Title Page
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION / 박정인
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
Contents
PART ONE INTRODUCTION TO THE KOREAN WAR 10
Contents 11
CHAPTER I. THE PAST BACKGROUND 12
Section 1. Pre-Liberation 12
Section 2. Post-Liberation 19
Section 3. National Independence and Separation 26
Section 4. American Policy and Strategy Toward Korea 30
CHAPTER II. WAR PREPARATIONS BY THE NORTH 38
Section 1. The Communist Strategic Movements 38
Section 2. The Portents of Invasion 43
Section 3. Situation Immediately Before the Invasion 48
CHAPTER III. THE INVASION FROM THE NORTH 55
Section 1. Intelligence Estimate 55
Section 2. Last-Minute Developments 57
Section 3. The Comming of War 71
Section 4. Paradoxical Propaganda 77
Section 5. The United Nations Participation 82
Section 6. From the Naktong to the Yalu 87
CHAPTER IV. THE INVASION FROM EED CHINA 92
Section 1. A New War 92
Section 2. Armistice 97
CHAPTER V. POST-ARMISTICE 103
Section 1. After Cease fire 103
Section 2. Retrospect 105
Section 3. Today's Korea 109
PART TWO INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMONWEALTH FORCES IN THE KOREAN WAR 113
Contents 114
CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 115
CHAPTER II. THE OUTLINE OF THE FIGHTING 119
Section 1. Early Days: Gathering Strength 119
Section 2. Stalemate: The 1st Commonwealth Division 120
CHAPTER III. WAR ACCOUNT 122
Section 1. Retrospect 122
Section 2. Administration and Logistics 124
PART THREE THE AUSTRALIAN FORCES IN THE KOREAN WAR 126
Contents 128
CHAPTER I. GENERAL BACKGROUND 129
Section 1. Introduction to Australia 129
Section 2. Prelude to the Australian Contribution 131
CHAPTER II. ARMY TROOPS 134
Section 1. Initial Deployment 134
Section 2. The Red Chinese Invasion 144
Section 3. Southward Action 151
Section 4. Counteroffensive Again 155
Section 5. The Battle of Kapyong 170
Section 6. The Beginning of the Static War 180
Section 7. Operation Commando 183
Section 8. The Second Winter Action 191
Section 9. The Second Contingent -- 1st Battalion 195
Section 10. The Third Contingent -- 2nd Battalion 202
CHAPTER III. THE NAVAL FORCE 209
Section 1. Initial Deployment 209
Section 2. Second Six Months Period 217
Section 3. Stabilized Front 223
Section 4. On Both Waters 233
Section 5. Similar Recital Mission Continues 240
Section 6. Last Year of the Korean War 245
Section 7. Epilogue 250
CHAPTER IV. THE AIR FORCE SQUADRON 252
Section 1. Initial Deployment 252
Section 2. Encounter with CCF 262
Section 3. Recovery of the Lost Pilots 265
Section 4. MiG's versus Meteors 271
Section 5. Transport Squadron 287
Section 6. Maintenance Effort 289
Section 7. Epilogue 290
CHRONOLOGY 293
PART FOUR THE CANADIAN FORCES IN THE KOREAN WAR 296
Contents 298
CHAPTER I. GENERAL BACKGROUND 299
Section 1. Introduction to Canada 299
Section 2. Commitment 300
Section 3. The Outline 301
CHAPTER II. ARMY BRIGADE 304
Section 1. Deployment 304
Section 2. First Encounter with Enemy 306
Section 3. The 25th Brigade in Action 317
Section 4. Across the Imjin River 327
Section 5. During October - December 1951 337
Section 6. Active Defense 345
Section 7. Again Along the Front 353
Section 8. The Last Fighting 361
Section 9. Behind the Line 367
CHAPTER III. THE NAVAL FORCE 373
Section 1. Introduction 373
Section 2. Initial Deployment 375
Section 3. Counter-Offensive Ashore 384
Section 4 Island Recapturing Operations 395
Section 5. Mainly in the Haeju-man 410
Section 6. Stalemate on Western Waters 420
Section 7. Train-Busting on the East Coast 428
CHAPTER IV. THE AIR FORCE 436
Section 1. Deployment of No. 426 Transport Squadron 436
Section 2. Canadian Pilots in the Korean Skies 440
CHRONOLOGY 451
PART FIVE THE 60TH INDIAN FIELD AMBULANCE IN THE KOREAN WAR 454
Contents 456
CHAPTER I. GENERAL BACKGROUND 457
Section 1. Introduction to India 457
Section 2. India's Decision 458
CHAPTER II. THE 60TH INDIAN AMBULANCE 460
Section 1. Arrival in Korea 460
Section 2. With the Commonwealth Forces 461
CHAPTER III. ACTIVITIES OF TAEGU DETACHMENT 477
CHAPTER IV. POST-WAR ACTIVITY 479
Section 1. Epilogue 479
Section 2. Indian Custodian Force 479
CHRONOLOGY 483
PART SIX THE NEW ZEALAND FORCES IN THE KOREAN WAR 485
Contents 487
CHAPTER I. GENERAL BACKGROUND 488
Section 1. Introduction to New Zealand 488
Section 2. Summary of New Zealand Participation 489
Section 3. Decision on Commitment 491
Section 4. Preparation for Korea 493
CHAPTER II. THE ARTILLERY REGIMENT 496
Section 1. The Arrival and the General Situation 496
Section 2. With the 27th Commonwealth Brigade 498
Section 3. Battle of Kapyong 503
Section 4. CCF Second Spring Offensive 509
Section 5. The Formation of the 1st Commonwealth Division 515
Section 6. Operation Commando 518
Section 7. Summary of Artillery Battles - 1952 528
Section 8. Summary of Artillery Battles - 1953 534
Section 9. War Account 538
CHAPTER III. THE NAVAL FORCE 544
Section 1. Pukaki and Tutira in 1950 544
Section 2. Hawea and Rotoiti in 1951 550
Section 3. Taupo and Rotoiti in 1952 556
Section 4. Hawea and Kaniere in 1953 562
CHRONOLOGY 566
PART SEVEN THE UNITED KINGDOM FORCES IN THE KOREAN WAR 568
Contents 571
CHAPTER I. GENERAL BACKGROUND 572
Section 1. Introduction to the United Kingdom 572
Section 2. Commitment of British Forces 573
CHAPTER II. ARMY TROOPS 576
Section 1. Initial Deployment to Korea 576
Section 2. First Encounter with CCF 586
Section 3. Withdrawal Southward 592
Section 4. The Second Advance North 597
Section 5. The Chinese Spring Offensive 602
Section 6. Commonwealth Integration 616
Section 7. Trench Warfare 628
Section 8. The Battle of the Hook 635
Section 9. Retrospect 644
CHAPTER III. NAVAL OPERATIONS 648
Section 1. Arduous Month of Juiy 1950 648
Section 2. Month of Crisis, August 1950 656
Section 3. The Inchon Landing Operation 660
Section 4. October - December 1950 664
Section 5. January -March 1951 668
Section 6. April-June 1951 673
Section 7. July-December 1952 679
Section 8. November 1951-June 1952 686
Section 9. July-December 1952 695
Section 10. January-June 1953 699
Section 11. The Korean War Ends 703
Section 12. British Marine Troops 705
CHRONOLOGY 713
APPENDIX 716
APPENDIX I. KOREAN WAR CHRONOLOGY 717
APPENDIX II. RELEVANT DOCUMENTS AND RESOLUTIONS ON KOREAN PROBLEM 723
APPENDIX III. ASSISTANCES PROVIDED BY THE UN ALLIES 735
APPENDIX IV. CODE NAMES 737
APPENDIX V. MILITARY SYMBOLS 739
APPENDIX VI. GLOSSARY OF KOREAN SUFFIXES 742
APPENDIX VII. ABBREVIATION 743
APPENDIX VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 746
APPENDIX IX. SITUATION MAP 749
INDEX 765
JOINT REVIEWING BOARD 780
FOREWORD / SUH JYONG CHUL
PREFACE / LEE HYUNG SUK
PART ONE INTRODUCTION 793
Contents 794
CHAPTER I. AGGRESSION FROM COMMUNIST NORTH 795
Section 1. Preliminary Remarks 795
Section 2. The Sudden Invasion 799
CHAPTER II. PARTICIPATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS FORCES 802
Section 1. Collective Security Action 802
Section 2. The War Situation 809
CHAPTER III. AGGRESSION FROM COMMUNIST CHINA 812
Section 1. A New Phase of War 812
Section 2. The Armistice 815
Section 3. Retrospect 817
CHAPTER IV. POST-ARMISTICE 821
Section 1. National Reconstruction and Development 821
Section 2. Peace Efforts by the South 823
Section 3. Threat to Peace by the North 826
Section 4. Threat of Re-invasion 832
PART TWO THE BELGIAN BATTALION IN THE KOREAN WAR 836
Contents 839
CHAPTER I. GENERAL BACKGROUND 840
Section 1. introduction to Belgium 840
Section 2. Activation of the Volunteer Corps 841
CHAPTER II. THE BELGIAN BATTALION 845
Section 1. The Arrival of the First Contingent 845
Section 2. Advance North to Imjin River 847
Section 3. Battle of Imjin River 854
Section 4. Defense on Kansas Line 858
Section 5. Advance to Jamestown 864
Section 6. Alongside I mjin-gang-Yokkok-chon 867
Section 7. In the Front North of Chorwon 873
Section 8. In the Front Northwest of Kumhwa 877
Section 9. The Battle in Chat-kol Area 887
Section 10. Before the Armistice 899
CHRONOLOGY 906
PART THREE THE COLOMBIAN FORCES IN THE KOREAN WAR 909
Contents 911
CHAPTER I. GENERAL BACKGROUND 912
Section 1. Introduction to Colombia 912
Section 2. Preparation for Korea 914
CHAPTER II. THE INFANTRY BATTALION 915
Section 1. The Arrival, Training and Initial Deployment 915
Section 2. Sabanggori to Taeri-ri 919
Section 3. Advance North to Kumsong 921
Section 4. In the Proximity of Kumsong 925
Section 5. Transilient Period 928
Section 6. On Line Missouri 931
Section 7. Togun-kol-Sonbyok Sector 939
Section 8. Retrospect 951
CHAPTER III. THE NAVAL FORCE 954
CHRONOLOGY 961
PART FOUR THE FRENCH FORCES IN THE KOREAN WAR 964
Contents 966
CHAPTER I. GENERAL BACKGROUND 967
Section 1. Introduction to France 967
Section 2. Commitment 968
Section 3. The Arrival 971
CHAPTER II. THE DEPLOYMENT INTO ACTIONS 974
Section 1. The First Encounter with NKCF 974
Section 2. The Battle of Twin Tunnels 979
Section 3. The Battle of Chipyong-ni 983
CHAPTER III. THE SOYANG RIVER BATTLE 990
Section 1. CCF Spring Offensive 990
Section 2. The Yanggu Area Battle 996
CHAPTER IV. OPERATIONS IN THE CHORWON AREA 1000
CHAPTER V. THE ACTIVE DEFENSE 1013
Section 1. Actions on the Iron Triangle 1013
Section 2. The Battle of T-Bone Hill 1017
Section 3. The Battle of Arrowhead Ridge 1021
CHAPTER VI. THE LAST YEAR 1034
Section 1. Actions on the Songgok Ridge 1034
Section 2. The Last Months 1038
Section 3. The Armistice and Afterward 1042
Section 4. Epilogue 1044
CHRONOLOGY 1046
PART FIVE THE GREEK FORCES IN THE KOREAN WAR 1048
Contents 1050
CHAPTER I. GENERAL BACKGROUND 1051
Section 1. Introduction to Greece 1051
Section 2. Brief War Account in Korea 1056
CHAPTER II. THE GREEK ARMY BATTALION 1059
Section 1. Deployment of the First Contingent 1059
Section 2. The Battle in the Ichon Area 1065
Section 3. Offensive Towards Hongchon-Chunchon-Hwachon 1074
Section 4. In the Uijongbu-Tongduchon-Yonchon Sectors 1083
Section 5. Patrolling Actions in Force 1093
Section 6. The Battle of the Scotch Hill 1097
Section 7. The Stalemated Battleline 1107
Section 8. The Battle of Kelly-NoRI 1111
Section 9. Behind the Line 1117
Section 10. Again Along the Imjin River 1119
Section 11. The Winter Action North of Chorwon 1127
Section 12. The Spring Action 1132
Section 13. The Patrol and Ambush Clashes 1137
Section 14. The Harry Battle 1140
Section 15. The Battle of the Kumsong Area 1146
Section 16. Epilogue 1150
CHAPTER III. THE HELLENIC AIR FORCE FLIGHT 1153
Section 1. Major Activity 1153
Section 2. The Summary Account 1158
CHRONOLOGY 1162
PART SIX THE LUXEMBOURG INFANTRY DETACHMENT IN THE KOREAN WAR 1165
Contents 1168
CHAPTER I. GENERAL BACKGROUND 1169
CHAPTER II. THE FIRST DETACHMENT 1171
CHAPTER III. THE SECOND DETACHMENT 1179
CHRONOLOGY 1187
PART SEVEN THE NETHERLANDS FORCES IN THE KOREAN WAR 1189
Contents 1192
CHAPTER I. GENERAL BACKGROUND 1193
Section 1. Introduction to the Netherlands 1193
Section 2. Commitment of the Netherlands Troops 1195
CHAPTER II. INFANTRY BATTALION 1199
Section 1. Initial Deployment 1199
Section 2. Actions in Hocngsong Wonju Areas 1203
Section 3. Continuous Movements North of Hongchon 1218
Section 4. Semi-positional Warfare Around Inje 1233
Section 5. Battle in Mundung-ni Area 1246
Section 6. In the Northwest of Kumhwa 1250
Section 7. In the North of Yonchon 1258
Section 8. In the Western Front near Sami-chon 1263
Section 9. The Last Round Action 1266
Section 10. Postlude 1270
CHAPTER III. NAVAL SHIPS 1282
Section 1. In the Early Period of the War 1282
Section 2. Accomplishments of the Missions 1285
CHRONOLOGY 1289
PART EIGHT THE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE IN THE KOREAN WAR 1291
Contents 1292
CHAPTER I. GENERAL BACKGROUND 1293
CHAPTER II. THE DANISH RED CROSS HOSPITAL SHIP 1294
Section 1. Introduction to Denmark 1294
Section 2. The First Tour 1295
Section 3. The Second and Third Tours 1298
Section 4. Epilogue 1301
CHAPTER III. THE ITALIAN RED CROSS HOSPITAL 1302
Section 1. General Introduction 1302
Section 2. Arrival and Organization 1304
Section 3. Major Activity 1305
Section 4. Epilogue 1308
CHAPTER IV. THE NORWEGIAN MOBILE ARMY HOSPITAL 1310
Section 1. Introduction to Norway 1310
Section 2. Motives 1312
Section 3. Establishment and Organization 1313
Section 4. Major Activity 1317
Section 5. Epilogue 1320
CHAPTER V. THE SWEDISH RED CROSS HOSPITAL 1323
Section 1. General Introduction 1323
Section 2. Arrival and Organization 1325
Section 3. Major Activity 1327
Section 4. Epilogue 1330
APPENDIX 1331
APPENDIX I. CHRONOLOGICAL WAR HISTORY 1332
APPENDIX II. ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY THE U.N. ALLIES 1339
APPENDIX III. CODE NAMES 1341
APPENDIX IV. MILITARY SYMBOLS 1346
APPENDIX V. GLOSSARY OF KOREAN SUFFIXES 1348
APPENDIX VI. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1349
APPENDIX VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1354
APPENDIX VIII. SITUATION MAPS 1357
INDEX 1373
JOINT REVIEWING BOARD 1384
PART ONE THE GROUND OPERATIONS JUNE 1950 to JUNE 1951 1402
Contents 1403
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1406
Section 1. The Background 1406
Section 2. The U.S. Forces in Korea 1409
Section 3. Korea Today 1414
CHAPTER II. INITIAL DEVELOPMENTS OF THE WAR 1422
Section 1. The Armed Aggression from the North 1422
Section 2. The United States and the U.N. Reaction 1435
Section 3. The Initial Deployment of the U.S. Forces 1451
CHAPTER III. DEPLOYMENT OF GROUND FORCES 1458
Section 1. The Initial Commitment of Ground Troops 1458
Section 2. The First American Battle at Osan 1464
Section 3. Delaying Action from Pyongtaek to Chochiwon 1478
CHAPTER IV. THE COMMAND SYSTEM AND BUILD-UP 1499
Section 1. The Activation and Operation of the U.N. Command 1499
Section 2. The Eighth Army in Command 1500
CHAPTER V. THE DEFENSE OF THE KUM RIVER LINE 1506
Section 1. The Defense Plan 1506
Section 2. The Battle at Kongju 1509
Section 3. The Battle at Taepyong-ni 1513
CHAPTER VI. THE BATTLE OF TAEJON DEFENSE 1522
Section 1. The Operation Plans of the Both Sides 1522
Section 2. The Battle of Taejon 1525
CHAPTER VII. FIGHTING WITHDRAWAL TOWARD THE NAKTONG PERIMETER 1546
Section 1. General 1546
Section 2. Yongdong-Hwanggan-Kimchon Area Battles 1548
Section 3. Sangju Area Battle 1555
Section 4. Delaying Actions in the Southwest 1559
Section 5. Blocking the Road to Masan 1571
Section 6. Withdrawal to the Naktong Perimeter 1573
CHAPTER VIII. THE NAKTONG PERIMETER 1577
Section 1. Establishing the Naktong Perimeter 1577
Section 2. The Two Opposing Forces at the Perimeter 1578
Section 3. Task Force Kean's Counterattack 1582
Section 4. The First Battle of the Naktong Bulge 1593
Section 5. General Situation Developed in August 1609
CHAPTER IX. THE ENEMY'S FINAL OFFENSIVE 1612
Section 1. Action in the East 1613
Section 2. Action on the Taegu Front 1619
Section 3. Action on the Lower Naktong Front 1626
Section 4. Action on the South Front 1635
CHAPTER X. THE GENERAL COUNTEROFFENSIVE 1643
Section 1. The Landing at Inchon 1643
Section 2. The Capture of Seoul 1652
Section 3. The Breakout from the Naktong Perimeter 1667
Section 4. Pursuit and Exploitation 1681
CHAPTER XI. ADVANCE TO THE NORTH 1696
Section 1. Decision to Cross the 38th Parallel 1696
Section 2. The UNC Plan of Operation in the North 1700
Section 3. The U.N. Forces Begin the Advance Northward 1710
Section 4. The Capture of Pyongyang 1720
Section 5. The Advance to the Chongchon River 1727
CHAPTER XII. THE ADVANCE TO THE YALU 1734
Section 1. The Eighth US Army Operations 1735
Section 2. The X US Corps Operations 1753
CHAPTER XIII. AGGRESSION FROM COMMUNIST CHINA 1763
Section 1. Triumph and Tragedy 1763
Section 2. Background of CCF Aggression 1765
Section 3. UNC's Estimate of CCF Aggression 1770
CHAPTER XIV. WITHDRAWAL ACTION FROM THE YALU 1780
Section 1. The End-the-War Offensive 1780
Section 2. The Eighth US Army Operations 1782
Section 3. The X US Corps Operations 1801
Section 4. Withdrawal to the 38th Parallel 1817
Section 5. The Hungnam Redeployment 1820
Section 6. Facing the New Brink 1829
Section 7. The Change of Command 1832
CHAPTER XV. FACING THE NEW ENEMY OFFENSIVE 1837
Section 1. The U.N. Command on Defensive 1837
Section 2. The Tide of A New Situation 1846
CHAPTER XVI. THE SECOND ADVANCE NORTHWARD 1852
Section 1. The Beginning of Counteroffensive 1852
Section 2. The Battle of Chipyong-ni 1864
Section 3. Resuming the General Advance 1877
CHAPTER XVII. CROSSING THE 38TH PARALLEL AGAIN 1899
Section 1. Occupation of Line Kansas 1899
Section 2. Release of General MacArthur 1902
Section 3. The First CCF Spring Offensive 1905
Section 4. The Second CCF Spring Offensive 1912
Section 5. Again on Counteroffensive 1914
Section 6. Signs of Armistice Negotiations 1922
PART TWO THE NAVAL OPERATIONS JUNE 1950 to JUNE 1951 1924
Contents 1925
CHAPTER I. INITIAL DEPLOYMENT 1927
Section 1. The First days of Naval Activity 1927
Section 2. Combat Readiness 1930
CHAPTER II. FIRST ACTIONS 1933
Section 1. War Begins 1933
Section 2. Coastal Bombardment 1938
CHAPTER III. ACTIVE NAVAL ACTION 1943
Section 1. The Pohang Landing 1943
Section 2. Carrier Operations by Valley Forge 1945
Section 3. Reorganization of Task Force 1947
Section 4. Support of the Naktong Perimeter 1949
CHAPTER IV. THE INCHON LANDING OPERATION 1961
Section 1. The Enemy's Last Insanity in Attack 1961
Section 2. Preparations for Counteroffensive 1965
Section 3. The Operation Chromite 1972
Section 4. The Lessons of the Inchon Landing 1983
CHAPTER V. THE BATTLE OF THE MINES 1987
Section 1. The Advance into the North 1987
Section 2. The Operation Tailboard 1994
Section 3. The Chinnampo Sweep Operation 2003
CHAPTER VI. REDEPLOYMENT FROM THE NORTH 2007
Section 1. The Red Chinese Forces Aggression 2007
Section 2. The Hungnam Redeployment 2019
Section 3. The Lessons of the Hungnam Redeployment Operation 2027
CHAPTER VII. THE SECOND SIX MONTHS 2030
Section 1. Before and After the Hungnam Operation 2030
Section 2. On to the 38th Parallel 2035
Section 3. The CCF Spring Offensive 2040
Section 4. Epilogue 2044
PART THREE THE AIR OPERATIONS JUNE 1950 to JUNE 1951 2047
Contents 2048
CHAPTER I. INITIAL PARTICIPATION 2050
Section 1. Outbreak of the Korean War 2050
Section 2. Air Cover and Evacuation 2053
Section 3. Commitment of U.S. Air Force 2056
Section 4. Initial Deployment and Augmentation 2060
CHAPTER II. TACTICAL AIR OPERATION 2063
Section 1. Beginning of Tactical Air Control System 2063
Section 2. Establishment of Air Superiority 2065
Section 3. Airpower Blunts the Communist Attack 2068
Section 4. Establishing Fifth US Air Force in Korea 2074
Section 5. Comprehensive Interdiction Action 2077
Section 6. All-Out Close Air Support 2084
CHAPTER III. GENERAL COUNTEROFFENSIVE 2088
Section 1. Air Support for the Inchon Landing 2088
Section 2. Air Support for the Eighth US Army 2091
Section 3. Air Deployment to Korea 2095
CHAPTER IV. THE STRATEGIC BOMBING OPERATION 2099
Section 1. Selection of Strategic Targets 2099
Section 2. Strikes against Hungnam Chemical Complex 2102
Section 3. Sustained Strategic Bombing 2103
CHAPTER V. ADVANCE INTO THE NORTH 2107
Section 1. Support for Ground Pursuit 2107
Section 2. Appearance of CCF Aircraft 2113
Section 3. Air Battle at the Yalu River 2116
Section 4. UN Attack and CCF Counterattack 2121
CHAPTER VI. RED CHINESE OFFENSIVE 2123
Section 1. Sabres Come into Action 2123
Section 2. Support for the Ground Withdrawal 2126
Section 3. Air Action Delayes the Enemy Advance 2131
Section 4. Fifth US Air Force Reorganizes 2133
Section 5. Air Action against the CCF New Year Eve Offensive 2136
CHAPTER VII. DEFEAT OF RED CHINESE 2140
Section 1. Efforts to Maintain Air Superiority 2140
Section 2. Air Action against Communist Logistics 2147
Section 3. Air-Ground Actions Defeat Communist Offensive 2153
Section 4. Defeated Reds Request a Cease-Fire 2163
APPENDIX 2166
APPENDIX I. CHRONOLOGICAL WAR HISTORY 2167
APPENDIX II. ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY THE U.N. ALLIES 2176
APPENDIX III. GLOSSARY OF KOREAN SUFFIXES 2178
APPENDIX IV. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2179
APPENDIX V. BIBLIOGRAPHY 2181
APPENDIX VI. SITUATION MAPS 2184
INDEX 2200
JOINT REVIEWING BOARD 2222
FOREWORD / SUH JYING CHUL
PART ONE. THE GROUND OPERATIONS 2239
Contents 2240
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 2243
Section 1. The First Year, June 1950-June 1951 2243
Section 2. Initiating the Armistice Negotiations 2265
CHAPTER II. THE NEW PHASE OF WAR 2276
Section 1. The Unique, Limited War 2276
Section 2. Inactive and Limited Battle Front 2286
Section 3. The Western and West-Central Front 2297
Section 4. The East-Central Front 2315
Section 5. The Mid-Eastern Front 2329
Section 6. The Eastern Front 2347
CHAPTER III. LULL AND RENEWAL OF FIGHTING 2349
Section 1. Initiating the Limited Objective Offensive 2349
Section 2. The Battles of the Punchbowl and Mundung-ni Sectors 2362
Section 3. Limited Attacks in the Other Sectors 2397
Section 4. The Battles of the Mundung-ni and Soyang River Areas 2408
Section 5. Limited Attacks Continued 2425
CHAPTER IV. OPERATIONS IN THE FALL 2439
Section 1. Limited Offensive in October 2439
Section 2. The Renewed Battle for Heartbreak Ridge 2440
Section 3. Advance in the West 2457
Section 4. Offensive in the Kumsong Sector 2476
Section 5. Action in the Soyang River Area 2484
Section 6. Internal Changes and Alterations 2487
Section 7. Active Defense 2491
Section 8. The Roles of Air and Naval Support 2509
CHAPTER V. STALEMATE 2515
Section 1. Lull and Static Warfare 2515
Section 2. The Beginning of the Outpost Battle 2523
Section 3. Behind the Line 2526
CHAPTER VI. THE SPRING ACTION 2542
Section 1. Patrolling Warfare 2542
Section 2. The Package Proposal 2552
Section 3. Outpost Struggles 2554
Section 4. Communist Prisoner Riots on Koje-do 2565
CHAPTER VII. OUTPOST BATTLES IN STALEMATE 2578
Section 1. Outlook of the Battle Scene 2578
Section 2. Operation Counter 2580
Section 3. The Battle for Key Outposts 2585
CHAPTER VIII. AUTUMN OPERATIONS 2597
Section 1. The Summary Account of Operations 2597
Section 2. Flare-up Again on Key Outposts 2599
Section 3. Operation Showdown 2622
CHAPTER IX. COLD FRONT 2632
Section 1. The Demise of Military Victory 2632
Section 2. Winter Action 2634
Section 3. Use of Artillery Firepower 2645
Section 4. The Opposing Forces at Year's End 2648
CHAPTER X. PRETHAW FRONT 2651
Section 1. Active Defense on the Frozen Scene 2651
Section 2. Renewing the Outpost Battles 2661
CHAPTER XI. A NEW DEVELOPMENT 2670
Section 1. Negotiations Resumed 2670
Section 2. Tighting Battle Front 2674
CHAPTER XII. THE FINAL STAGE OF WAR 2687
Section 1. The Release of Anti-Communist Prisoners 2687
Section 2. The Last Battles 2690
Section 3. The Signing of the Armistice 2705
CHAPTER XIII. THE ARMISTICE AND AFTER 2713
Section 1. Cease-Fire and the Aftermath 2713
Section 2. Retrospect and Lessons 2719
Section 3. Korea Today 2744
PART TWO THE NAVAL OPERATIONS JULY 1951 to JULY 1953 2752
Contents 2753
CHAPTER I. THE NAVAL OPERATIONS IN OUTLINE 2754
Section 1. Introduction 2754
Section 2. The Naval Air Operations 2757
Section 3. The Surface and Amphibious Operations 2764
CHAPTER II. THE INITIAL PHASE OF STALEMATE 2772
Section 1. The Interdiction Efforts of TF 77 2772
Section 2. East Coast Operations 2780
Section 3. West Coast Operations 2788
CHAPTER III. THE MIDDLE PHASE OF STALEMATE 2795
Section 1. Changes in Far East and Naval Forces Far East 2795
Section 2. The Defense of UNC-held Islands Continues 2796
Section 3. The Second Year of the Wonsan Siege 2798
Section 4. The Naval Air Operations 2802
CHAPTER IV. THE FINAL PHASE OF STALEMATE 2825
Section 1. Introduction 2825
Section 2. Naval Air Operations in Final Months 2827
Section 3. Naval Surface Operations in Final Months 2832
Section 4. Conclusion 2839
PART THREE. THE AIR OPERATIONS 2848
Contents 2849
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 2851
Section 1. Confronting New Air Strategy 2851
Section 2. The UNC Air Potential 2857
Section 3. Growth of Communist Air Capability 2863
CHAPTER II. AIR-TO-AIR BATTLE 2868
Section 1. Limitation on the UNC Air Action 2868
Section 2. The Communist MIG Tactics 2876
Section 3. Air Superiority Battles 2882
CHAPTER III. AIR INTERDICTION CAMPAIGN 2892
Section 1. Seeking New Targets 2892
Section 2. Operation Strangle 2897
Section 3. Operation Saturate 2904
Section 4. Employment of Night intruder 2908
Section 5. Red Countermeasures to Rail Interdiction 2915
Section 6. Air Interdiction Campaign in Retrospect 2919
CHAPTER IV. THE SHIFT IK UNC AIR STRATEGY 2923
Section 1. Toward an Air-Pressure Strategy 2923
Section 2. Attacks on Red Hydroelectric Complexes 2928
Section 3. Statement of the US FEAF Operation Policy 2934
CHAPTER V. AIR PRESSURE CAMPAIGN 2937
Section 1. UN Command Maintains Air Superiority 2937
Section 2. Development of the Air-Pressure Stratedy 2945
Section 3. Selecting Targets for Air-Pressure 2949
Section 4. Massive Air-Pressure for Psychological Purpose 2953
Section 5. Intensification of Air-Pressure Operations 2959
Section 6. Spring Thaw Interdiction 2964
CHAPTER VI. ENDING STAGE OF AIR CAMPAIGN 2966
Section 1. Destruction of Red Irrigation Dams 2966
Section 2. Defeating Communist Last Ground offensive 2970
Section 3. The Day the Armistice was Signed 2975
APPENDIX 2978
APPENDIX I. KOREAN WAR CHRONOLOGY 2979
APPENDIX II. ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY THE U.N. ALLIES 2982
APPENDIX III. GLOSSARY OF KOREAN SUFFIXES 2984
APPENDIX IV. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2985
APPENDIX V. BIBLIOGRAPHY 2987
APPENDIX VI. TEXT OF THE ARMISTICE AGREEMENT 2989
APPENDIX VII. TEXT OF 16-NATIONS DECLARATION 3006
APPENDIX VIII. TEXT OF MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATY 3008
APPENDIX IX. SITUATION MAPS 3010
INDEX 3018
JOINT REVIEWING BOARD 3034
CONTENTS
PART ONE THE UNITED NATIONS FORCES IN KOREA 3045
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 3046
CHAPTER II. GROUND OPERATIONS 3058
CHAPTER III. NAVAL OPERATIONS 3067
CHAPTER IV. AIR OPERATIONS 3080
CHAPTER V. RETROSPECT AND POST-ARMISTICE 3097
PART TWO THE UNITED NATIONS COMMAND CONTINGENTS BY NATION 3102
THE AUSTRALIAN FORCE 3103
1. Introduction 3104
2. Ground Force 3105
3. Naval Force 3120
4. Air Force 3135
THE BELGIAN-LUXEMBOURG FORCE 3146
1.Introduction 3147
2. Summary of Operations 3147
THE CANADIAN FORCE 3158
1. Introduction 3159
2. The Canadian Ground Force 3160
3. The Canadian Naval Force 3178
4. The Canadian Air Force 3189
THE COLOMBIAN FORCE 3191
1. Introduction 3192
2. The Colombian Infantry Battalion 3193
3. The Naval Contribution 3206
THE ETHIOPIAN FORCE 3207
1. Introduction 3208
2. Operations 3208
3. Reference Records and Data 3225
THE FRENCH FORCE 3228
1. Introduction 3229
2. Ground Force 3231
3. Reference Records and Data 3249
THE GREEK FORCE 3251
1. Introduction 3252
2. Combat Account of the Greek Battalion 3254
3. Contribution of the Hellenic Air Force Flight 3288
THE NETHERLANDS FORCE 3296
1. Introduction 3297
2. Ground Force 3297
3. Naval Force 3323
THE NEW ZEALAND FORCE 3326
1. Introduction 3327
2. The 16th Field Artillery Regiment and Supporting Units 3328
3. The New Zealand Frigates 3335
THE PHILIPPINE FORCE 3337
1. Introduction 3338
2. Ground Force 3338
THE SOUTH AFRICAN FORCE 3358
1. No. 2 SAAF Squadron to Korea 3359
2. Chronological Summary of Operations 3359
3. Reference Records and Data 3373
THE THAILAND FORCE 3377
1. Introduction 3378
2. Thai Infantry Battalion 3381
3. Thai Naval Corvette Unit 3397
4. Thai Airlift Detachment 3398
5. Thai Medical Service Detachment 3399
THE TURKISH FORCE 3406
1. Introduction 3407
2. Operations 3408
THE UNITED KINGDOM FORCE 3431
1. Introduction 3432
2. The British Ground Force 3433
3. The British Naval Force 3463
THE UNITED STATES FORCE 3472
1. Introduction 3473
2. U.S. Army in Korea 3483
3. U.S. Navy in Korea 3525
4. U.S. Air Force in Korea 3533
MEDICAL SUPPORT UNITS 3551
1.The Danish Red Cross Hospital Ship, Jutlandia 3553
2. The 60th Indian Field Ambulance Unit 3557
3. The Italian Red Cross Hospital 68 3561
4. The Norwegian Mobile Army Surgical Hospital 3563
5. The Swedish Red Cross Field Hospital 3566
PART THREE APPENDIXES 3568
APPENDIX I. CONTRIBUTION OF TWENTY-ONE U.N. ALLIES IN KOREA 3569
APPENDIX II. GLOSSARY OF CODE NAMES 3571
APPENDIX III. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3578
APPENDIX IV. KOREAN WAR CHRONOLOGY 3585
APPENDIX V. CHRONOLOGY OF THE MILITARY ARMISTICE NEGOTIATIONS 3591
APPENDIX VI. CHRONOLOGY OF THE POST-ARMISTICE PERIOD 3598
APPENDIX VII. ASSIGNMENT OF OPERATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY 3635
APPENDIX VIII. AGREEMENT FOR THE REPATRIATION OF SICK AND INJURED CAPTURED PERSONNEL April 11, 1953 3636
APPENDIX IX. TEST OF THE ARMISTICE AGREEMENT 3639
APPENDIX X. SIXTEEN NATIONS DECLARATION CONCERNING THE KOREAN ARMISTICE At Washington, July 27, 1953 3665
APPENDIX XI. R.O.K.-U.S. mutual defense treaty, Signed at Washington, October 1, 1953 3666
APPENDIX XII. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ON THE KOREAN QUESTION 3668
APPENDIX XIII. SITUATION MAPS 3698
APPENDIX XIV. GROSS CONTENTS, VOLUMES I THROUGH V 3714
APPENDIX XV. GENERAL INDEXES, VOLUMES I THROUGH V 3720
INDEX 3758
JOINT REVIEWING BOARD 3766