiles (10wt% UCl₃) 780
Fig. 3.8.8.11. Temperature and salt weight profiles (38wt% UCl₃) 781
Fig. 3.8.9.1. Comparison of cathode process between (left) INL and (right)... 782
Fig. 3.8.9.2. Schematics of salt distiller in KAERI 784
Fig. 3.8.9.3. (a) size of Cd ingot and (b) crucibles for distillation 786
Fig. 3.8.9.4. Schematics of single-type cathode processor 787
Fig. 3.8.9.5. Large-scale Ar glove box 788
Fig. 3.8.9.6. Single-type cathode processor installed in large-scale Ar glove... 788
Fig. 3.8.9.7. Schematics of Ar cooling system 789
Fig. 3.9.1.1. Process equipment plan view 790
Fig. 3.9.1.2. Picture of the lower sieve after decladding 791
Fig. 3.9.1.3. Universal basket after nickel oxide test run in EDL 792
Fig. 3.9.1.4. State of Pt and Ir after removal of the deposits 793
Fig. 3.9.1.5. Disassembled UB (left) and reduced TiO product (right) following OR... 794
Fig. 3.9.1.6. Cathode basket (left), drill sample of top of particulate bed (center)... 795
Fig. 3.9.1.7. SEM images of Zr-17Cr-8NM: (a) polished surface, (b) x-ray map... 796
Fig. 3.10.1.1. Concept of electro-recovery process operation 797
Fig. 3.10.1.2. Design elements for conceptual electro-recovery process equipment;... 798
Fig. 3.10.1.3. Conceptual sketch of electro-recovery process electrode assembly;... 799
Fig. 3.10.1.4. Conceptual design of U electrorefining scraping system (top) and... 800