Title
Contents
Acknowledgements 11
The Authors 12
Glossary 13
Summary 15
1. Introduction 21
1.1 Background 21
1.2 The structure of the report 22
2. Customers' characteristics and health 25
2.1 Chapter summary 25
2.2 Health and disability 26
2.3 Demographic characteristics 32
2.4 Qualifications and basic skills problems 35
2.5 Previous work history 37
3. Contact with Jobcentre Plus 39
3.1 Chapter summary 39
3.2 Attendance at Work Focused Interviews 40
3.2.1 Extent of attendance 40
3.2.2 Characteristics of those attending 42
3.2.3 WFI attendance and health 43
3.2.4 Work status at time of survey interview and WFI attendance 44
3.3 Discussions between customers and IBPAs during WFIs 45
3.4 Financial incentives: RTWC and ADF 46
3.5 Views on the provision of work-related assistance from GPs 50
3.6 Customers' assessments of WFIs 52
3.6.1 Assessment of WFIs and elements of Pathways 53
3.6.2 Customer assessments by health condition and demographics 58
3.6.3 Customers' assessment and work outcomes 59
4. The 'Choices' package ofservices 61
4.1 Chapter summary 61
4.2 The Choices package 62
4.3 Take-up of Choices services 63
4.3.1 The role of WFI attendance and referral in take up of Choices 65
4.3.2 Take up and customer characteristics 67
4.3.3 Take up and customer health characteristics 70
4.3.4 Underlying associations with take up - multivariate analysis 71
4.4 The nature of services provided 72
4.4.1 Number and length of Choices element sessions 72
4.4.2 Expectations and services delivered: NDDP 73
4.4.3 Expectations and services delivered: CMP 75
4.5 Customers' assessment of the usefulness of Choices elements 78
4.5.1 Customers' assessment of NDDP 78
4.5.2 Customers' assessment of CMP 80
5. Work outcomes 83
5.1 Chapter summary 83
5.2 Paid work outcomes 84
5.3 The nature of work found 86
5.4 Non sustained work outcomes 89
5.5 The nature of intermediate outcomes 91
5.5.1 Activities of those not in paid work 91
5.5.2 Customers' job searching efforts 92
5.6 Explaining outcomes 93
5.6.1 Bridges to work 93
5.6.2 WFI attendance 94
5.6.3 Participation in Choices 97
5.6.4 Demographic characteristics and work outcomes 99
5.7 Barriers to work 106
5.8 The role of attitudes 108
5.9 Underlying factors in work outcomes 110
6. Partners of Pathways to Work customers 111
6.1 Chapter Summary 111
6.2 The influence of partners' health and work status 112
6.2.1 Partners' health 112
6.2.2 Partners' work status 113
6.3 Direct assistance to customers 115
6.4 Participation in Pathways to Work 116
6.4.1 Customers' attendance at WFIs 116
6.4.2 Customers' participation in Choices 116
6.5 Partners attitudes to customers' work status 117
7. The experiences of different age groups 119
7.1 Chapter summary 119
7.2 The age groups of Pathways to Work customers 120
7.3 Demographics and other characteristics 120
7.4 The health situation of customers by age group 123
7.5 Contact with the Jobcentre Plus 125
7.6 Take-up of Choices elements and financial incentives by age group 128
7.7 Work outcomes by age group 128
8. The experience of customers with mental health conditions 131
8.1 Chapter summary 131
8.2 Demographics and other characteristics 132
8.3 The health situation of customers with MHCs compared to those with other health conditions 135
8.4 Contact with the Jobcentre Plus by mental health status 138
8.5 Take-up of Choices elements and financial incentives by mental health status 140
8.6 Work outcomes by mental health status 140
9. Conclusion 143
9.1 Greater barriers in expansion areas: health conditions and deprivation 143
9.2 Customers' experiences of the Pathways to Work programme 144
9.3 Work outcomes 145
Appendix A. Technical notes 147
References 157
Table 2.1 Customers' health at time of survey interview 27
Table 2.2 Types of health conditions and disabilities 32
Table 2.3 Age, gender, tenure and household characteristics 33
Table 2.4 Ethnicity of expansion areas customers 34
Table 2.5 Jobcentre Plus District of expansion areas customers 34
Table 2.6 Relative deprivation of area of customers' residence 35
Table 2.7 Basic skills difficulties among expansion areas customers 36
Table 2.8 Qualifications among expansion areas customers 37
Table 2.9 Expansion areas customers' work history since the age of 18 38
Table 3.1 WFIs and customers' demographic characteristics 43
Table 3.2 Customers' health and WFI attendance 44
Table 3.3 Customers' work status at time of survey interview and WFI attendance 45
Table 3.4 What was discussed in WFIs 46
Table 3.5 Percentage of customers who received the RTWC 48
Table 3.6 Percentage of customers who received the ADF 49
Table 3.7 Interest in work-related advice from GPs by health and work outcomes 51
Table 3.8 Assessment of WFIs and elements of the Pathways programme 55
Table 3.9 Customers' assessment divided by Adviser Discretionary Fund, Return to Work Credit and Choices services participation 57
Table 3.10 Customers' assessment by health trajectory and age 59
Table 3.11 Customers' assessment and work outcomes 60
Table 4.1 Customers take-up of Choices services 63
Table 4.2 Number of Choices services customers participated in 64
Table 4.3 Time gap between date of claim and participation in Choices services 64
Table 4.4 Number of WFIs attended and take-up of Choices services 65
Table 4.5 Who customers discussed take-up of Choices services with 66
Table 4.6 Take-up of Choices services and customers' demographic characteristics 68
Table 4.7 Take-up of Choices services and health characteristics 70
Table 4.8 Number of sessions and length of a typical session 73
Table 4.9 Expectations of NDDP before attendance 74
Table 4.10 Help received by the NDDP Job Broker 74
Table 4.11 Customers' discussions with their NDDP Job Broker 75
Table 4.12 Expectations of CMP before attendance 76
Table 4.13 Services received as part of CMP 76
Table 4.14 Type of sessions attended as part of CMP 77
Table 4.15 Format of sessions attended as part of CMP 77
Table 4.16 Customers' assessment of usefulness of Choices services 78
Table 4.17 Customers' assessment of NDDP and elements of the programme 79
Table 4.18 Customers' assessment of NDDP and their health indicators 80
Table 4.19 Customers' assessment of CMP and elements of the programme 81
Table 4.20 Customers' assessment of CMP and their health indicators 82
Table 5.1 Work outcomes at the time of the survey interview 85
Table 5.2 Weekly number of hours worked 86
Table 5.3 Extent to which work made use of previous skills and experiences 86
Table 5.4 Socio-economic classification of current or recent work (NS-SEC) 87
Table 5.5 Take home pay of customers in paid employment 88
Table 5.6 Whether customers returned to employment with a previous employer 88
Table 5.7 Any work since Pathways start 89
Table 5.8 How the job ended 90
Table 5.9 Reasons for job ending 91
Table 5.10 Main activity of those not in paid work 92
Table 5.11 Number of jobs applied for by customers who actively looked for work in the past three months 93
Table 5.12 Changes that enabled customers to move into work 94
Table 5.13 Work outcomes and attendance of WFIs 95
Table 5.14 Work outcomes and participation in Choices services 98
Table 5.15 Sources of help and advice when applying for last job 99
Table 5.16 Work outcomes and demographic characteristics 100
Table 5.17 Work outcomes, tenure and Jobcentre District and deprivation 103
Table 5.18 Work outcomes and health indicators 104
Table 5.19 Work outcomes and qualifications 105
Table 5.20 Barriers to work 107
Table 5.21 Barriers to staying in work 108
Table 5.22 Attitudes to work and work outcomes 109
Table 6.1 Partners' self-assessed current health 113
Table 6.2 Partners' self-assessed health by customers' self-assessed health 113
Table 6.3 Partners' work status 114
Table 6.4 Customers' work status by partners' work status at the time of the survey interview 114
Table 6.5 Work related assistance from partners, by customers' paid work status 115
Table 6.6 Customers' WFI attendance by partners' work status 116
Table 6.7 Customers' take up of Choices services by partners' work status 117
Table 6.8 Partner attitudes to customers' work status, by limitation on everyday activities of customers' health condition 118
Table 7.1 The age groups of customers 120
Table 7.2 Demographics and other characteristics, by age groups 122
Table 7.3 Customers' health, by age groups 124
Table 7.4 Number of WFIs attended by age groups 125
Table 7.5 Health trajectories and WFI attendance, by age groups 126
Table 7.6 Take-up of Choices services by age groups 128
Table 7.7 Work outcomes by age group 129
Table 8.1 Demographic and area characteristics by mental health status 134
Table 8.2 Customers' health by mental health status 136
Table 8.3 Number of WFIs attended by mental health status 138
Table 8.4 Take-up of Choices services by mental health status 140
Table 8.5 Work outcomes by mental health status 141
Table A.1 Response to the survey 156
Figure 2.1 Limitations on everyday activities due to health condition (all customers) 28
Figure 2.2 The trajectory of general health from start on Pathways to Work 30
Figure 2.3 Duration of main health condition or disability 31
Figure 3.1 Number of WFIs attended (or meetings with IBPAs) 41
Figure 3.2 Percentage of customers who received RTWC 47
Figure 3.3 Customers' assessments of whether they would like advice from their GP 50
Figure 3.4 Customers' assessment of how well their IBPA listened 52
Figure 3.5 Customers' assessment of how WFIs helped in thinking about paid work 53
Figure 5.1 Work outcomes and number of WFIs attended 96
Figure 5.2 Work outcomes and usefulness of WFIs to make customers think about paid work 97
Figure 5.3 Work outcomes and participation in Choices 98
Figure 5.4 Work outcomes and age groups 101
Figure 7.1 Customers' assessments of WFIs by age groups 127
Figure 8.1 The duration of health condition by mental health status 137
Figure 8.2 Customers' assessment of IBPA by mental health status 139
Figure A.1 Timing of interviews - expansion customers 154
Figure A.2 Timing of interviews - pilot area customers 155