영문목차
Table of Cases=xv
Preface=xxv
Note on Abbreviations=xxvii
Chapter 1. An Overview=1
1.1. Introduction=1
1.2. Brief History=2
1.3. IDEA: An Overview=6
1.4. Section 504: An Overview=8
1.4.1. The Validity of Section 504 Regulations and Undue Burden=8
1.4.2. Section 504 Undue Burden - Case Examples=12
1.5. Section 1983 and IDEA=14
1.6. Education Department General Administrative Regulations=16
1.7. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act=17
Chapter 2. Parties to the Process=19
2.1. Parents and Child as Parties=19
2.2. Effect of Termination of Parental Custody=21
2.3. Surrogate Parents in General=22
2.3.1. The State and Its Employees as Surrogate Parents=23
2.4. Foster Parents in General=23
2.4.1. Foster Parents as Surrogate Parents=24
2.5. The LEA as a Party=25
2.5.1. Determining the Appropriate LEA Against Whom to Proceed (Residency)=25
2.6. The State as a Party Defendant=27
2.7. The State as a Plaintiff=27
2.8. Third-Party Interests=28
Chapter 3. Provision of a Free Appropriate Education=29
3.1. Introduction=29
3.2. Provision of a FAPE as a Procedural Right in General=30
3.3. Provision of a FAPE as a Substantive Right in General=31
3.3.1. Level of Education Required to Constitute FAPE Under IDEA=31
3.3.2. Higher State Standard for Level of Services=33
3.3.3. Level of Education Required to Constitute FAPE Under 504=34
3.4. Education to Be at No Cost to Parents=34
3.5. Cost as Factor in Providing FAPE=35
3.6. Age Coverage=37
3.7. The Effect of Graduation Under IDEA=38
3.8. The Effect of Graduation Under 504=38
3.9. Related Services in General=39
3.9.1. Equipment Versus Services=40
3.9.2. Transportation as a Related Service=42
3.9.3. Speech Pathology and Audiology As Related Services=43
3.9.4. Psychological Services and Counseling as Related Services=43
3.9.5. Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Orientation and Mobility, Recreation, Early Identification and Assessment of Disabilities as Related Services=44
3.9.6. Medical Services as Related Services=45
3.9.7. School Health Services as Related Services=46
3.9.8. Social Work Services, Parent Counseling and Training As Related Services=48
3.9.9. Related Services Without Special Education=48
3.10. Physical Education=49
3.11. Travel Training=49
3.12. Vocational Education=49
3.13. Extracurricular Activities=50
Chapter 4. Identification and Evaluation=51
4.1. In General=51
4.2. Identification=51
4.3. Preplacement Evaluations=53
4.4. Reevaluations Under IDEA=55
4.5. Reevaluations Under 504=55
4.6. Evaluation Standards Under IDEA=57
4.7. Evaluation Standards Under 504=59
4.8. Notice and Consent for Evaluation Under IDEA=59
4.9. Notice and Consent for Evaluation Under 504=60
4.10. Evaluators Under IDEA=61
4.11. Evaluators Under 504=62
4.12. Reporting Evaluation Results Under Both IDEA And 504=62
4.13. Parental Participation=62
4.14. Disputes Over Evaluation=63
4.15. Identification/Evaluation Checklist-Summary=63
Chapter 5. Eligibility=67
5.1. In General=67
5.2. Specially Designed Instruction=68
5.2.1. Nonacademic Instruction=68
5.2.2. Medical v. Educational Needs=69
5.2.3. Ability to Benefit From Educational Services=70
5.3. Qualifying Conditions in General=71
5.3.1. Hearing Impairments=72
5.3.2. Visual Impairment=74
5.3.3. Orthopedic Impairments in General=76
5.3.3.1. Congenital Orthopedic Disorders=77
5.3.3.2. Orthopedic Impairments Caused by Disease=78
5.3.3.3. Other Orthopedic Impairments=78
5.3.4. Mental and Emotional Impairments in General=79
5.3.4.1 Mental Retardation=80
5.3.4.2. Specific Learning Disabilities in General=81
5.3.4.3. Perceptual Disabilities=82
5.3.4.4. Brain Injury and Minimal Brain Dysfunction=83
5.3.4.5. Dyslexia=83
5.3.4.6. Developmental Aphasia=84
5.3.4.7. Emotional Disturbances=84
5.3.4.8. Autism=86
5.3.4.9. Traumatic Brain Injury=86
5.3.5. Catch-all Categories in General=87
5.3.5.1. Multihandicapped=87
5.3.5.2. Other Health Impaired=87
5.3.5.3. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)=89
5.3.6. Disabilities Not Mentioned Under IDEA - the Role of 504=91
5.3.6.1. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)=92
Chapter 6. Independent Educational Evaluations=95
6.1. In General=95
6.2. Notice of Availability of IEE=96
6.3. Parental Request for all IEE=96
6.4. Standards for IEE=96
6.5. Cost of IEE=97
6.6. Unilateral Action by Parent to Obtain IEE=97
6.7. IEE At Public Expense Is Limited to One=98
6.8. Use of IEE=98
6.9. IEE At Parental Expense=98
6.10. Hearing Officer Ordered IEE=99
Chapter 7. Individualized Education Program=101
7.1. In General=101
7.2. Agency Responsible for IEP Development=103
7.3. Time Frame for Development of IEP=103
7.4. Placement Decisions and the IEP=104
7.5. IEP Meetings=105
7.6. Parental Participation=106
7.7. Drafting the Document=107
7.7.1. Drafting Example=108
7.8. Private Placements=110
7.9. Children with Disabilities in Public Charter Schools=111
7.10. Handling Disputes Over the IEP=112
7.11. IEP Checklist=112
Chapter 8. Placement=115
8.1. Placement Criteria=115
8.2. Location/Least Restrictive Environment/Mainstreaming=116
8.3. Annual Review of Placement Required=119
8.4. Change in Placement=120
8.5. Placement Decision-Makers=120
8.6. Extended School Day and Year=121
8.7. Continuum of Placements Required=122
8.8. Residential School Placements=122
8.9. Private Placement by LEA in General=123
8.9.1. Requirements for Private Facilities Where LEA Places Child=124
8.10. Unilateral Private Placement by Parents Where LEA Offers FAPE=125
8.10.1. Non-IDEA Services Required for Unilateral Private School Placements=128
8.11. Parental Placement in Parochial School/Separation of Church and State=129
Chapter 9. Notice and Consent=133
9.1. In General=133
9.2. Notice Concerning Identification, Evaluation, and Placement in General=134
9.2.1. Notice of Preplacement Evaluation=135
9.2.2. Notice of Initial Placement=135
9.2.3. Notice of Change in Placement=136
9.3. Notice After Hearing Request=137
9.4. Notice to Parents Concerning Agency's Annual Program=137
9.5. When Parental Consent Required=137
9.5.1. Content of Consent=138
9.5.2. Refusal to Provide Consent=139
9.6. Notice Checklist=139
9.7. Consent Checklist=140
Chapter 10. Discipline=141
10.1. In General=141
10.2. Changes in Placement=144
10.3. Provision of a FAPE for Suspended or Expelled Student=144
10.4. Functional Assessment=145
10.5. Interim Alternative Placement - Weapons and Drugs=145
10.6. Manifestation Determination Review=146
10.7. Parental Appeal - Expedited Due Process Hearing=148
10.8. Hearing Officer Authority=148
10.9. Placements During Appeals=149
10.10. Protections for Children Not Yet Eligible for Special Education and Related Services=149
10.11. Referral to and Action by Law Enforcement and Juvenile Courts=150
10.12. Chemical Dependency and Suspension=150
10.13. Constitutional Considerations=151
10.14. Steps to Take in Disciplinary Actions=151
Chapter 11. Impartial Due Process Hearing=153
11.1. In General=153
11.2. Statute of Limitations=153
11.3. Scope of Review=154
11.4. Requesting the Due Process Hearing=157
11.5. The Hearing Officer in General=158
11.5.1. Hearing Officer Impartiality=158
11.5.2. Scope of Hearing Officer's Authority=160
11.6. Procedural Rights Related to the Hearing=162
11.7. Status of Child During Due Process - "Stay-Put" Provision=164
11.8. Discovery=165
11.9. Burden of Proof Under the Act=167
11.10. Rules of Evidence=167
11.11. Conducting The Hearing=167
11.12. Hearing Officer's Decision=168
11.13. Due Process Hearing Checklist=168
Chapter 12. Administrative Appeals=171
12.1. In General=171
12.2. Statute of Limitations and Notice of Appeal=171
12.3. Timelines=172
12.4. Subject Matter/Scope of Review=172
12.5. Who May Appeal - Parties Aggrieved=173
12.6. Impartiality=174
12.7. Additional Evidence Allowed=175
12.8. Finality of Decision=176
12.9. Child's Status During Proceedings=176
12.10. Administrative Review Checklist=177
Chapter 13. Judicial Review=179
13.1. In General=179
13.2. Statute of Limitations=179
13.3. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies=181
13.4. Removal From State to Federal Court=183
13.5. Issues Considered=184
13.6. Discovery=185
13.7. Standard of Review in General=186
13.7.1. Traditional Administrative Review=187
13.7.2. De Novo Review and Due Weight=188
13.7.3. Issues Subject to Due Weight=191
13.8. Burden of Proof in General=193
13.8.1. Burden of Persuasion on Substantive Issues=194
13.8.2. Burden of Proof on Procedural Issues=196
13.9. Jury Trials=197
13.10. Evidence=198
13.11. Appellate Review of Judicial Determinations=199
Chapter 14. Remedies=203
14.1. In General=203
14.2. State Immunity Abrogated=203
14.2.1. Avoiding Eleventh Amendment Immunity=206
14.3. Damages in General=207
14.4. Tuition Reimbursement for Unilateral Placements Where LEA Fails to Provide FAPE=207
14.5. Compensatory Education=208
14.5.1. Compensatory Education Beyond Age 21=210
14.6. Monetary Damages=211
14.7. Procedural Violation Remedy=214
Chapter 15. Attorneys' Fees and Costs=223
15.1. Attorneys' Fees in General=223
15.2. Availability of Attorneys' Fees for Work in Administrative Proceedings=224
15.2.1. What Constitutes the Administrative Proceedings?=226
15.2.2. Authority of Administrative Officer to Award=227
15.3. Ability to File Suit Solely for Attorneys' Fees=228
15.4. Lay Advocates/Paralegals/Parent Advocates=230
15.5. Costs As Well As Attorneys' Fees=231
15.5.1. Expert Fees and Expenses=231
15.5.2. Transcripts=233
15.5.3. Discovery and Miscellaneous Expenses=233
15.6. Is There a Dispute and are the Parents Prevailing Parties?=234
15.6.1. Prevailing on Part of the Claim=235
15.6.2. Procedural and Substantive Violations=236
15.7. Setting the Fee=237
15.7.1. No Bonus or Multiplier=239
15.8. Fees or Costs Subsequent to Time of Written Offer to Settle=240
15.8.1. Justified Rejection of the Offer=241
15.9. Procedural Violations or Undue Protraction By LEA=242
15.10. Complaints Resolved By Settlement=244
15.11. Waiver of Attorneys' Fees=245
Chapter 16. Records=247
16.1. In General=247
16.2. Safeguards=249
Chapter 17. Monitoring and Compliance=251
17.1. State Monitoring and Compliance=251
17.1.1. State Complaint Checklist=252
17.2. Office of Special Education Programs=253
17.3. Office for Civil Rights=254
17.3.1. OCR Complaint Checklist=257
17.4. Coordination of OCR and OSEP=258
17.5. Mediation=259
17.6. Choosing Dispute Resolution Process=260
Chapter 18. Infants and Toddlers=263
18.1. Introduction to Infants and Toddlers With Disabilities Act=263
18.2. ITDA Relationship to Other Laws=264
18.3. Funds=264
18.4. Eligibility=265
18.5. Identification and Assessment=265
18.6. Individualized Family Service Plan=266
18.7. Early Intervention Services=268
18.7.1. Audiology Services=268
18.7.2. Case Management Services=269
18.7.3. Family Training, Counseling, Home Visits=269
18.7.4. Health Services=270
18.7.5. Medical Services for Diagnosis or Evaluation=270
18.7.6. Nursing Services=270
18.7.7. Nutrition Services=271
18.7.8. Occupational Therapy=271
18.7.9. Physical Therapy=271
18.7.10. Psychological Services=271
18.7.11. Social Work Services=272
18.7.12. Special Instruction=272
18.7.13. Speech-Language Pathology=272
18.7.14. Transportation=272
18.7.15. Personnel=272
18.8. Procedural Safeguards=273
18.9. Comparison of IDEA and ITDA=274
Appendix 1. Note to Nonlawyers=277
Appendix 2. State Educational Agency Directory=280
Appendix 3. United States Department of Education Addresses=287
Appendix 4. Forms=289
Prior Notice=289
Consent=291
Notice of Procedural Safeguards=292
Eligibility Committee Summary of Deliberations=296
Addendum to Eligibility Committee Summary of Deliberations for Learning Disabled Student=301
Parent(s), Guardian(s) or Surrogate Letter of Initial Eligibility and IEP=304
Parent(s), Guardian(s) or Surrogate Letter of Ineligibility=305
Special Education Individualized Education Program=306
Request for Due Process Hearing=315
Request for Administrative Appeal=316
Complaint=317
Motion for Allowance of Attorney's Fees and Costs=319
Settlement Agreement=325
Index=327