Title
Contents
Acknowledgements 18
The Authors 19
Abbreviations 20
Summary 22
1. Introduction 32
2. Measuring ethnic parity 37
2.1 Definition of 'ethnic parity' 37
2.2 The previous approach to measuring ethnic parity 38
2.3 Problems with the previous approach 38
2.3.1 Selection bias 39
2.3.2 Sampling frame 40
2.3.3 Spells versus individuals 41
2.3.4 Outcome measures 41
2.3.5 Ethnicity not recorded 42
2.4 New approach used in this study 42
2.4.1 Selection bias 42
2.4.2 Sampling frame 43
2.4.3 Spells compared to individuals 47
2.4.4 Outcome measures 47
2.4.5 Ethnicity not recorded 49
2.5 Methodology 49
2.5.1 Overview 49
2.5.2 Measuring ethnic parity through matching methods 50
2.5.3 Measuring ethnic parity through regression-based methods 51
2.5.4 Measuring ethnic parity through duration modelling 52
2.5.5 Measuring ethnic parity through DiD methods 53
2.6 Comparison of methods 55
3. Programmes and benefits, sampling and data 57
3.1 Programmes and benefits 57
3.1.1 Incapacity Benefit 58
3.1.2 Income Support 58
3.1.3 Jobseeker's Allowance 58
3.1.4 New Deal for Lone Parents 58
3.1.5 New Deal for individuals aged 25 plus 59
3.1.6 New Deal for Young People 59
3.1.7 New Deal for Disabled People 60
3.1.8 New Deal for Musicians 60
3.1.9 Basic Skills 60
3.1.10 Work-Based Learning for Adults 61
3.1.11 Employment Zones 61
3.1.12 Ethnic Minority Outreach 61
3.2 Samples 62
3.3 The datasets 65
3.4 Explanatory variables 65
3.4.1 The 'by' variables: ethnicity, sex and region 66
3.4.2 Past labour market history variables 67
3.4.3 Individual characteristics 70
3.4.4 Local labour market characteristics 72
3.4.5 Other variables not common across groups 72
3.5 Limitations of the data 74
4. Interpretation of ethnic parity estimates 76
4.1 Ethnic parity and unobserved characteristics 77
4.2 Common support 78
4.3 Difference-in-differences analysis 79
4.4 Employment outcomes: low earners are missed from the Work and Pensions Longitudinal Study 79
4.5 Time neither in employment nor on benefits and immigration 80
4.6 Comparisons of ethnic parity across ethnicities, programmes and districts 81
4.7 Implications of and for 'discrimination' 83
4.7.1 Implication of discrimination for ethnic parity estimates 83
4.7.2 Implication of ethnic parity for discrimination 83
4.8 Subgroups for which reliable results exist 85
5. Ethnic parity in Jobcentre Plus overall 87
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 Description of the Jobcentre Plus sample 88
5.3 Estimates of ethnic parity 93
5.3.1 All Ethnic Minorities 93
5.3.2 Black Ethnic Minorities 100
5.3.3 Asian Ethnic Minorities 104
5.3.4 Mixed, Chinese and other Ethnic Minorities 106
5.4 Summary of findings and policy implications 110
6. Ethnic parity in Incapacity Benefit 112
6.1 Introduction 112
6.2 Description of the Incapacity Benefit sample 112
6.3 Estimates of ethnic parity for Incapacity Benefit claimants 117
6.3.1 All Ethnic Minorities 117
6.3.2 Black Ethnic Minorities 123
6.3.3 Asian Ethnic Minorities 126
6.3.4 Mixed, Chinese and other Ethnic Minorities 128
6.4 Summary of findings and policy implications 129
7. Ethnic parity in Income Support 131
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Description of the Income Support sample 131
7.3 Estimates of ethnic parity for IS claimants 136
7.3.1 All Ethnic Minorities 136
7.3.2 Black Ethnic Minorities 142
7.3.3 Asian Ethnic Minorities 143
7.3.4 Mixed, Chinese and other Ethnic Minorities 147
7.4 Summary of findings and policy implications 148
8. Ethnic parity in Jobseeker's Allowance 150
8.1 Introduction 150
8.2 Description of the Jobseeker's Allowance sample 150
8.3 Estimates of ethnic parity for Jobseeker's Allowance claimants 154
8.3.1 All Ethnic Minorities 154
8.3.2 Black Ethnic Minorities 160
8.3.3 Asian Ethnic Minorities 164
8.3.4 Mixed, Chinese and other Ethnic Minorities 165
8.4 Summary of findings and policy implications 169
9. Ethnic parity in New Deal for Lone Parents 170
9.1 Introduction 170
9.2 Description of the New Deal for Lone Parents sample 170
9.3 Estimates of ethnic parity for New Deal for Lone Parents 175
9.3.1 All Ethnic Minorities 175
9.3.2 Black Ethnic Minorities 180
9.3.3 Asian Ethnic Minorities 182
9.3.4 Mixed, Chinese and other Ethnic Minorities 184
9.4 Summary of findings and policy implications 186
10. Ethnic parity in New Deal for 25 plus 187
10.1 Introduction 187
10.2 Description of the New Deal for 25 plus sample 187
10.3 Estimates of ethnic parity for New Deal for 25 plus 192
10.3.1 All Ethnic Minorities 192
10.3.2 Black Ethnic Minorities 197
10.3.3 Asian Ethnic Minorities 200
10.3.4 Mixed, Chinese and other Ethnic Minorities 200
10.4 Summary of findings and policy implications 202
11. Ethnic parity in New Deal for Young People 203
11.1 Introduction 203
11.2 Description of the New Deal for Young People sample 203
11.3 Estimates of ethnic parity for New Deal for Young People 208
11.3.1 All Ethnic Minorities 208
11.3.2 Black Ethnic Minorities 213
11.3.3 Asian Ethnic Minorities 217
11.3.4 Mixed, Chinese and other Ethnic Minorities 218
11.4 Summary of findings and policy implications 219
12. Summary and conclusions 220
Appendix. Tables 232
References 314
Table 2.1 Distribution of completed durations of programme or benefit spell by ethnicity, 2003 inflow 45
Table 4.1 Subgroups for which reliable results could be calculated 86
Table 5.1 Breakdown of Jobcentre Plus sample by programme/benefit 89
Table 5.2 Breakdown of Jobcentre Plus sample by ethnicity 89
Table 5.3 Selected characteristics of the Jobcentre Plus sample by ethnicity 92
Table 5.4 Jobcentre Plus: parity estimates for all Ethnic Minorities living in Great Britain - comparison of methods 95
Table 5.5 Jobcentre Plus: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 96
Table 5.6 Jobcentre Plus: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 98
Table 5.7 Jobcentre Plus: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 101
Table 5.8 Jobcentre Plus: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 103
Table 5.9 Jobcentre Plus: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 104
Table 5.10 Jobcentre Plus: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 105
Table 5.11 Jobcentre Plus: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 107
Table 5.12 Jobcentre Plus: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 109
Table 6.1 Ethnic breakdown of IB sample 113
Table 6.2 Characteristics of the IB sample by ethnicity 116
Table 6.3 IB: parity estimates for all Ethnic Minorities living in Great Britain - comparison of methods 118
Table 6.4 IB: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 119
Table 6.5 IB: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 121
Table 6.6 IB: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 124
Table 6.7 IB: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 124
Table 6.8 IB: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 126
Table 6.9 IB: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 128
Table 6.10 IB: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 129
Table 6.11 IB: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 129
Table 7.1 Ethnic breakdown of IS sample 132
Table 7.2 Characteristics of the IS sample by ethnicity 135
Table 7.3 IS: parity estimates for all Ethnic Minorities living in Great Britain - comparison of methods 137
Table 7.4 IS: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 138
Table 7.5 IS: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 140
Table 7.6 IS: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 142
Table 7.7 IS: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 143
Table 7.8 IS: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 144
Table 7.9 IS: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 146
Table 7.10 IS: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or Other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 147
Table 7.11 IS: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 148
Table 8.1 Ethnic breakdown of JSA sample 151
Table 8.2 Characteristics of the JSA sample by ethnicity 153
Table 8.3 JSA: parity estimates for all Ethnic Minorities living in Great Britain - comparison of methods 155
Table 8.4 JSA: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 157
Table 8.5 JSA: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 159
Table 8.6 JSA: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 161
Table 8.7 JSA: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 163
Table 8.8 JSA: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 164
Table 8.9 JSA: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 165
Table 8.10 JSA: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 166
Table 8.11 JSA: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 168
Table 9.1 Ethnic breakdown of NDLP sample 171
Table 9.2 Characteristics of NDLP sample by ethnicity 174
Table 9.3 NDLP: parity estimates for all Ethnic Minorities living in Great Britain - comparison of methods 176
Table 9.4 NDLP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 177
Table 9.5 NDLP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 179
Table 9.6 NDLP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 181
Table 9.7 NDLP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 182
Table 9.8 NDLP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 183
Table 9.9 NDLP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 183
Table 9.10 NDLP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 185
Table 9.11 NDLP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 185
Table 10.1 Ethnic breakdown of ND25+ sample 188
Table 10.2 Characteristics of the ND25+ sample by ethnicity 191
Table 10.3 ND25+: parity estimates for all Ethnic Minorities living in Great Britain - comparison of methods 193
Table 10.4 ND25+: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 194
Table 10.5 ND25+: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 196
Table 10.6 ND25+: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 198
Table 10.7 ND25+: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 198
Table 10.8 ND25+: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 200
Table 10.9 ND25+: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 200
Table 10.10 ND25+: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 201
Table 10.11 ND25+: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 201
Table 11.1 Ethnic breakdown of NDYP sample 204
Table 11.2 Characteristics of the NDYP sample by ethnicity 207
Table 11.3 NDYP: parity estimates for all Ethnic Minorities living in Great Britain - comparison of methods 209
Table 11.4 NDYP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 210
Table 11.5 NDYP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for Ethnic Minorities (compared with Whites) 212
Table 11.6 NDYP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 214
Table 11.7 NDYP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Black ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 216
Table 11.8 NDYP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 217
Table 11.9 NDYP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Asian ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 218
Table 11.10 NDYP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 218
Table 11.11 NDYP: reliable estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for individuals of Mixed, Chinese or other ethnic origin (compared with Whites) 219
Table 12.1 Comparison of results across programmes 228
Table 12.2 Comparison of results across programmes, split by sex 229
Table 12.3 Comparison of results across programmes, split by ethnicity 230
Table A.1 Jobcentre Plus overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Any 233
Table A.2 Jobcentre Plus overall parity estimates using different methods for Ethnic Minorities compared to Whites: Males 234
Table A.3 Jobcentre Plus overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Females 235
Table A.4 Jobcentre Plus overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Any 236
Table A.5 Jobcentre Plus overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Males 237
Table A.6 Jobcentre Plus overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Females 238
Table A.7 Jobcentre Plus overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Any 239
Table A.8 Jobcentre Plus overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Males 240
Table A.9 Jobcentre Plus overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Females 241
Table A.10 Jobcentre Plus overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Any 242
Table A.11 Jobcentre Plus overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Males 243
Table A.12 Jobcentre Plus overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Females 244
Table A.13 IB overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Any 245
Table A.14 IB overall parity estimates using different methods for Ethnic Minorities compared to Whites: Males 246
Table A.15 IB overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Females 247
Table A.16 IB overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Any 248
Table A.17 IB overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Males 249
Table A.18 IB overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Females 250
Table A.19 IB overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Any 251
Table A.20 IB overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Males 252
Table A.21 IB overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Females 253
Table A.22 IB overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Any 254
Table A.23 IB overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Males 255
Table A.24 IB overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Females 256
Table A.25 IS overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Any 257
Table A.26 IS overall parity estimates using different methods for Ethnic Minorities compared to Whites: Males 258
Table A.27 IS overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Females 259
Table A.28 IS overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Any 260
Table A.29 IS overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Males 261
Table A.30 IS overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Females 262
Table A.31 IS overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Any 263
Table A.32 IS overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Males 264
Table A.33 IS overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Females 265
Table A.34 IS overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Any 266
Table A.35 IS overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Males 267
Table A.36 IS overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Females 268
Table A.37 JSA overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Any 269
Table A.38 JSA overall parity estimates using different methods for Ethnic Minorities compared to Whites: Males 270
Table A.39 JSA overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Females 271
Table A.40 JSA overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Any 272
Table A.41 JSA overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Males 273
Table A.42 JSA overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Females 274
Table A.43 JSA overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Any 275
Table A.44 JSA overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Males 276
Table A.45 JSA overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Females 277
Table A.46 JSA overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Any 278
Table A.47 JSA overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Males 279
Table A.48 JSA overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Females 280
Table A.49 NDLP overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Any 281
Table A.50 NDLP overall parity estimates using different methods for Ethnic Minorities compared to Whites: Males 282
Table A.51 NDLP overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Females 283
Table A.52 NDLP overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Any 284
Table A.53 NDLP overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Females 285
Table A.54 NDLP overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Any 286
Table A.55 NDLP overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Females 287
Table A.56 NDLP overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Any 288
Table A.57 NDLP overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Females 289
Table A.58 ND25+ overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Any 290
Table A.59 ND25+ overall parity estimates using different methods for Ethnic Minorities compared to Whites: Males 291
Table A.60 ND25+ overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Females 292
Table A.61 ND25+ overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Any 293
Table A.62 ND25+ overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Males 294
Table A.63 ND25+ overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Females 295
Table A.64 ND25+ overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Any 296
Table A.65 ND25+ overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Males 297
Table A.66 ND25+ overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Females 298
Table A.67 ND25+ overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Any 299
Table A.68 ND25+ overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Males 300
Table A.69 ND25+ overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Females 301
Table A.70 NDYP overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Any 302
Table A.71 NDYP overall parity estimates using different methods for Ethnic Minorities compared to Whites: Males 303
Table A.72 NDYP overall parity estimates using different methods for all Ethnic Minorities: Females 304
Table A.73 NDYP overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Any 305
Table A.74 NDYP overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Males 306
Table A.75 NDYP overall parity estimates using different methods for Black Ethnic Minorities: Females 307
Table A.76 NDYP overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Any 308
Table A.77 NDYP overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Males 309
Table A.78 NDYP overall parity estimates using different methods for Asian Ethnic Minorities: Females 310
Table A.79 NDYP overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Any 311
Table A.80 NDYP overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Males 312
Table A.81 NDYP overall parity estimates using different methods for other Ethnic Minorities: Females 313
Figure 2.1 Outline of the approach 46
Figure 2.2 Individual A enters the programme in 2003 47
Figure 5.1 Labour market status over time for unmatched Jobcentre Plus sample 90
Figure 5.2 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Jobcentre Plus customers living in Greater Manchester Central 97
Figure 5.3 Estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for Jobcentre Plus customers living in the City and East London District 100
Figure 5.4 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Black Jobcentre Plus customers living in Leicester 102
Figure 5.5 Estimate of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for other Asian Jobcentre Plus customers living in South London 106
Figure 6.1 Labour market status over time for unmatched IB sample 114
Figure 6.2 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for IB claimants in Great Britain 120
Figure 6.3 Estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for IB claimants in Great Britain 122
Figure 6.4 Estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for IB claimants living in Brent, Harrow and Hillingdon 123
Figure 6.5 Estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for Black African IB claimants 125
Figure 6.6 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Pakistani and Bangladeshi male IB claimants 127
Figure 7.1 Labour market status over time for unmatched IS sample 133
Figure 7.2 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for IS claimants living in Great Britain excluding the six cities with the highest Ethnic Minority populations 139
Figure 7.3 Estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for IS claimants, by gender 141
Figure 7.4 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Asian IS claimants 145
Figure 7.5 Estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for Asian IS claimants 147
Figure 8.1 Labour market status over time for the unmatched JSA sample 152
Figure 8.2 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for JSA claimants living in Northumbria 158
Figure 8.3 Estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for male JSA claimants living in Nottinghamshire 160
Figure 8.4 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Black African male JSA claimants living in Manchester 162
Figure 9.1 Labour market status over time for unmatched NDLP sample 172
Figure 9.2 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for NDLP participants living in the 272 disadvantaged group wards 178
Figure 9.3 Duration analysis of benefit receipt for NDLP participants living in Manchester 180
Figure 9.4 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Asian NDLP participants 184
Figure 10.1 Labour market status over time for unmatched ND25+ sample 189
Figure 10.2 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for female ND25+ participants 195
Figure 10.3 Estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for ND25+ participants living in Great Britain excluding the six cities with the highest Ethnic Minority populations 197
Figure 10.4 Estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for other Black male ND25+ participants 199
Figure 11.1 Labour market status over time for unmatched NDYP sample 205
Figure 11.2 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for NDYP participants living in Leicestershire 211
Figure 11.3 Estimates of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for NDYP participants living in Greater Manchester Central 213
Figure 11.4 Estimates of ethnic parity in employment outcomes for Black Caribbean male NDYP participants living in the 272 disadvantaged group wards 215
Figure 11.5 Estimate of ethnic parity in benefit receipt for Black NDYP participants living in Great Britain excluding the six cities with the highest Ethnic Minority populations 217