영문목차
List of Diagrams and Figures=xix
Table of Cases=xxi
Series Editor's Preface=xxxi
Acknowledgments=xxxiii
Introduction : Constitutional Litigation and Analysis=3
A. Overview=3
B. What Is Constitutional Law?=4
1. The Constitution=4
2. Constitutional Actors=5
3. The Power to Interpret the Constitution=7
Exercise : Constitutional Law=8
C. Constitutional Cases=8
1. The Requirement of Governmental Action=8
Exercise : State Action=9
2. Eight Patterns of Constitutional Cases=9
a. Patterns 1 through 4 : Constitutional Right Asserted as Litigation Defense=10
b. Patterns 5 through 8 : Constitutional Right as Basis for Claim=10
Exercises : Patterns of Constitutional Cases=12
D. Litigation Procedure in Constitutional Cases=12
1. In General=12
2. The Court System=13
3. Initiating the Constitutional Case=15
4. Appeals=17
5. Reaching the Supreme Court=18
6. A Note on Party Designations and Case Captions=22
Exercise : Party Designations and Case Captions=23
7. Proceedings on Remand=23
8. Remedies and the Impact of Unconstitutionality Rulings=24
Exercise : Remedies=27
E. Reading Supreme Court Opinions : Form and Format=27
1. Un-Edited or Original Print Supreme Court Opinions=27
2. Case Citations and Case Envelopes=29
3. Edited Supreme Court Opinions in This Book=30
F. Reading Supreme Court Opinions : Substance=31
1. Level 1 : Holdings=32
2. Level 2 : Reasoning/Argument=32
3. Level 3 : Broad Themes=33
4. Level 4 : Between the Lines Decision Factors=33
G. Level 3 Broad Themes=35
1. Deference=35
2. Democracy=36
3. Neutral Principles=37
4. The Nature of Rules : Balancing Tests, Bright Lines, Slippery Slopes=37
Exercise : Rule Structures=39
5. Modes of Constitutional Argument=39
Exercise : Modes of Constitutional Argument=42
H. Precedent and Stare Decisis=42
I. The Role of Statutes in Constitutional Cases=44
1. Reading Statutes=44
2. Facial versus As-Applied Challenges=45
3. The Doctrine of Constitutional Avoidance=45
Exercises=46
Part One : Legislative Power and Federalism=47
A. Overview=47
B. The Concept of Enumerated Powers=48
Case Note : National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius=48
Chapter 1. Legislative Power=51
A. Overview : The Affordable Care Act Case=51
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius=51
B. Foundational Doctrine=54
McCulloch v. Maryland=56
Exercise : Necessary and Proper Clause=67
C. The Commerce Clause=67
1. Doctrinal Origins=68
Gibbons v. Ogden=69
Note : Daniel Webster's Argument for Gibbons=73
2. The Lochner Era : 1880s to 1937=74
Hammer v. Dagenhart=75
A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States=79
Carter v. Carter Coal Co.=81
Exercises : The Lochner Era=85
3. The New Deal Turnaround and the Reaction to the Lochner Era : 1937 to 1995=86
National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.=87
United States v. Darby Lumber Co.=90
Wickard v. Filburrz=93
Exercises : The New Deal Turnaround=96
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States=97
Case Note : Katzenbach v. McClung=100
4. The Modern Era : The Commerce Clause Since 1995=101
United States v. Lopez=102
Exercises : Lopez=109
United States v. Morrison=110
Exercises : Lopez and Morrison=116
Exercise : The ACA Case=116
Gonzales v. Raich=118
Exercise : The ACA Case(continued)=131
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius=132
D. The Tenth Amendment=148
1. The Unsteady Path : Tenth Amendment Doctrine from the New Deal to 1992=148
National League of Cities v. Usery=149
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority=152
2. The Tenth Amendment Anti-Commandeering Doctrine, 1992-Present=157
New York v. United States=158
Printz v. United States=165
Exercise : Printz v. United States=172
Reno v. Condon=173
Note : "Cooperative Federalism"=175
Bond v. United States=176
Recap : Tenth Amendment=179
Exercise : Commandeering=180
E. The Taxing and Spending Powers=180
1. The Taxing Power=181
United States v. Doremus=182
Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.=184
United States v. Kahriger=187
Exercises : The Taxing Power=192
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius=193
Recap : The Taxing Power=199
2. The Spending Power=200
United States v. Butler=201
South Dakota v. Dole=207
Exercise : The ACA Case and the Spending Power=212
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius=213
F. The Civil War Amendments=224
1. Foundational Doctrine=225
Katzenbach v. Morgan=226
a. The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment=230
b. The Incorporation Doctrine=230
City of Boerne v. Flores=231
United States v. Morrison=237
Recap=240
2. The Enforcement Clauses and the Eleventh Amendment=240
Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer=241
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida=243
Exercise : The Enforcement Provisions and the Eleventh Amendment=248
Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents=250
Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs=253
G. The Modern Necessary and Proper Clause=257
Case Note : United States v. Comstock=257
H. The Treaty Power=258
Missouri v. Holland=258
Professional Development Reflection Questions=260
Chapter 2. Limitations on State Powers=263
A. Overview=263
B. The Dormant Commerce Clause=263
1. Foundational Doctrine=265
H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc. v. Du Mond=265
2. Facially Discriminatory Laws=268
City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey=269
C&A Carbone v. Town of Clarkstown=270
3. Facially Neutral Laws=273
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission=273
Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery=276
4. Analysis if Discriminatory=278
Dean Milk v. City of Madison=279
Maine v. Taylor=281
5. Analysis if Not Discriminatory=284
Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines=284
Exercises : Applying the Dormant Commerce Clause=286
6. Exceptions=286
Reeves v. Stake=286
South-Central Timber Development v. Wunnicke=291
C. The Privileges and Immunities Clause=297
Hicklin v. Orbeck=298
United Building and Construction Trades Council v. City of Camden=301
Exercise : Privileges and Immunities Clause=305
D. Preemption=306
Geier v. American Honda Motor Co.=309
Part Two : Separation of Powers=317
Chapter 3. Executive Power=319
A. Overview=319
B. Foundational Doctrine=320
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer=321
C. War and National Security=333
1. Executive Powers over the Conduct of Hostilities=335
President Lincoln's Proclamation of Blockade=336
The Prize Cases=338
President Johnson's Message to Congress=346
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution=347
Statement by the President on the Passage of the Joint Resolution on Southeast Asia=347
Massachusetts v. Laird=348
War Powers Resolution=352
President Nixon's Veto of War Powers Resolution=355
Certification of Congress Regarding Override of the War Powers Resolution Veto=358
Recap : The War Powers Resolution=359
Campbell v. Clintion=360
Recap : War Powers=370
2. Suspension of Habeas Corpus=371
a. The Civil War=372
An Act Relating to Habeas Corpus, and Regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases=372
Lincoln's Proclamation Suspending Habeas Corpus throughout the United States, September 15, 1863=374
Ex Parte Milligan=375
b. World War II=380
Korematsu v. United States=381
Ex Parte Quirin=385
Johnson v. Eisentrager=392
Case Note : Reid v. Covert=397
c. The War on Terrorism=399
Authorization for Use of Military Force=400
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld=401
Boumediene v. Bush=415
D. Foreign Affairs=429
United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.=430
Case Note : Dames & Moore v. Regan=433
Exercise : Foreign Affairs=434
E. Executive Privileges and Immunities=435
United States v. Nixon=436
Nixon v. Fitzgerald=441
Clinton v. Jones=446
F. The Veto Power=452
Exercise : The Veto Power=454
G. Executive Orders and Presidential Direct Action=455
1. Types of Presidential Direct Action=455
a. Executive Orders and Proclamations=455
b. Other Presidential Direct Action Devices=457
2. Legal and Constitutional Status=458
H. Appointment and Removal of Executive Officers=459
1. Appointment=460
Buckley v. Valeo=461
2. Removal=466
Myers v. United States=466
Humphrey's Executor v. United States=470
Case Note : Weiner v. United States=472
Case Note : Bowsher v. Synar=473
3. Synthesis : Appointment and Removal Powers=475
Morrison v. Olson=475
Case Note : Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting and Oversight Board=486
Recap : Appointment and Removal Powers=487
I. The Take Care Clause=488
1. The Duty to Adhere to Supreme Court Constitutional Interpretations=489
President Andrew Jackson's Message in Support of His Veto of the Re-Charter of the Bank of the United States=489
Lincoln v. Douglas on Judicial Supremacy : The 1858 Illinois Senate Race=493
2. Faithful Execution : Does the President Have Power to Decline to Enforce Laws He Deems Unconstitutional?=499
Opinion of the Office of Legal Counsel : Presidential Authority to Decline to Execute Unconstitutional Statutes=500
3. Judicial Review of Executive Discretion=503
Case Note : United States v. Armstrong=503
Case Note : Dalton v. Specter=505
Case Note : Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency=506
Exercise : The Take Care Clause and Related Matters=507
Professional Development Reflection Questions=507
Chapter 4. Other Separation-of-Powers Issues=509
A. Overview=509
B. Integrity of the Legislative Process=510
Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha=510
Exercise : Legislative Veto and War Powers=520
Clinton v. City of New York=521
Recap : Chadha and Clinton v. New York=529
Exercise : Chadha and Clinton v. New York=529
C. The Administrative State=530
1. Administrative Lawmaking Power : The Nondelegation Doctrine=531
2. Non-Article III Adjudicatory Power=532
Case Note : The Bankruptcy Court Cases=533
3. Synthesis : Delegation of Legislative and Judicial Power=535
Mistretta v. United States=536
Exercises : Other Separation-of-Powers Questions=553
D. Impeachment=554
Articles of Impeachment[of Richard Nixon]=556
Resolution Impeaching William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States, for High Crimes and Misdemeanors=557
Exercise : Impeachment=558
Part Three : Judicial Power=559
Chapter 5. Judicial Review=561
A. Overview=561
B. Historical Antecedents=562
1. The Political Revolution of 1800 and Marbury v. Madison=562
2. Judiciary Act of 1789=565
The Judiciary Act of 1789=565
Marbury v. Madison=567
Stuart v. Laird=574
C. Judicial Review and Judicial Supremacy=576
Scott v. Sandford=577
Exercise : Judicial Review and Constitutional Interpretation=585
Cooper v. Aaron=585
D. Supreme Court Review of State Court Opinions=591
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee=592
Michigan v. Long=599
Exercises : Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions=603
E. Judicial Review in Practice=603
F. The Exceptions Clause=605
Ex parte McCardle=606
United States v. Klein=607
Exercises : The Exceptions Clause=610
Recap : Judicial Review=610
Professional Development Reflection Questions=611
Chapter 6. Justiciability=613
A. Overview=613
B. Foundational Doctrine=613
C. Standing=615
1. Basic Doctrine=615
Allen v. Wright=615
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife=618
2. Organizational and Representational Standing=630
Raines v. Byrd=630
D. Advisory Opinions=636
E. Ripeness=637
F. Mootness=638
G. Political Question=638
Powell v. McCormack=640
Walter L. Nixon v. United States=646
Recap : Political Question Doctrine=654
Exercises : Justiciability=655
Professional Development Reflection Questions=656
Part Four : Due Process, Fundamental Rights, and Equal Protection=657
Chapter 7. Substantive Due Process=661
A. Overview=661
B. Foundational Doctrine=664
1. The Privileges or Immunities Clause=664
Barron v. Baltimore=665
The Slaughterhouse Cases=666
2. Incorporation and Due Process=676
Twining v. New Jersey=677
Brown v. Mississippi=682
Professional Development Reflection Question=685
Case Note : Gitlow v. New York(1925)=685
3. Selective or Total Incorporation?=686
Palko v. Connecticut=686
Adamson v. California=688
Rochin v. California=690
C. Fundamental Rights and Economic Regulation=692
Lochner v. New York=694
Meyer v. Nebraska=701
Pierce v. Society of Sisters=703
Recap : Early Fundamental Rights Doctrine=705
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish=706
United States v. Carolene Products Co.=709
Ferguson v. Skrupa=711
Exercise : Substantive Due Process and Economic Regulation=712
D. Fundamental Rights and Personal Liberties=713
Justice Harlan : Poe v. Ullman=714
Justice Scalia : Michael H. v. Gerald D.=716
Justice Kennedy : Lawrence v. Texas=718
Griswold v. Connecticut=719
Roe v. Wade=727
Planned Parenthood v. Casey=736
Professional Development Reflection Question=747
Case Note : Gonzales v. Carhart=748
Washington v. Glucksberg=748
Lawrence v. Texas=757
Case Note : Loving v. Virginia=762
Exercise : Due Process and Marriage Equality=763
Recap : Fundamental Rights and Personal Liberties=763
McDonald v. City of Chicago=764
Chapter 8. Equal Protection=769
A. Overview=769
B. Foundational Doctrine=773
1. Rational Basis Review=773
Railway Express Agency v. New York=774
Case Note : Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma=776
Central State University v. American Association of University Professors=778
2. The Fourteenth Amendment's State Action Requirement=780
The Civil Rights Cases=781
Exercise : The State Action Doctrine=789
Case Note : The "White Primary" Cases=789
3. Competing Concepts of Equality : Plessy, Brown, and Korematsu=791
Plessy v. Ferguson=792
Brown v. Board of Education=797
Note : The Rehnquist Memo on Brown=802
Korematsu v. United States=804
Recap : Concepts of Equality=809
C. Strict Scrutiny and Race Discrimination=810
1. The Intentional Discrimination Requirement=811
Yick Wo v. Hopkins=811
Palmer v. Thompson=816
Exercise : Discriminatory Purpose=821
Washinton v. Davis=822
2. Affirmative Action=825
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke=826
City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co.=838
Grutter v. Bollinger=846
Case Note : Gratz v. Bollinger=856
Recap : Affirmative Action=858
3. School Integration=858
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District=859
Exercise : School Integration=878
D. Sex Discrimination=878
Bradwell v. Illinois=879
Reed v. Reed=881
Frontiero v. Richardson=883
Craig v. Boren=886
Professional Development Reflection Question=890
United States v. Virginia=891
E. Not-Quite-Suspect Classifications=904
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center=905
Romer v. Evans=911
Lawrence v. Texas=920
Recap : Not-Quite-Suspect Classifications=922
Exercise : Equal Protection=923
F. Equal Protection and Fundamental Rights=924
Harper v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections=925
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez=928
Part Five : The First Amendment=935
Chapter 9. Freedom of Speech=937
A. Overview=937
B. Foundational Doctrine=939
1. Basic Principles=939
2. Vagueness and Overbreadth=940
a. Vagueness=941
b. Overbreadth=942
c. Vagueness and Overbreadth Compared=943
C. Content-Based and Content-Neutral Regulation=944
1. Content-Neutral Regulation of Expressive Conduct=946
United States v. O'Brien=947
Clark v. Community for Creative Non- Violence=951
Texas v. Johnson=957
2. Time, Place, or Manner Regulations=964
Frisby v. Schultz=965
City of Ladue v. Gilleo=970
Recap : Content-Based and Content-Neutral Laws=972
3. Viewpoint Discrimination=974
Exercise : Content-Based and Content-Neutral Laws=975
D. Unprotected Speech=975
1. Incitement=976
Brandenburg v. Ohio=978
Exercise : Incitement=982
2. Fighting Words and Offensive Speech=982
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire=983
Cohen v. California=985
Case Note : Offensive Speech-Boos v. Barry and Hustler Magazine v. Falwell=988
Recap : Fighting Words=990
Exercise : Fighting Words=990
3. Hate Speech=990
R.A.V v. St. Paul=991
Exercise : R.A.V.=1003
4. Obscenity and Indecency=1003
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union=1005
E. Free Speech Doctrine in Special Contexts=1017
1. Campaign Finance=1017
Buckley v. Valeo=1018
2. Government Employment=1031
Garcetti v. Ceballos=1032
3. Public Schools=1037
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier=1039
4. Commercial Speech=1045
Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Counsel=1045
F. Speech-Related Rights=1051
1. Freedom of Association=1051
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson=1052
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston=1056
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale=1061
Recap : Hurley and Dale=1070
Exercise : Freedom of Association=1070
2. Press and Petition=1071
Chapter 10. Religious Freedom=1073
A. Overview=1073
B. Establishment Clause=1073
1. Foundational Doctrine : State Support for Religious Institutions=1074
Everson v. Board of Education=1074
Lemon v. Kurtzman=1080
2. School Prayer=1088
Engel v. Vitale=1089
Lee v. Weisman=1091
3. Ten Commandments Displays=1098
McCreary County, Kentucky v. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky=1098
Exercise : Establishment Clause=1106
C. The Free Exercise Clause=1106
Sherbert v. Verner=1107
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith=1112
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah=1120
Appendix The Constitution of the United States of America=1127
Index=1143
Introduction
Figure 1. Ladder of Law=6
Figure 2. Constitutional Law Categories=6
Figure 3. Hierarchy of Court Systems of the United States=13
Figure 4. Holding of United States v. Lopez=32
Part One
Figure I.1. Enumerated Powers : Article I, Sec. 8(selections)=50
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1. Second Bank of the United States Building, Philadelphia.=66
Figure 1.2. Commerce Power v. "General Police Power"=79
Figure 1.3. The Transformation of the Supreme Court under FDR=96
Figure 1.4. Hitting the Bullseye=256
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1. Minnesota=276
Figure 2.2. Preemption Doctrine=307
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1. Votes by Justice and Issue Area to Declare Federal Laws Unconstitutional : 1994-2004 Term=604
Figure 5.2. Votes by Justice and Issue Area to Declare State Laws Unconstitutional : 1994-2004 Term=605
Part Four
Figure IV.1. Rights Roadmap=658
Figure IV.2. Levels of Scrutiny=659
Figure IV.3. Levels of Deference=660
Part Five
Figure 9.1. Freedom of Speech Analytical Flow Chart=936