목차
List of Maps xii
List of Contributors xiii
Introduction 1
Daniel Power
Why the `central Middle Ages'? 3
Europe in the central Middle Ages: climate and environment 7
The faultlines of European culture 11
The political divisions of Europe 15
Europe around the year 1000: a continent transformed? 22
An age of expansion 25
Society 28
Martin Aurell
Scholarly discourses versus social realities 29
The castellan aristocracy in the eleventh and twelfth centuries 32
A `nobility of privileges' in the thirteenth century 37
The peasantry: servitude and freedom 40
Proud to be merchants 43
The poor and marginalized 45
The family 47
The village and the lordship 54
Economy 57
David Nicholas
The first phase of rural economic expansion (to c.1180): an agricultural revolution? 58
The towns and the development of a market economy 63
The expansion of the rural economy: the second phase (c.1180-c 1330) 66
The coinage revolution 69
The commercial changes of the thirteenth century 72
The situation of Italy 80
Credit and banking 82
The fairs 86
The `commercial revolution' of the late thirteenth century? 88
Politics 91
Bjorn Weiler
The political geography of Europe 91
Qualifications for kingship 96
The theory and practice of kingship 100
The community of the realm 108
The means and ends of political communication 113
Religion 121
Julia Barrow
Sources 121
The Church's ancien regime: bishops and ritual c 1000 123
The process of transition 126
Law and the Church hierarchy in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries 128
The lay experience of religion 133
Monks, nuns, regular canons, and friars 138
Heretics 144
Jewish communities 145
Muslims in Spain 147
Intellectual and Cultural Creativity 149
Anna Sapir Abulafia
Education and learning: the schools 150
Education and learning: the universities 158
Historians and (auto)biographers at work 164
Vernacular culture 170
A twelfth-century Renaissance? 175
The Expansion of Latin Christendom 178
Nora Berend
Christianization in Scandinavia and central Europe 179
The new polities of central Europe 185
The new polities of northern Europe 190
Iberia 194
Crusades 200
Travels, mission, and discoveries 206
Conclusion 209
Further Reading 219
Chronology 239
Glossary 257
Maps 261
Index 283