영문목차
The Purpose of This Book=xix
Acknowledgments=xxiii
PARTⅠ. CONCEPTIONS OF INDIGENOUS SOVEREIGNTY=3
Chapter 1. Indigenous Voices within the United States=7
A. Indigenous Governments and Organizations=7
1. Indians of All Nations, The Alcatraz Proclamation to the Great White Father and His People, November 20, 1969=7
2. Constitution of the Ute Indian Tribe, January 19, 1937=9
3. National Congress of American Indians, Preamble to the Constitution, November 14, 1944=12
4. National Congress of American Indians General Assembly, American Indian Declaration of Sovereignty, October 24, 1974=12
5. Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan, 20-point Position Paper, October 1972=14
6. The 1st International Indian Treaty Council, Declaration of Continuing Independence, June, 1974=21
7. Nation of Hawaii, United Independence Statement, December 9, 1999=24
8. Oneida Indian Nation of New York, Sovereignty Statement=27
9. Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians, Mission Statement and Sovereignty Statement, 1997=28
10. Bristol Bay Native Corporation, Strategic Intent 1997-2005=29
B. Indigenous Leaders=30
1. A Tribal Chair's Perspective on Inherent Sovereignty/Billy Evans Horse;Luke E. Lassiter=30
2. Letter to Senator Daniel Kahikina Akaka, April 24, 2000/Kekuni Blaisdell=35
3. First Annual Kickapoo Summit/Nancy Bear=38
4. Look Forward to the Dawn of a New Century/Marge Anderson=40
5. Arizona Tribes Experiencing Long-Awaited Self-Sufficiency and Political Prowess/Ronnie Lupe=42
6. For America to Live, Europe Must Die/Russell Means=44
7. Facing The Future in The New Millennium/Michael J. Anderson=49
C. Indigenous Scholars and Commentators=52
1. Self-Determination and the Concept of Sovereignty/Vine Deloria, Jr=52
2. Strengthening Tribal Sovereignty through Government Reform:What Are the Issues?/Robert B. Porter=55
3. The Myths Surrounding the Term "Sovereign"/Frank John King Ⅲ=58
4. Native American Sovereignty and Treaty Rights:Are They Historical Illusions?/Robert A. Fairbanks=60
5. Testimony before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate Concerning S. 1691 "The American Indian Equal Justice Act"/William J. Lawrence=65
6. "Sovereignty"-An Inappropriate Concept/Taiaiake Alfred=67
Chapter 2. Indigenous Voices within Other States=73
A. Canada=73
1. Ojibway-Cree Nation of Treaty No. 9, Declaration of Nishnawbe-Aski(The People and the land) to the People of Canada, July 6, 1977=73
2. General Assembly of The Chilcotin Nation, A Declaration of Sovereignty, December 10th, 1983=76
3. Opening Remarks to the Confederation of Nations/Phil Fontaine=79
4. Matthew Coon Come, A Message Regarding the Rights of the Crees and Other Aboriginal Peoples in Canada=86
5. Assembly of First Nations, Resolution No. 4/89-The Establishment of a Civil Disobedience Fund, March 22, 1989=87
6. Assembly of First Nations, Resolution No. 1/96 Assembly of First Nations Strategy on the First Nations/Crown Relationship, September 24, 1996=88
B. Latin America=90
1. U'wa Council, The U'wa People, October 29, 1996=90
2. U'wa, News Report:Tribe Threatens Mass Suicide to Protest Oil Exploration, February 1, 1997=92
3. Miskito, Sumo, and Rama Peoples, Declaration, September, 1985=92
C. Australia and New Zealand=94
1. Foundation for Aboriginal and Islander Research Action, Background, April 5, 1977=94
2. Foundation for Aboriginal and Islander Research Action, Charter, April 5, 1977=95
3. Maori Chiefs, Declaration of independence, October 28, 1835=96
4. People of Whaingaroa(Maori), The Declaration of Independence of Whaingaroa, February 11, 1996=97
5. Indigenous Peoples of the Pacific Workshop, Resolution on Decolonisation for Indigenous Peoples of the Pacific, September 2-6, 1996=98
Chapter 3. Indigenous Voices:The Haudenosaunee=101
1. The Hau De No Sau Nee:A Nation since Time Immemorial/Segwalise=101
2. Sovereignty and Treaty Rights-We Remember/G. Peter Jemison=105
3. Empowerment or Dependence? The Practical Value and Meaning of Native American Sovereignty/Ray Halbritter;Steven Paul McSloy=107
4. Renegade Nation:If Smuggling and Gambling Are the Mohawks' Future, so Is the Outlaw Tony Laughing/Peter Wilkinson=113
5. Onondaga Council of Chiefs, Memorandum on Tribal Sovereignty, 1990=123
6. Sovereignty and Common Sense/Oren Lyons;John Mohawk=126
7. Smuggling Smokes;Canada Scheme First Criminal Blot for Big Tobacco/Michael Beebe=128
8. Hundreds Enter through Reservation, Officials Say/John O'Brien=131
9. Why Many Iroquois Will Not Cast Votes/Doug George-Kanentiio=132
10. Oneida Nation Vet Proud to Carry U.S. Flag/Carl Fogelberg=133
11. Clan Mother:It's Not a Land Claim, It's Land Rights/Andrey Shenandoah;Mike McAndrew=134
12. Haudenosaunee Are Humans, Not "The Indian Problem"/Wendy Gonyea=136
13. On Sovereignty/John Mohawk=137
Chapter 4. The Colonial Perspective=141
A. Great Britain=141
1. The Charter of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, 1629/King Charles=141
2. The Royal Proclamation of 1763/King George Ⅲ=142
B. United States=145
1. U.S. Congress, Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787=145
2. Letter to President George Washington Outlining an Indian Civilization Policy, July 7, 1789/Henry Knox=146
3. U.S. Congress, Trade and Intercourse Act of July 22,1790, codified as amended at 25 U.S.C. §177=151
4. U.S. Supreme Court, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. 1(1831)=151
5. U.S. Supreme Court, Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. 515(1832)=154
6. U.S. Congress, The Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871, codified as amended at 25 U.S.C. §71=163
7. U.S. Supreme Court, United States v. kagama, 118 U.S. 375(1886)=164
8. U.S. Supreme Court, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 U.S. 553(1903)=166
9. U.S. Supreme Court, United States v. Sandoval, 231 U.S. 28(1913)=169
10. U.S. Congress, The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, codified as amended at 25 U.S.C. §§476, 477=173
11. U.S. Congress, The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, codified as amended at 25 U.S.C. §1301-1303=175
12. U.S. Supreme Court, United States v. Wheeler, 435 U.S. 313(1978)=176
13. U.S. Supreme Court, Oliphant v. The Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191(1978)=179
14. A Proposal to The Hanodaganyas to Decolonize Federal Indian Control Law/Robert B. Porter=183
C. Canada=190
1. Supreme Court of Canada, St. Catherines Milling and Lumber Company v. The Queen, 14 A.C. 46(1888)=190
2. Parliament of Canada, Selected Provisions of The Indian Act=193
3. Commentary on the Indian Act/William Henderson=202
4. Common Roots but Modern Divergences:Aboriginal Policies in Canada and the United States/Bradford W. Morse=204
D. Australia=214
1. Parliament of Australia, Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act of 1976=214
2. An Australian Nunavut? A Comparison of Inuit and Aboriginal Rights Movements in Canada and Australia/Matthew C. Miller=217
Chapter 5. The International Perspective=225
1. United Nations, The United Nations Charter, Ch. 1, Art. 1, June 26, 1945=225
2. United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, G.A. res. 2200A(XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp.(No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A 6316(1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171, entered into force Mar. 23, 1976=226
3. Theorizing Indigenous Rights/Will Kymlicka=227
4. Background On the Term "Fourth World"/Richard Griggs=229
PART Ⅱ. THREATS TO INDIGENOUS SOVEREIGNTY=231
Chapter 6. Greed=233
1. The Imminent Theft of Alaska/Jerry Mander=233
2. U.S. Supreme Court, Moe v. Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation, 425 U.S. 463(1976)=240
3. U.S. Senator Frank Murkowski, Amendment to Bill S. 1415, To ensure Tobacco Product Retail Price Uniformity Whether the Seller or Buyer is Indian or Non-Indian, 105th Congress, 2d Session, 1998=242
4. Congress Considers Indian Casino Tax;Tribal Leaders Say House Proposal Is an Insult to Their Sovereignty/Joanna Kakissis;Pat Doyle=243
5. Is Trump Betting against American Indian Casinos?/Michael Wines=244
6. Indian Casino Taxes Rejected Vote Appears End of Issue This Year/David Lightman=246
7. Associated Press/Indian Country Communications, Oneida Signs Casino Compact=247
Chapter 7. Fear=251
1. U.S. Supreme Court, Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191(1978)=251
2. U.S. Senate, Debate on Tribal Sovereign Immunity Amendments to Interior Appropriations Bill proposed by Senator Slade Gorton(R- WA), Congressional Record, September 1997=251
3. Keeping Our Word to the Indians/Ben Nighthorse Campbell;John McCain=255
4. U.S. Senate, Debate on Tribal Sovereign Immunity Amendments to Interior Appropriations Bill Proposed by Senator Slade Gorton(R-WA), Congressional Record Pages S9397-98, September 16, 1997=257
5. Senator Slade Gorton(R-WA), S. 1691, American Indian Equal Justice Act, 105th Congress, 2d Session, Feb. 27, 1998=263
Chapter 8. Animosity=269
1. U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, Press Release:Campbell Calls for Federal Investigation of "Indian Hunting Season" Flier=269
2. "Indian Hunting Season" Flier=270
3. Proper Economic Resource Management, Welcome Message=271
4. Why We Oppose Tribal Hunting and Fishing Claims/Bud Grant=271
5. Uncivil Civil Claim;Hate Mail, Name-Calling:Threats Fly As Indians Sue/Hart Seely;Michelle Breidenbach=276
6. Editorial Board, Foes See Land Claim As a Hoax without Any Sound Legal Basis=280
7. Clam Foes Take Message to Motorists/State Police Tell Protesters to Remote Slogan-Bearing Signs Lining a Seneca Falls Road/David L. Shaw=283
8. Editorial, Let Calm Prevail;Idle Talk of Guns and Fighting Cannot Serve Resolution of Land Claims=284
9. Resolution Would End Tribal Sovereignty;If Indians Don't Like It, Send in Troops, GOP Delegate Says/Julie Titone=285
10. Anti-Sovereignty Resolution Draws Fire;Some Call GOP Action Racist;Others Say It's Simply Misguided/Jim Camden;Julie Titone=287
11. Editorial, GOP Backtracks on Resolution on Tribal Sovereignty=289
12. GOP Resolution Intends to Re-Assert Constitutional Rights, Not End Tribal Governments/Don Benton=290
13. New York Army National Guard, Warning Order-Aid to Civilian Authorities, July 1995=292
14. Associated Press, State-Developed Contingency Plans for Indian Assaults. November 6, 1995=293
15. Sovereignty-Indian Recognition As a Racist Idea/Larry Greene=294
16. American Indians, Citizens or Slaves?/Lana Marcussen=296
17. Re-Defining the Indian Problem/T. David Price=299
18. Treaty Rights and Responding to Anti-Indian Activity/Zoltan Grossman=304
19. A Growing National Movement Is Gunning for Tribal Treaties, Reservations and Rights/Margaret L. Knox=311
Chapter 9. Paternalism=321
1. U.S. Supreme Court, United States v. Kagama, 118 U.S. 375(1886)=321
2. U.S. Supreme Court, United States v. Sandoval, 213 U.S. 28(1913)=321
3. Statement before the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs Oversight Hearing on the Bureau of Indian Affairs Capacity and Mission, April 28, 1999/Kevin Gover=321
4. United States Senate, Debate on Tribal Priority Allocation Amendments to Interior Appropriations Bill, Congressional Record S9389, September 16, 1997=328
5. U.S. District Court, United States v. City of Kodiak, 132 F.Supp. 574(D. Terr. Alaska 1955)=343
6. U.S. Supreme Court, United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206(1983)=346
7. U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Moapa Band of Paiute Indians v. United States Department of Interior, 747 F.2d 563(9th Cir. 1984)=351
8. U.S. District Court, Pueblo of Sandia v. Babbitt, C.A. No. 94-2624(D. D. C. 1996)=353
9. U.S. Court of Claims, Navajo Nation v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 217(2000)=356
10. U.S. District Court, Cobell v. Babbitt, 37 F. Supp.2d 6(D. D. C. 1999)=362
11. Letter to Kevin Chamberlain, Chief of the Saginaw Chippewa Tribe, August 10, 1999/Kevin Gover=368
Chapter 10. Assimilation=371
A. Foundations of the Assimilation Agenda=371
1. Letter to President George Washington Outlining an Indian Civilization Policy, July 7, 1789/Henry Knox=371
2. Selections from The Complete Jefferson/Thomas Jefferson=371
3. Associate Justice John M'Lean, Concurring Opinion in Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. 515(1832)=374
4. Land and Law As Agents in Educating Indians, 1885/Merrill E. Gates=375
5. Statement on Indian Policy, October 1, 1889/Thomas J. Morgan=381
B. Cultural Assimilation=382
1. The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites, 1882/Col. Richard H. Pratt=382
2. Christianizing the Indians, 1893/Merrill E. Gates=383
3. Educational Practices in Two Nineteenth Century American Indian Mission Schools/Karen K. McKellips=384
4. U.S. District Court, In re Petition of Can-ah-couqua, 29 F. 687(D. D. Alaska 1887)=389
5. Ghost Dance and Holy Ghost:The Echoes of Nineteenth-Century Christianization Policy in Twentieth-Century Native American Free Exercise Cases/Allison M. Dussias=392
6. United Methodist Church, Confession to Native Americans, 1992=398
7. Anglican Church of Canada, Apology to Aboriginal Peoples, August 8, 1993=399
8. The Right Reverend Bill Phipps, Apology to Indian Students, October 27, 1998=401
9. The Right Reverend Bill Phipps, Residential Schools Letter, November 1999=402
10. Ghost Dance and Holy Ghost:The Echoes of Nineteenth-Century Christianization Policy in Twentieth-Century Native American Free Exercise Cases/Allison M. Dussias=403
11. U.S. Supreme Court, Employment Division, Dept. of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872(1990)=409
C. Economic Assimilation=411
1. Recommendation of Land in Severalty, 1880/Carl Schurz=411
2. U.S. Congress, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, codified at 43 U.S.C. §1601=413
3. U.S. Congress, Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988, codified at 25 U.S.C. §§2701-2702=414
4. The Distribution of Wealth, Sovereignty, and Culture through Indian Gaming/Naomi Mezey=414
D. Political Assimilation=426
1. Inculcation of Patriotism in Indian Schools/Thomas J. Morgan=426
2. U.S. Secretary of the Interior, Procedure for Becoming an American Citizen=428
3. U.S. Congress, Indian Citizenship Act of June 2, 1924, codified U.S. Amendment at 8 U.S.C. §1401(b)=429
4. The Demise of the Ongweboweh and the Rise of the Native Americans:Redressing the Genocidal Act of Forcing American Citizenship upon Indigenous Peoples/Robert B. Porter=429
Chapter 11. Equality=435
1. U.S. Congress, House Concurrent Resolution No. 108, 83rd Cong., 1st Sess.(1953)=435
2. Dissenting Opinion in Cohen v. Little Six. Inc., 543 N.W2d 376(Ct. App. Minn. 1997)/R.A. Randall=435
3. Jean ChrSmall e, grave accenttiens, Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy, 1969=446
4. U.S. Supreme Court, Rice v. Cayetano, 525 U.S. 495(2000), with concurring opinion of Associate Justices Breyer and Souter, and dissenting opinion of Associate Justice Ginsburg=455
5. Working the System:Profile of Frank LaMere, Democratic Party Activist/Karen Lincoln Michel=466
6. Sherrill, Oneidas Face Off in Court over Taxes, Land the Little City That Said No;Sherrill First to Try to Evict Oneidas/Michelle Breidenbach=470
Chapter 12. Self-Destruction=473
1. Mothers of the Nation:Onondaga Women Say They Battle Loss of Values/M.C. Burns=473
2. U.S. Court of Appeals, Poodry v. Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians, 85 F.3d 874(2d Cir. 1996), with dissenting opinion of Circuit Judge Jacobs=475
3. Tribal Policies Prompt Questions:Congress to Look at Mdewakanton Casino/Pat Doyle=486
4. A Flawed Deal-Gaming Compact Continues Mistreatment of Indian Tribes/Jim Gogek=488
5. Pala Band of Mission Indians, What Is Tribal Sovereignty?=490
6. Gaming Tribes Split on Issue of Sovereignty/Mark Henry=491
7. Tribes, Governor Sign Compacts, Legislature Ratifies Gaming Agreements;Voters to Decide Constitutional Amendment/James P. Sweeney=494
8. The Process of Neocolonialism/Howard Adams=497
PART Ⅲ. THE REALIZATION, PROTECTION, AND STRENGTHENING OF INDIGENOUS SOVEREIGNTY=503
Chapter 13. The Redevelopment of Indigenous Governancc=505
1. The Imperative to Destroy Traditional Indian Governments:The Case of the Hopi and Navajo/Jerry Mander=505
2. U.S. Court of Appeals, Fletcher v. United States, 116 E3d 1315(10th Cir. 1997)=514
3. Strengthening Tribal Sovereignty through Government Reform:What Are the Issues?/Robert B. Porter=518
4. The 1999 Constitution Convention of the Cherokee Nation:Process of a Suvereign People/D. Jay Hannah=529
Chapter 14. The Redevelopment of Indigenous Law=535
1. Indigenous Law in North America in the Wake of Conquest/James W. Zion;Robert Yazzie=535
2. Incorporating Tribal Customs and Traditions into Tribal Court Decisions, Federal Bar Association 1992 Indian Law Conference/Raymond D. Austin=546
3. Tribal Law As Indigenous Social Reality and Separate Consciousness:[Re]Incorporating Customs and Traditions into Tribal Law/Christine Zuni Cruz=547
Chapter 15. The Redevelopment of Indigenous Dispute Resolution Process=557
1. Strengthening Tribal Sovereignty Through Peacemaking:How the Anglo-American Legal Tradition Destroys Indigenous Societies/Robert B. Porter=557
2. Walking Together in a Good Way:Indian Peacemaker Courts in Michigan/Nancy Costello=570
3. Circle of Justice Is National Role Model/Colleen Ziwicki=579
Chapter 16. The Redevelopment of Indigenous Economies=583
1. Indian Economic Development:An Evolving Concept of Sovereignty/John C. Mohawk=583
2. Economic Development in Indian Country:What Are the Questions?/Frank Pommersheim=588
3. Reloading the Dice:Improving the Chances for Economic Development on American Indian Reservations/Stephen Cornell;Joseph P. Kalt=596
4. In Troubled Times a Vision of Nation Building/Robert B. Porter=606
5. Associated Press, Native Corporation Lobbies against Monument Idea=614
6. Different Views:For the Goshutes, a Test of Tradition/Bob Mims=616
Chapter 17. The Redevelopment of Indigenous Culture and Identity=621
1. Disappearing Languages/Rosemarie Ostler=621
2. Associated Press, Utes Speak Little of the Ute Language=630
3. Indians' Languages Near Extinction/Mark Shaffer=631
4. Our Children Can't Wait:Recapturing the Essence of Indigenous Schools in the United States/Cornel Pewewardy=633
5. Tribes Need to Take over Education, Now/Dean Chavers=640
6. Immersion Programs Ensure Cultural Survival/Ron Selden=643
7. American Indian Education:The Terror of History and the Nation's Debt to the Indian Peoples/Raymond Cross=645
8. The Iroquois Nationals:Creating a Sports Revolution for American Indians/Doug George-Kanentiio=653
9. Traditions Survive against the Odds/Doug George-Kanentiio=655
Chapter 18. The Redevelopment of Indigenous Advocacy and Political Identity=659
1. In Defense of Native Sovereignty:Indian Advocacy in the American Body Politic/Suzan Shown Harjo=659
2. Indian Country Today, First Indian Woman Judge Makes It Official=665
3. The Indian Problem? We Behave Too Well/Dwight Hobbes=667
4. Indians Win Sales-Tax Battle Pataki Orders Repeal of Rule on Gas, Cigarette Levy/Agnes Palazzetti=669
5. New York State Supreme Court(Appellate Division), New York Association of Convenience Stores v. Urbach, 712 N.Y.S.2d 220(2000)=670
6. Roadblock Threat Has Sovereignty under Fire/Leslie Linthicum=672
7. President Hale Addresses N.M. Legislature/Ted Rushton=675
8. Chino Rebukes Hale for Road-Closing 'Radicalism'/Deborah Baker=675
Chapter 19. The Development of International Law Protecting the Rights of Indigenous Peoples=677
1. Lil'wat Nation, Mount Currie Band Council, Introduction and Application for Membership into the International League of United Nations=677
2. Nuxalk Nation, Statement before the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations, July 31, 1984=679
3. The Capacity of International Law to Advance Ethnic or Nationality Rights Claims/S. James Anaya=681
4. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Introduction to Indigenous Peoples=686
5. United Nations, Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1994/45=691
6. International Indian Treaty Council, Update on the United Nations Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, March 1996=702
7. Making a Name for Ourselves:The United Nations Draft Statement on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples/Charles A. Gourd=705
8. Between Indigenous Nations and the State:Self-Determination in the Balance/Rudolph C. Ryser=710
9. Akwesasne Notes, Indigenous Peoples, Self-Determination and the Unfounded Fear of Secession=713
10. United States, Statement on Indigenous Self-Determination to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights Working Group on the Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, October 20, 1999=716
11. United States, Message to Various Delegations on the Self-Determination Rights of Indigenous Peoples, January 18, 2001=718
12. Letter to Patrick Shea, Director, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. May 14, 1998/John Shattuck=721
13. Inter-American Human Rights Commission, Report No. 99/99 in Case 11.140, Mary and Carrie Dann v. United States. September 27, 1999=722
Chapter 20. The Decolonization of Colonial Indian Control Law and Policy=731
1. A Proposal to the Hanodaganyas to Decolonize Federal Indian Control Law/Robert B. Porter=731
2. U.S. Congress, Pub. L. 106-179, Amendments to 25 U.S.C. §81, 106th Cong., 1st Sess.(2000)=748
Chapter 21. Final Thoughts=751
1. The Challenge of Indigenous Self-Determination/Russel L. Barsh=751
2. Easter's End/Jared Diamond=767
3. Associated Press, Kik-I-Allus Near Extinction:Libby Fights to Keep the Tribe's History Alive=775
4. Deskaheh, The Last Speech=776
Index=783