표제지
목차
요약문 5
SUMMARY 6
제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 9
제1절 BFT 대하양식 기술개발 9
제2절 BFT 넙치양식 기술개발 9
제3절 BFT 기반연구 10
제4절 BFT 저염분 흰다리새우양식 기술개발 10
제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 11
제1절 BFT 대하양식 기술개발 11
제2절 BFT 넙치양식 기술개발 11
제3절 BFT 기반연구 12
제4절 BFT 저염분 흰다리새우양식 기술개발 12
제3장 연구개발 수행내용 및 결과 14
제1절 BFT 대하양식 기술개발 14
1. 대하 중간육성 기술개발 14
2. 대하 본양성 기술개발 20
3. 대하 어미 관리 기술개발 31
제2절 BFT 넙치양식 기술개발 35
1. 넙치 양식장 사육수 순환시스템 안정화 연구 35
2. BFT 넙치양식 안정화 연구 43
3. 현장적용을 위한 기반연구 57
제3절 바이오플락 기반연구 60
1. 새우, 넙치 바이오플락 사육수 미생물 군집 분석 60
2. 암모니아, 아질산 산화세균 특성연구 60
3. 유용 미생물 대량배양 및 적용연구 66
제4절 BFT 저염분 흰다리새우양식 기술개발 71
1. 질산성 질소 안전범위 구명 71
2. 저염분 조성방법별 양성비교 74
3. 저염분 새우양식장 기술지원 및 모니터링 78
제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 81
제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 82
제6장 참고문헌 83
제7장 부록 87
판권기 91
Table 1. The growth and survival rates of F. chinensis under different stocking densities (250, 500, 700, 1,000 inds./m²)(2019. 5. 13.~7. 25.) 15
Table 2. Results of hemolymph analysis by stocking density 15
Table 3. Growth performance of F. chinensis by different tank shapes (square vs. round) 18
Table 4. The water quality of different grow-out systems (2019. 7. 24.~9. 24.) 20
Table 5. The mean weights and survival rates of shrimp and variation of flow velocity of different grow-out systems (Hydrometry by water depth for 10 seconds).... 21
Table 6. The water quality environment of different culture water types designed to control cannibalism (2019. 7. 24.~8. 8.) 22
Table 7. The survival rates of F. chinensis of different culture water types designed to control cannibalism 22
Table 8. The rates of total hemocyte of different culture water types designed to control cannibalism 23
Table 9. Growth performance of juvenile F. chinensis with different substrate types (PVC plate vs. Net) 24
Table 10. The water quality of juvenile F. chinensis rearing tanks using different substrates (PVC plate vs. Net) 24
Table 11. The water quality of the indoor and outdoor rearing tanks F. chinensis (2018. 7. 19.~10. 23.) 25
Table 12. Ion concentrations of the indoor and outdoor rearing tanks of F. chinensis 25
Table 13. The water quality of the indoor and outdoor rearing of F. chinensis (2020. 7. 29.~9. 21.) 26
Table 14. Growth and survival rates of F. chinensis reared in the indoor and outdoor (2020. 7. 20.~9. 21.) 26
Table 15. Composition of body fluid and hemolymph of F. chinensis reared in the indoor and outdoor biofloc 27
Table 16. The water quality of F. chinensis biofloc culture water of the indoor and outdoor tank (2021. 7. 29.~10. 17.) 27
Table 17. Mean weight, weekly growth rate, survival rate and stocking density of F. chinensis in the indoor and outdoor biofloc tank in 2021 28
Table 18. Comparison of body composition (g/100g) of F. chinensis muscle between the indoor, outdoor and natural 29
Table 19. Comparison of F. chinensis (mg/100g) mineral content between the indoor, outdoor biofloc and natural 29
Table 20. Comparison of fatty acid content of F. chinensis muscle between the indoor and outdoor biofloc 30
Table 21. The water quality of the flow-through biofloc culture system for F. chinensis (2022. 7. 12.~10. 11.) 30
Table 22. Growth and survival rate of F. chinensis in the flow-through biofloc system 31
Table 23. Results of disease screening of wild (boryeong) broodstock (2018. 10. 29.) 31
Table 24. Larval production with SPR and SPF F. chinensis 32
Table 25. Proximate composition of the fresh feed ingredients 33
Table 26. Proximate composition of experimental diets ingredients (P, Polychaetes; S, Squid; C, Clam; Commercial feed) 33
Table 27. Gonad somatic index, spawning egg and hatching rate obtained by different experimental diets (P, Polychaetes; S, Squid; C, Clam; Commercial feed)... 34
Table 28. Means of hamocyanin, total protein, total lipid, glucose and cholesterol concentrations in haemolymph of shrimp fed with different experimental diets 34
Table 29. Monthly growth and survival of olive flounder, P. ovivacesu according to denitrification medias (2017. 12. 5.~2018. 8. 27.) 36
Table 30. Effects of halophytes (T. maritimum) on reducing the nitrate concentrations in culture water 40
Table 31. The total and daily exchange and exchange rate of biofloc water in the presence and absence of planting 42
Table 32. LC50 of P. olivaceus, cultured in biofloc and seawater exposed to nitrite 47
Table 33. LC50 of Streptococcus iniae for olive flounder, P. olivaceus, cultured in biofloc and seawater 49
Table 34. LC50 of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, cultured in biofloc and seawater exposed to Edwardsiella tarda 50
Table 35. Changes in survival rate according to difference in the density of olive flounder, P. olivaceus aquaculture using biofloc for 13 weeks 54
Table 36. Changes in growth performance according to difference in the density of olive flounder, P. olivaceus aquaculture using biofloc for 13 weeks 54
Table 37. Blood analysis results of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, fed on conventional and insect additives feed 57
Table 38. Muscle composition of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, fed on conventional and insect additives feed 57
Table 39. Mean body weight, stocking density, and surface coverage of olive flounder, P. olivaceus between the biofloc and the flow-through system 58
Table 40. Dominant bacterial population in rearing waters of olive flounder, P. olivaceus and shrimp, F. chinensis 60
Table 41. The changes of water quality environment according to different water temperatures for incubating Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria 61
Table 42. The changes of water quality environment according to different temperatures for incubating Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria 62
Table 43. Comparison of ammonia bacteria activation by growth medium 63
Table 44. Comparison of nitrite bacteria activation by growth medium 63
Table 45. Total bacterial counts by growth medium 64
Table 46. The changes of ionic concentration in culture water before and after incubation of Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) by water temperature 65
Table 47. The changes of ionic concentration in culture water before and after incubation of Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria (NOB) by water temperature 66
Table 48. Candidate strains of Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria (NOB) 70
Table 49. Survival rates of PL, juvenile, and adult L. vannamei at different NO₃-N concentrations (14-day test at 4 psu salinity) 72
Table 50. Survival rates of PL and juvenile L. vannamei at different NO₃-N concentrations (14-day test at 4 psu salinity) 73
Table 51. Ratios of low salinity ions and growth and survival rates of L. vannamei in nursery at different low salinity compositions in 2020 and 2021 74
Table 52. Ratios of low salinity ions and the water quality of nursery tank at different low salinity compositions (2011. 3. 11.~5. 6.) 75
Table 53. The water quality of nursery tank at different low salinity compositions (2022. 4. 27.~6. 12.) 76
Table 54. Mean weights and survival rates in nursery at different low salinity compositions 76
Table 55. Results of nursery trials at different low salinity compositions (2021. 6. 4.~8. 4.) 77
Table 56. The water quality of nursery tanks at different low salinity compositions (2021. 6. 4.~8. 4.) 77
Table 57. Growth and survival rates in grow-out culture at different low salinity compositions 77
Table 58. The water quality of grow-out tanks at different low salinity compositions (2022. 6. 7.~10. 17.) 78
Table 59. Ion analysis from aquaculture farms that applied low salinity biofloc technique (groundwater before low-salinity biofloc formed; after low-salinity biofloc... 78
Table 60. Monitoring of aquaculture farms that applied low salinity biofloc 79
Table 61. Ion analysis from low salinity biofloc aquaculture farms (104 cases from 40 farms) 79
Fig. 1. Breeding program of F.chinensis in Yello Sea Fisheries Research Institute 11
Fig. 2. Selective breeding process of F.chinensis 11
Fig. 3. Hybrid grouper rearing on a biofloc technology 11
Fig. 4. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram of different biofloc farms microbial community. indoor fresh water (CARP),... 12
Fig. 5. P. vannamei culture on a low salinity in Kentucky, USA 13
Fig. 6. P. monodon and rice culture in Vietnam 13
Fig. 7. Variations of weight (A) and survival rate (B) under different postlarvae densities during the nursery of F. chinensis (2018. 6. 13.~7. 19.) 14
Fig. 8. The correlation between stocking density and body weight in nursery 15
Fig. 9. Growth (A) and survival rates (B, C) at different salinity levels 16
Fig. 10. Changes in body fluid ions of F. chinensis larvae at different accumulation of low salinity methods 16
Fig. 11. Comparison of body fluid compositions (A) total protein, (B) cholesterol, (C) glucose, (D) aspartase amino transferase, (E) alanine amino transferase,... 17
Fig. 12. Comparison of body fluid ions concentrations (A) Sodium, (B) Potassium, (C) Chlorine, (D) Calcium, (E) Magnesium, (F) Sulfate, between healthy and... 17
Fig. 13. Body fluid (A) Glucose, (B) Cholesterol, (C) Protein, (D) Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, (E) Glutamate pyruvate transaminase, (F) ALP and ions... 18
Fig. 14. Mean body weight by feed treatment 19
Fig. 15. Survival rate by feed treatment 19
Fig. 16. Mean body weight (g) by treatment 19
Fig. 17. The changes of hemolymph component (A) glucose, (B) cholesterol, (C) total protein, different grow-out systems for 8 weeks 21
Fig. 18. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for cannibalism of fleshy shrimp, F. chinensis. (Group I shrimp size different, Group II shrimp size not different) 22
Fig. 19. Analysis of blood Immunity (A) hemocyanin, (B) hemocyte mortality, (C) phagocytosis rate, by culture water type for cannibalism control 23
Fig. 20. Growth and survival rate of F.chinensis in the indoor 25
Fig. 21. Growth and survival rate of F.chinensis in the outdoor 25
Fig. 22. Ion balance in the biofloc culture water of the indoor and outdoor system of F. chinensis 26
Fig. 23. Hematological analysis (A) glucose, (B) cholesterol, (C) total protein, (D) GOT, (E), calcium, (F) magnesium, of F. chinensis reared in the indoor and outdoor... 28
Fig. 24. Comparison of free amino acid content in the muscle of F. chinensis reared in the indoor and outdoor biofloc 29
Fig. 25. Immature ovary of fleshy shrimp F. chinensis 32
Fig. 26. Ovary of mature farm-reared fleshy shrimp F. chinensis 32
Fig. 27. Postlarvae produced from the 1st generation of farmed F. chinensis 32
Fig. 28. Gonad development of female F. chinensis fed different kinds of diets [Polychaetes+Squid (P+S), Polychaetes+Clam (P+C), Polychaetes+Squid+Clam... 35
Fig. 29. Type of denitrification medias, bioball (A) abalone attaching plate (B) brush (C) 36
Fig. 30. Monthly variation of nitrate concentration according to denitrification medias. A. bioball, B. abalone attaching plate, C brush 36
Fig. 31. Monthly variation of water quality according to denitrification medias (2017. 12. 5.~2018. 8. 27.) 37
Fig. 32. An experiment to investigate effects of seaweed and seagrass on eliminating nitrogen compounds with the aim of applying the aquaponics in aquaculture farms.... 38
Fig. 33. The ability of S. horneri to eliminate nitrogen (ammonia (A), nitrite (B) and nitrate (C) compounds) 38
Fig. 34. The ability of Z. japonicus to eliminate nitrous acid at different stocking densities 39
Fig. 35. The ability of S. anglica to eliminate nitric acid at different stocking densities 39
Fig. 36. The ability of C. fragile to eliminate nitrogen (A) nitrite, (B) nitrate compounds 39
Fig. 37. Variation of major microbial community in the biofloc water after halophytes (T. maritimum) planting.(I.L.W: Initial Low concentration water (Nitrate 203mg/L),... 41
Fig. 38. Effects of different photoperiods (14L:10D, 24 light and 24 dark) on the nitrate concentration 41
Fig. 39. Effects of different amounts (10, 20, 30g) of halophytes on the nitrate concentration 41
Fig. 40. Effects of halophytes (T. maritimum) planting on nitrogen compounds ammonia (A), nitrite (B) and nitrate (C) in culture water 42
Fig. 41. Hematological analysis (A) Hemoglobin, (B) calcium, (C) Magnesium, (D) cholesterol, (E) GPT, (F) GOT, of olive flounder shortly reared (30 days)... 42
Fig. 42. A schematic of suspended solid remove system 43
Fig. 43. Hemoglobin and hematocrit of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, in biofloc exposed to different temperatures for 2 weeks 44
Fig. 44. Plasma components of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, in biofloc exposed to different temperatures for 2 weeks 44
Fig. 45. SOD change in liver (A) and gill (B) of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, in biofloc exposed to different temperatures for 2 weeks 45
Fig. 46. GST (A) and GSH (B) changes in liver (C) and gill (D) of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, in biofloc exposed to different temperatures for 2 weeks 45
Fig. 47. Heat shock protein 70 changes in liver (A) and gill (B) of olive flounder P. olivaceus in biofloc exposed to different temperatures for 2 weeks 46
Fig. 48. Survival rate of olive flounder, P. olivaceus in biofloc (A) and seawater (B) exposed to nitrite for 7 days 46
Fig. 49. Hemoglobin (A) and hematocrit (B) of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, cultured in biofloc and seawater exposed to different concentrations of nitrite 47
Fig. 50. Calcium (A), magnesium (B), cholesterol (C), total protein (D), GOT (E) and GPT (F) of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, cultured in biofloc and seawater exposed to nitrite 48
Fig. 51. Survival rates of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, cultured in biofloc (A) and seawater (B) exposed to Streptococcus iniae 48
Fig. 52. Hemoglobin (A) and hematocrit (B) of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, cultured in biofloc and seawater exposed to Streptococcus iniae 49
Fig. 53. Antioxidant enzymes SOD (A), CAT (B), GST (C) and GSH (D) of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, cultured in biofloc and seawater exposed to Streptococcus iniae 50
Fig. 54. Survival rates of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, cultured in biofloc (A) and seawater (B) exposed to Edwardsiella tarda 50
Fig. 55. Hemoglobin (A) and hematocrit (B) of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, cultured in biofloc and seawater exposed to Edwardsiella tarda 51
Fig. 56. Antioxidant enzymes SOD (A), CAT (B), GST (C) and GSH (D) of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, cultured in biofloc and seawater exposed to Edwardsiella tarda 51
Fig. 57. Changes of water quality W.T. (A), D.O. (B), Salinity (C) and pH (D) in biofloc environment according to difference in stocking density for 13 weeks 52
Fig. 58. Changes of ammonia (A), nitrite (B) and nitrate (C) concentrations in biofloc environment according to difference in stocking density for 13 weeks 53
Fig. 59. Hemoglobin (A) and hematocrit (B) of olive flounder, P. olivaceus in biofloc environment according to difference in stocking density for 13 weeks 55
Fig. 60. Plasma components Magnesium (A), calcium (B), cholesterol (C) and total protein (D) of olive flounder, P. olivaceus in biofloc environment according... 55
Fig. 61. Comparison of growth and survival rate of olive flounder, P. olivaceus, fed on conventional and insect additives feeds 56
Fig. 62. Growth and survival rate of BFT-farmed P.olivaceus 58
Fig. 63. Comparison of animal growth rate between divided (no division, once and twice) experimental tanks 59
Fig. 64. Comparison of animal survival rate between divided experimental tanks 59
Fig. 65. Changes of ammonia concentrations between divided experimental tanks 59
Fig. 66. Changes of nitrite concentrations between divided experimental tanks 59
Fig. 67. Changes of nitrate concentrations between divided experimental tanks 59
Fig. 68. The changes of ammonia (A) and nitrite (B) concentration in culture water for incubating Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria 61
Fig. 69. The changes of ammonia (A) and nitrite (B) concentrations in culture water for incubating Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria 62
Fig. 70. DAPI Dyed microorganism by growth medium 64
Fig. 71. Comparison of nitrite (NOB) and ammonia oxidizing bacterial (AOB) population [phylum (A) and family (B)] 65
Fig. 72. Effects of different cryoprotectants on the post-thawing activation of biofloc. (A) Ammonium, (B) Nitrite, (C) Nitrate, (D) Ammonium, (E) Nitrite, (F) Nitrate 67
Fig. 73. An experiment to investigate effects of different sources of nitrogen, carbon, and nutrition on the biofloc growth. (A~C) Ammonium, (D~F) Nitrite 68
Fig. 74. Effects of sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride added in formulated feed on the concentrations of nitrate nitrogen. (A) Ammonium, (B) Nitrite 68
Fig. 75. Effects of molasses and glucose added in formulated feed on the concentrations of nitrate nitrogen. (A) Ammonium, (B) Nitrite, (C) Nitrate 69
Fig. 76. Exploration of beneficial microorganisms in the tidal flat (A: selection, B: separation and incubation, C and D: nitrite oxidation test) 69
Fig. 77. Comparison of nitrite oxidation efficiency of tidal flats in Taean and Seocheon 69
Fig. 78. Nitrite oxidation efficiency of SC35-1 and SC35-4 69
Fig. 79. Isolation and incubation of TA11A 70
Fig. 80. Comparison of nitrite oxidation results between different medium compositions 70
Fig. 81. Nitrite oxidation experiments under different pH levels 71
Fig. 82. Hematological analysis of L. vannamei in different developmental phases at different NO₃-N levels. (A~C) total protein, (D~F) magnesium, (G~I) glucose 72
Fig. 83. The NO₃-N concentrations in the body fluid of postlarvae at different NO₃-N concentrations in culture water 73
Fig. 84. The NO₃-N concentrations in the haemolymph of juvenile shrimp at different NO₃-N concentrations in culture water 73
Fig. 85. Hematological analysis of L. vannamei in different developmental phases at different NO₃-N levels. (A, D) total protein, (B, E) magnesium, (C, F) glucose 74
Fig. 86. Ratios of low salinity ions and ion variations in nursery water under different low salinity compositions (2021. 3. 11.~5. 6.). (A) magnesium, (B) potassium, (C) calcium 75
Fig. 87. Ion concentrations (A, magnesium; B, calcium) and variations of body fluid composition (C, glucose; D, total protein; E, cholestorl; F, GOT)... 76
Fig. 88. Correlation of the nitrate concentration in low salinity (6 psu) water with the nitrate concentration in the L. vannamei haemolymph 78
Fig. 89. The water quality of aquaculture farms that applied low salinity biofloc technique (A) water temperature, (B) ammonia, (C) nitrite 79