영문목차
Chapter 1. Introduction=9
Chapter 2. Trends in Urban Travel and Land Use and their Impacts=13
2.1. Urban development=14
2.1.1. Continuing suburbanisation of the urban population=14
2.1.2. Urban density: oveerall decline=14
2.1.3. Percentage of jobs in the Central Business District (CBD): generally sgable=14
2.2. Car ownership: on the rise in virtually all countries=14
2.3. Overall mobility (all modes) stable=15
2.3.1. Private car and motorised two-wheel=15
2.3.2. Public transport=16
2.3.3. Non-motorised means=17
2.3.4. Length of trips by car on the rise=17
2.4. Public transport supply and demand=18
2.5. Congestion=18
2.6. Environmental and safety indicators=19
2.6.1. Air pollution and noise nuisance=19
2.6.2. Road safety=20
2.6.3. Perceptions of environmental and traffic problems=21
Chapter 3. National Policy Responses to Urban Travel Problems=23
3.1. Implementing the ECMT-OECD strategy=23
3.2. Sustainable urban travel policies: what countries are doing=24
3.2.1. Decentralisation and national-local government relations=24
3.2.2. Integration of transport and land use planning=24
3.2.3. Consultation=25
3.2.4. Quality public transport=26
3.2.5. Traffic management=27
3.2.6. Road and congestion pricing=27
3.2.7. Climate change policies=28
3.2.8. Policy targets=28
Chapter 4. Challenges to Implementing Sustainable Travel Policies in Urban Areas=31
4.1. General comments=31
4.2. Implementation challenges frequently envountered=33
4.2.1. Lack of a national policy framework for sustainable urban travel=33
4.2.2. Poor policy integration and co-ordination=33
4.2.3. Inefficient or counterproductive institutional roles and procedures=34
4.2.4. Public, lobby and press resistance to policies=37
4.2.5. Unsupportive legal or regulatory framework=38
4.2.6. Weaknesses in the pricing/fiscal framework=39
4.2.7. Misguided financing and investment flows=40
4.2.8. Analytical obstacles=41
4.2.9. Poor data quality and quantity=42
4.2.10. Wavering political commitment=42
Chapter 5. Recommendations for National Governments on Improving Implementation of Sustainable Urban Travel Policies=45
Chapter 6. Conclusions=51
Notes=53
List of References=55
Annex I. Methodology of the ECMT-OECD Project "Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies" (1998-2001)=61
Annex II. Steering Group Members=64
Recent and Forthcoming Documents and Publications=67