영문목차
PREFACE=iii
TABLE OF CASES=xxix
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL PROCEDURE AND PRACTICE=1
Section A. The Role of Civil Actions in the Administration of Justice=1
1. The Relationship Between Civil, Criminal, and Administrative Actions=1
2. Limits of Civil Actions in Resolving Disputes=6
Section B. The Substance-Procedure Distinction=6
Section C. The Adversary System=9
1. The Adversary Process=9
2. Procedural Constraints=10
3. Ethical Constraints=10
4. Litigation Costs=12
(a) Allocating the Direct Costs of Litigation=12
(b) "Error" Costs=14
Section D. The Historical Evolution of Civil Procedure=14
1. Origins of the Common-Law Courts=15
2. Issuance of Writs by the Chancellor=15
3. The Initial Development of the Forms of Action=15
(a) Real Actions=16
(b) Ex Contractu Personal Actions=16
(c) Ex Delicto Personal Actions=17
(i) Trespass=17
(ii) Replevin=18
4. Subsequent Development of the Forms of Action=19
(a) Trespass on the Case=20
(b) Assumpsit=21
(c) Trover=22
(d) Ejectment=23
5. Modes of Trial Under the Writ System=24
6. Development of Equity Jurisdiction=25
7. Equitable Relief=29
8. Colonial Procedure and Procedure After Independence=29
9. The Field Code and Reform of Procedure in the States=31
10. Early Procedure in the Federal Courts=32
11. Promulgation of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure=33
12. Amendments to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure=34
13. "Restyling" of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure=35
14. Influence of the Federal Rules on State Court Procedure=37
Section E. Alternative Dispute Resolution=37
1. Negotiation=38
2. Mediation=38
3. Arbitration=38
4. Summary Jury Trial=39
5. Early Neutral Evaluation=40
6. Mini-Trial and Other Hybrid Processes=40
CHAPTER 2. SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION=41
Section A. General Principles of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction=41
1. The Mandatory Nature of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction=41
2. The "No-Waiver, No-Consent" Rule=44
3. "General" vs. "Limited" Jurisdiction=46
4. Presumptions in Favor of and Against Jurisdiction=48
5. "Concurrent" vs. "Exclusive" Jurisdiction=50
6. Transfer to Cure Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Deficiencies=51
7. Order in Which Courts Consider Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Objections When Other Objections Are Raised at the Same Time=53
Section B. Federal Question Jurisdiction=55
1. The Constitutional Scope of Federal Question Jurisdiction=56
2. The Scope of the Statutory Grant of Federal Question Jurisdiction=58
(a) The Categories of Cases That Arise Under Federal Law Within the Meaning of 28 U.S.C. §1331=59
(b) The "Well-Pleaded Complaint" Rule=70
(c) Determining Federal Question Jurisdiction in Declaratory Judgment Actions=75
Section C. Civil Actions to Which the United States Is a Party=83
Section D. Diversity and Alienage Jurisdiction=83
1. Complete Diversity Requirement=84
2. Determination of State Citizenship=85
3. Citizenship of Corporations and Associations=89
4. Alienage Jurisdiction=92
5. Mutiparty, Multiforum Trial Jurisdiction Act of 2002=97
6. The Class Action Fairness Act=99
7. The Amount-in-Controversy Requirement=99
(a) Single Plaintiff with a Single Claim or Multiple Claims Against a Single Defendant=100
(b) Aggregation of Claims with Multiple Parties : The "Common and Undivided Interest" Test=107
(c) The Effect of Counterclaims on the Amount in Controversy=113
8. Creating and Destroying Diversity of Citizenship=114
9. Judicial Exceptions to Federal Diversity Jurisdiction=118
10. Correcting Defects in Diversity Jurisdiction and Adjudicating Disputes Over Diversity Jurisdiction=121
Section E. Supplemental Jurisdiction=123
1. The General Nature of Pendent and Ancillary Jurisdiction=123
2. The Constitutional Basis of Pendent and Ancillary Jurisdiction=125
3. The Statutory Basis of Pendent and Ancillary Jurisdiction=128
4. The Codification of Pendent and Ancillary Jurisdiction=131
5. The Scope of Supplemental Jurisdiction : Section 1367(a)=133
(a) The Language of the Statute : "Claim-Specific" or "Action-Specific"=133
(b) The Interpretation of the Statute : "Claim-Specific" or "Action-Specific" or Both?=136
(c) Same Article III Case or Controversy=145
(d) "Ancillary" or "Supplemental" Jurisdiction Independent of §1367(a)=149
6. Exceptions to the Scope of Supplemental Jurisdiction in Diversity Cases : Section 1367(b)=150
7. The Discretion to Decline Supplemental Jurisdiction : Section 1367(c)=153
8. Tolling of Limitations for Dismissed Claims : Section 1367(d)=159
Section F. Removal Jurisdiction=164
1. General Rule of Removal Jurisdiction : Section 1441(a)=164
2. Exception to the General Rule of Removal Jurisdiction in Diversity Cases : Section 1441(b)(2)=171
3. Removal of Separate and Independent Claims : Section 1441(c)=173
(a) The History of Section 1441(c)=174
(b) The Meaning of "Separate and Independent"=176
(c) The Relationship Between Supplemental Jurisdiction and Separate and Independent Claim Removal=182
(d) Remand Under Section 1441(c)=183
(e) The 2011 Amendments to §1441(c)=185
4. Removal Procedure=188
5. Remand of Removed Cases=195
CHAPTER 3. PERSONAL JURISDICTION AND SERVICE OF PROCESS=203
Section A. Development of Territorial Rules of Personal Jurisdiction=204
1. Personal Jurisdiction Restrictions Prior to the Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment=204
(a) The Forms of Action in Suits on Foreign Judgments and the "International" Rules of Jurisdiction=204
(b) Colonial Developments and the Articles of Confederation=206
(c) The Full Faith and Credit Clause of the U.S. Constitution=207
(d) The 1790 Implementing Statute=208
(e) The Status of the Territorial Rules of Jurisdiction Under the Full Faith and Credit Clause and the Implementing Statute=214
2. Territorial Rules and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution=216
(a) Interpretation of State Due Process Clauses Prior to the Fourteenth Amendment=216
(b) Incorporation of the Territorial Rules into the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment=217
Section B. The Operation of the Territorial Rules=220
1. In Rem Jurisdiction=221
(a) Affirmative Principles of In Rem Jurisdiction=221
(b) Restrictive Principles of In Rem Jurisdiction=224
(c) Limited Appearance Procedures=228
2. In Personam Jurisdiction : Physical Presence=228
(a) Immunity from Service of Process=229
(b) Acquisition of Jurisdiction by Fraud or Unlawful Force=232
3. In Personam Jurisdiction : Consent, Appearance, and Waiver=232
4. In Personam Jurisdiction : Domicile=235
Section C. Fictional Evolution of the Presence and Consent Tests for Personal Jurisdiction=237
1. Jurisdiction over Corporations=237
2. Implied Consent Extended Beyond Corporations=239
Section D. The Development of Modern Restrictions on State-Court Jurisdiction : The Minimum Contacts Test=240
Section E. The Status of the Territorial Rules of Jurisdiction After International Shoe=242
1. Quasi In Rem and Related Jurisdictional Doctrines=243
2. Transient Presence Jurisdiction=249
Section F. The Reaction of the States to the Minimum Contacts Test : Long-Arm Statutes=253
Section G. The Content of the Minimum Contacts Test=257
1. Cases to Which the Minimum Contacts Test Applies=258
2. General and Specific Jurisdiction=259
(a) General Jurisdiction=260
(b) Specific Jurisdiction=264
(i) Claims Arising Out of or Related to the Defendant's Contacts with the State=264
(ii) The Two-Step Test for the Validity of Specific Jurisdiction=270
(iii) The Purposeful Contacts Test=271
(iv) The Reasonableness Test=282
(c) Confusion and Possible Convergence=286
(d) Toward a Unified Test for General and Specific Jurisdiction=290
3. Sovereignty-Based Restrictions on State-Court Jurisdiction=293
Section H. The Application of the Minimum Contacts Test to Specific Types of Cases=298
1. Tort Cases=298
2. Contract Cases=308
3. Property Cases=312
4. Trust and Estate Cases=315
5. Domestic Relations Cases=318
6. State Tax Cases=321
7. Internet Activities=322
Section I. Jurisdiction by Necessity=329
Section J. Notice=333
Section K. Service of Process=338
1. Service of Process in English and Early United States Practice=338
2. Modern Methods of Serving Process=339
(a) Form of the Summons=340
(b) Issuance of the Summons=341
(c) What Must Be Served with the Summons and Who May Serve the Summons=341
(d) Waiver of Service of Process=342
(e) Manner of Service=345
(f) Territorial Limits of Effective Service=347
(g) Proof of Service=349
(h) Time Limits on Effectuating Service=349
(i) In Rem and Quasi in Rem Jurisdiction=351
Section L. Special Problems of Amenability to Process in Federal Court=353
1. The Constitutional Standard Under Federal Long-Arm Statutes and Rules=353
2. Restrictions on Federal Jurisdiction to Adjudicate Imposed by Use of State Long-Arm Statutes and Other Methods of Service=360
(a) Service Pursuant to State Long-Arm Statutes=361
(b) Service Under Rule 4 when the State Courts Would Not Assert Jurisdiction : Federally Created Rights Cases=362
(c) Service Under Rule 4 when the State Courts Would Not Assert Jurisdiction : Diversity Actions=366
(d) Amenability Questions Under the 100-Mile Bulge Rule=367
CHAPTER 4. VENUE AND RELATED MATTERS=371
Section A. Transitory and Local Actions=371
Section B. Venue in State Courts=378
Section C. Venue in Federal Courts=379
1. Plaintiffs' Residence as Proper Venue=379
2. Defendants' Residence as Proper Venue=380
3. Venue Proper Where Events Giving Rise to Suit Occur=383
(a) Fixed Minimum Percentage Test=385
(b) Relative Activity Test=385
(c) Linking the Test to Minimum Contacts=386
(d) When Do Events Give Rise to the Claim?=390
(e) Miscellaneous Issues=392
4. Presence of Property as a Basis of Venue=392
(a) When Property Should Be Considered to Be the "Subject of the Action"=393
(i) Ownership of Property Directly at Issue=393
(ii) Actions for Damages for Injury to Land or to Prevent Future Harm to Land=393
(iii) Damages for Injury to Specific Personal Property=394
(iv) Money=394
(v) Other Cases=395
(b) When a "Substantial Part" of the Property Should Be Considered Located Within the District=396
(c) Abolition of the Local Action Rule in Federal Court=398
5. The "Fallback" Provisions of §1391=400
6. Residence of Corporations and Associations=403
7. Venue in Actions Involving Aliens=407
8. Venue in Removed Actions=408
9. Divisional Venue=409
10. Special Venue Provisions=410
11. Interaction of Venue, Subject-Matter Jurisdiction and Personal Jurisdiction Rules=411
12. Raising and Waiving Federal Venue Objections=411
Section D. Forum Non Conveniens and Change of Venue=414
1. Forum Non Conveniens and the Uniform Transfer of Litigation Act=416
(a) Forum Non Conveniens=416
(b) The Uniform Transfer of Litigation Act=423
2. Transfer of Venue Between Federal Courts=423
(a) Section 1404(a) Transfers=423
(b) Section 1406 Transfers=428
(c) Section 1407 Transfers=430
Section E. Injunctions Against Extrastate Litigation and Other Devices for Controlling the Location of the Suit=431
1. Injunctions Against Suit=432
2. Stays of Forum Proceedings in Deference to Out-of-State Litigation=434
CHAPTER 5. SOURCES OF LAW=437
Section A. The Separation-of-Powers Doctrine=438
Section B. Conflict-of-Laws Problems in a Federal System=442
Section C. The Doctrine of Swift v. Tyson=443
1. The Swift Decision=443
2. The Swift Doctrine=446
(a) Sovereignty=446
(b) Stare Decisis=450
(c) Separation of Powers=454
(d) The Functions of the Diversity Jurisdiction=457
(e) Equity and Admiralty Cases=460
(f) The Swift Doctrine Changes=462
Section D. The Erie Doctrine=463
1. The Erie Decision=464
2. The Erie Doctrine Applied to Conflict-of-Laws Issues=469
(a) The Klaxon Decision=469
(b) Special Erie Doctrine Problems in Cases of Transfer Under 28 U.S.C. §1404(a)=471
Section E. The Evolution of the Erie Doctrine : Applicability of State "Substantive Law" Under the Rules of Decision Act=477
1. The Guaranty Trust Case : Independent Federal Equity Powers and the "Outcome Determinative" Test=479
2. The Byrd Decision : Categorization of State Rules and Balancing=484
3. Subsequent Developments : Imprecision and Confusion=492
Section F. The Evolution of the Erie Doctrine : Conflicts Between State Law and Federal Rules of Civil Procedure=505
1. The Sibbach Decision=506
2. The Outcome Determinative Test and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure=509
3. The Hanna Decision : Return to the Sibbach Test=511
4. The Burlington Northern Decision : Establishing Content for the Substantive Rights Restriction=514
5. Further Confusion : Business Guides, Gasperini, and Semtek=519
6. The Shady Grove Decision=527
7. Separation-of-Powers Restrictions on Judicial Rulemaking=533
Section G. The Erie Doctrine in the Lower Federal Courts=540
Section H. Determination of State Law=552
Section I. Federal Common Law=562
1. A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Federal Common-Law Decisions=563
(a) "Interpretation"=564
(b) "Supplementation"=565
(c) "Policy Making"=565
2. Examples of Federal Common-Law Decisions=566
3. Federal Procedural Common Law in State Courts=570
CHAPTER 6. PLEADING AND RELATED MATTERS=573
Section A. Common-Law Pleading=573
1. Commencing the Action=573
2. Stating the Plaintiff's Claim in the Declaration=573
3. Challenges to the Declaration=575
(a) General Demurrers=575
(b) Special Demurrers=576
(c) Dilatory Pleas=576
(d) Traverses=576
(e) Pleas in Confession and Avoidance=577
(f) The General Issue=577
(g) Bills of Particulars=577
4. Subsequent Pleading=577
5. Amendments, "Pleading Over," and Pleas Puis Darrein Continuance=578
6. Relation of Pleading to Proof at Trial=579
Section B. Pleading in Equity=579
Section C. Code Pleading=580
1. Commencing the Action=580
2. The Code Complaint=580
(a) Pleading "Facts"=581
(b) Alternative, Hypothetical, and Inconsistent Pleading=582
(c) Anticipating Defenses=582
(d) Pleading Special Matters=583
3. Responding to the Complaint=583
(a) Motions for More Definite Statements and Bills of Particulars=583
(b) Demurrers=584
(c) The Code Answer=584
(d) Waiver of Defenses=585
4. The Plaintiff's Reply=587
5. Amendments and Supplemental Pleadings=587
6. Code Motions to Expunge or Strike=588
Section D. Federal Rules Pleading=589
1. Commencing the Action=589
2. The Federal Rules Complaint=589
(a) Captions, Numbered Paragraphs, Separate Counts, and Incorporation by Reference=590
(b) "Notice" Pleading=591
(i) The "Fair Notice" Requirement=592
(ii) "Entitled to Relief" : The "Plausibility" Requirement=598
(c) Alternative, Hypothetical, and Inconsistent Pleading=606
(d) Anticipating Defenses=607
(e) Pleading Special Matters=607
(i) Fraud and Mistake=607
(ii) Conditions of the Mind=609
(iii) Special Damages=609
(iv) Conditions Precedent=610
(v) Official Documents, Official Acts, and Judgments=610
(vi) Capacity of a Party to Sue or Be Sued=610
(vii) Time and Place=611
(viii) Nonjoinder of Certain Parties=611
3. Responding to the Complaint=611
(a) Default=611
(b) Motions for More Definite Statements and Bills of Particulars=612
(c) Motions to Strike=612
(d) Motions to Dismiss=613
(e) The Mechanics of Motion Practice=614
(f) The Federal Rules Answer=615
(i) Defenses that Were Not Raised by Preanswer Motions=616
(ii) Admissions and Denials=616
(iii) Affirmative Defenses=618
(iv) Counterclaims and Crossclaims=619
(g) Consolidation and Waiver of Defenses=619
(i) Consolidation=619
(ii) Waiver=620
4. The Plaintiff's Reply and Motions to Strike an Insufficient Defense=623
5. Amendments Before Trial=624
(a) Amendments as a Matter of Course and with Leave of Court=624
(b) Relation Back of Amendments Changing a Claim or Defense=625
(c) Relation Back of Amendments Changing Parties=628
(i) Schiavone v. Fortune=628
(ii) The 1991 Amendment to Rule 15(c)=629
(iii) Relationship Between Amended Rule 15(c)(1)(A) and (C)=630
(iv) Nature, Quality, and Timing of Notice=632
(v) Mistake and Knowledge Requirements=635
(vi) Amendments Changing Plaintiffs=639
(d) Rules Enabling Act Issues with Rule 15(c)=642
6. Supplemental Pleadings=645
Section E. Verification=645
Section F. Good Faith Pleading=646
1. Original Rule 11=647
2. The 1983 Amendments to Rule 11=647
3. The 1993 Amendments to Rule 11=652
(a) Signature Requirements=653
(b) Certification Requirements=653
(c) Sanctions and the "Safe Harbor" Provision=659
(d) Rule 11 Inapplicable to Discovery=664
4. Section 1927 and the Court's Inherent Power to Sanction=664
Section G. Provisional Remedies=665
1. Attachment and Garnishment=666
2. Sequestration=667
3. Replevin=668
4. Civil Arrest=669
5. Ne Exeat=669
6. Temporary Restraining Orders and Preliminary Injunctions=670
(a) The Nature of Temporary Restraining Orders and Preliminary Injunctions=670
(b) Contempt=673
(c) The Bond Requirement=676
7. Constitutional Limitations on Provisional Remedies=676
CHAPTER 7. JOINDER OF CLAIMS=683
Section A. Joinder of Claims by Plaintiffs at Common Law and in Equity=683
Section B. Joinder of Claims by Plaintiffs Under the Codes=686
Section C. Joinder of Claims by Plaintiffs Under the Federal Rules=689
1. Basic Operation of Federal Rule 18=689
2. Problems of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction, Venue, and Personal Jurisdiction Under Rule 18=690
(a) Subject-Matter-Jurisdiction Restrictions on Joinder=690
(b) Venue Restrictions on Joinder=692
(c) Personal Jurisdiction Restrictions on Joinder=693
3. Rules Enabling Act Problems Under Rule 18=697
Section D. Joinder of Claims by Defendants at Common Law and in Equity=699
1. Recoupment=700
2. Set-Off=700
3. Cross-Bills=701
Section E. Counterclaims and Crossclaims Under the Codes=702
Section F. Counterclaims and Crossclaims Under the Federal Rules=704
1. Basic Operation of Federal Rule 13=704
2. Administration of the "Same Transaction or Occurrence" Test=708
3. Additional Problems of Administration Under Rule 13=713
4. Problems of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction, Venue, and Personal Jurisdiction Under Rule 13=716
(a) Supplemental (Ancillary) Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Over Counterclaims and Crossclaims=716
(b) Supplemental (Ancillary) Venue and Personal Jurisdiction Over Counterclaims and Crossclaims=720
(c) Waiver by the Defendant of Venue or Personal Jurisdiction Objections when the Defendant Asserts a Compulsory or Permissive Counterclaim=722
(d) Effect of a Counterclaim on the Amount in Controversy=725
5. Rules Enabling Act Issues Under Rule 13=727
CHAPTER 8. JOINDER OF PARTIES=731
Section A. Basic Joinder of Parties Rules in Common-Law and Equity Actions=731
1. Basic Joinder Rules in Common-Law Actions=731
2. Joinder of Parties in Equity=731
Section B. Basic Party Joinder Provisions of the Codes=734
Section C. Basic Party Joinder Provisions of the Federal Rules=736
1. Real Party in Interest=736
(a) In General=736
(b) Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Problems in Administering Rule 17(a)=740
(c) Rules Enabling Act Problems in Administering Rule 17(a)=741
2. Capacity to Sue and Be Sued=742
(a) In General=742
(b) Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Problems in Administering Rule 17(b)=744
(c) Rules Enabling Act Problems in Administering Rule 17(b)=747
3. Joinder of Persons Needed for Just Adjudication=752
(a) History of Rule 19=752
(b) Application of Rule 19=755
(c) Problems of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction, Personal Jurisdiction, and Venue Under Rule 19=762
(d) Rules Enabling Act Problems in the Application of Rule 19=771
4. Permissive Joinder of Parties=771
(a) Application of Rule 20=771
(b) Problems of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction, Personal Jurisdiction, and Venue Under Rule 20=774
(c) Rules Enabling Act Issues in the Administration of Rule 20=782
Section D. Special Party Joinder Devices=783
1. Impleader=783
(a) History of Impleader=783
(b) Application of Rule 14=784
(c) Problems of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction, Personal Jurisdiction, and Venue Under Rule 14=787
(d) Rules Enabling Act Problems in the Administration of Rule 14=792
2. Interpleader=793
(a) History of Interpleader=794
(i) "Strict" Bills of Interpleader=794
(ii) Bills "in the Nature of Interpleader"=795
(iii) Interpleader in the State Courts=796
(b) Personal Jurisdiction Problems in Interpleader=796
(c) "Statutory" Interpleader in Federal Courts=797
(d) "Rule" Interpleader in Federal Courts=799
(e) The Effect of the Supplemental Jurisdiction Statute on Interpleader Jurisdiction=802
(f) Rules Enabling Act Issues with Rule 22=804
(g) Interpleader "Stages"=805
(h) Declaratory Judgment Actions as a Substitute for Interpleader=806
3. Intervention=808
(a) History of Intervention=808
(b) Intervention Practice Under Rule 24=809
(i) Intervention as of Right=809
(ii) Permissive Intervention=812
(c) Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Problems Under Rule 24=813
(d) Venue Problems Under Rule 24=825
(e) Personal Jurisdiction Problems Under Rule 24=826
(f) Rules Enabling Act Issues with Rule 24=829
4. Class Actions=829
(a) History of Class Actions=829
(b) Practice Under Rule 23=834
(i) Requirements for a Class Action=834
(ii) Categories of Class Actions : Rule 23(b)(1)(A) (Risk of Inconsistent Adjudications) or Rule 23(b)(1)(B) (Impairment of Interests in the Absence of Class Action)=836
(iii) Categories of Class Actions : Rule 23(b)(2) (Affecting an Entire Class by Acting or Refusing to Act)=837
(iv) Categories of Class Actions : Rule 23(b)(3) (Common Questions of Law or Fact)=838
(v) Court Management of Class Actions, Class Counsel, and Approval of Settlements=841
(vi) Contemporary Issues in the Administration of Rule 23=842
(c) Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Problems Under Rule 23=851
(d) Personal Jurisdiction Problems Under Rule 23=857
(e) Venue Problems Under Rule 23=858
(f) Rule Validity Problems Under Rule 23=858
(g) Shareholder Derivative Actions : Rule 23.1=860
(h) Actions by or Against Unincorporated Associations : Rule 23.2=862
CHAPTER 9. DISCOVERY AND PRETRIAL CONFERENCES=865
Section A. Development of Modern Discovery=865
1. Discovery in Common-Law Actions=865
2. Discovery in Equity Actions=865
3. Reform in the United States=867
4. Discovery Practice Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure=869
Section B. The General Scope of Discovery Under the Federal Rules=872
1. Privilege=874
2. Attorney "Work Product" and Trial-Preparation Materials=878
Section C. Required Disclosures Under the Federal Rules=882
1. Early Disclosures Concerning Potential Witnesses, Documentary Evidence, Damages, and Insurance=882
(a) Damages=883
(b) Insurance=884
(c) Potential Witnesses and Documentary Evidence=885
2. Disclosures and Discovery Concerning Experts=886
(a) Discovery Concerning Experts Prior to Required Disclosure Under the 1993 Amendments=886
(b) Required Disclosures and Discovery Concerning Experts After the 1993 Amendments=888
(i) Who Must Be Identified=889
(ii) Report Requirement=889
(iii) Further Discovery Concerning Experts=890
3. Disclosures Identifying Particular Evidence that May Be Offered at Trial=891
(a) Names of Witnesses=891
(b) Identification of Documents or Other Exhibits=891
(c) Objecting to the Disclosures=892
Section D. The Discovery Planning Conference, Timing, Sequence, Priority, Limits, and Certification=892
1. The Parties' Discovery Planning Conference=892
2. The Timing of Discovery=894
3. Sequence and Priority of Discovery=895
4. Limits on Discovery=895
5. Certification of Disclosures, Discovery Requests, Responses, and Objections=899
Section E. Oral Depositions=900
1. Commencing the Oral Deposition Process=900
(a) Notice of the Examination=900
(b) Subpoena to Compel Attendance=901
(c) Duty to Avoid Imposing an Undue Burden and the Procedure for Objecting to the Subpoena=904
(d) Failure of a Nonparty to Obey a Subpoena or of a Party to Attend a Deposition After Proper Notice=905
2. Taking the Deposition=906
(a) The Officer in Charge=906
(b) Beginning the Deposition=907
(c) Producing Documents and Things=907
(d) Depositions Being Conducted in Bad Faith or in a Harassing Manner=908
(e) Rules of Evidence and Objections During the Examination=908
(f) Effect of Failure to Object During the Examination=909
3. Review by the Witness, Changes, Signing, Certification, and Filing=910
Section F. Depositions upon Written Questions=911
Section G. Interrogatories to Parties=913
1. Serving Interrogatories=913
2. Answering Interrogatories=914
(a) Time for Response=914
(b) Who Must Answer=914
(c) Option to Produce Business Records=914
(d) Objections=915
(e) Compelling an Answer=917
(f) Correcting or Supplementing Responses=918
Section H. Production of Documents, Entries on Land, Testing, and Sampling=918
1. Serving Production Requests on Parties=918
2. Responding to Production Requests=919
(a) Time for Response=919
(b) Objections=920
(c) Compelling Production=920
(d) Correcting or Supplementing Responses=921
Section I. Compulsory Physical and Mental Examinations=921
1. Securing Physical or Mental Examinations=921
2. The Physician's Report=923
3. Sanctions=924
Section J. Requests for Admission=924
1. Requesting the Admissions=924
2. Responding to the Request=924
Section K. Discovery Before Commencing an Action or Pending an Appeal=926
Section L. Depositions in Foreign Countries=927
Section M. Use of Discovery at Trial=927
1. Rule 36 Admissions=927
2. Answers to Interrogatories=928
3. Depositions=928
Section N. Pretrial Conferences and Orders=929
1. Scheduling Orders=930
2. Subjects for Discussion at Pretrial Conferences=932
3. Final Pretrial Conference=934
4. Pretrial Orders=934
5. Sanctions=935
CHAPTER 10. DISPOSITION OF THE ACTION WITHOUT TRIAL=937
Section A. Default Judgment=937
Section B. Judgment on the Pleadings=940
Section C. Summary Judgment=942
1. Summary Judgment Procedure=943
2. Applying the Summary Judgment Standard=944
Section D. Voluntary Dismissals=948
Section E. Involuntary Dismissals=950
Section F. Miscellaneous Methods of Disposing of an Action Without Trial=952
1. Settlement : In General=952
2. Settlement : Rule 68=953
(a) General Problems in Administering Rule 68=953
(b) Rules Enabling Act Problems in Administering Rule 68=955
CHAPTER 11. TRIAL=959
Section A. The Trial Calendar and the Trial Date=959
Section B. Nature and Order of a Trial=959
1. Demanding a Jury Trial=959
2. Selecting the Jury=960
(a) Challenges for Cause=961
(b) Peremptory Challenges=961
3. Trial Procedure=962
Section C. Trial by Jury in Anglo-American Law=963
1. Development of Jury Trials=963
2. Methods of Controlling the Jury=965
3. The Basic Problems in Administering the Constitutional Right=966
Section D. The Right to Trial by Jury in a Merged System : The Basic Approaches=967
Section E. The Right to Trial by Jury in a Merged System : Operation of the Historical and Modern Federal Approaches=970
1. Cases in Which Only Legal or Only Equitable Claims Are Presented=971
2. Cases in Which the Plaintiff Asserts Both Legal and Equitable Claims=972
(a) The Historical Approach=972
(i) Cases in Which, Historically, the Equity Court Had to Act First=972
(ii) Some Cases in Which, Historically, a Common-Law Court Had to Act First=973
(iii) Cases in Which the Plaintiff Could Sue in Either Law or Equity First=974
(b) The Modern Federal Approach=974
3. Cases in Which the Plaintiff Sues in Equity and the Defendant Asserts a Counterclaim for Legal Relief=976
4. Cases in Which the Defendant Asserts an Equitable Defense to a Legal Claim=976
5. Cases in Which the Plaintiff Asserts a Legal Claim by Means of a Procedure Available Only in Equity=977
6. Right to a Jury Trial in Statutory and Administrative Proceedings=978
Section F. Right to Trial by Jury Versus Mere "Incidents" of the Right=981
Section G. The Right to Trial by Jury in Complex Cases=982
Section H. Involuntary Dismissals, Directed Verdicts, Burden of Proof, and Presumptions=983
1. Involuntary Dismissals (Judgments on Partial Findings) and Directed Verdicts (Judgments as a Matter of Law)=984
2. Burden of Proof=988
3. Presumptions=990
Section I. Evidence=991
1. Competency=994
2. Relevancy=994
3. Hearsay=996
(a) Admissions of a Party Opponent=997
(b) Present Sense Impressions and Excited Utterances=998
(c) Statements Against Interest=999
(d) Dying Declarations=999
(e) Hearsay Within Hearsay and Other Problems=1000
4. Privilege=1000
5. The Best Evidence Rule=1001
6. Objections, Cross-Examination, and Impeachment=1001
Section J. Variances and Amendments at Trial=1003
Section K. Jury Instructions=1004
Section L. Verdicts and Findings by the Court=1005
Section M. Judgment=1006
CHAPTER 12. POST-TRIAL MOTIONS, APPELLATE REVIEW, AND EXTRAORDINARY RELIEF FROM JUDGMENTS=1009
Section A. Post-Trial Motions=1009
1. Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict (Judgment as a Matter of Law)=1010
2. Motion for a New Trial=1012
3. Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment=1013
Section B. Appellate Review=1014
1. The Right to Appeal=1014
2. Jurisdiction on Appeal=1015
(a) Appeals as a Matter of Right=1015
(b) Discretionary Review=1015
(c) Certification=1016
(d) Extraordinary Writs=1016
3. The Final Judgment Rule and Its Exceptions=1017
(a) The Basic Rule=1017
(b) Interlocutory Appeals=1018
(c) Extraordinary Writs=1020
(d) Collateral Order Rule=1021
(e) The Rejected "Death Knell" Doctrine=1022
(f) Pendent Appellate Jurisdiction=1022
Section C. Appellate Procedure=1023
Section D. Scope of Review=1024
Section E. Harmless Error=1026
Section F. Extraordinary Relief from a Judgment=1026
CHAPTER 13. FINALITY IN LITIGATION=1029
Section A. Introduction=1029
Section B. Claim Preclusion=1033
1. "Merger," "Bar," and the Rule Against Splitting a Claim=1033
2. Judgments "On the Merits"=1038
3. General Exceptions=1042
4. Counterclaims=1046
(a) Application of Claim Preclusion Rules to Counterclaims=1046
(b) Jurisdictions with a Compulsory Counterclaim Rule=1047
(c) Jurisdictions Without a Compulsory Counterclaim Rule=1048
(d) Special Problems Involving Insureds and Their Insurers=1049
Section C. Issue Preclusion=1050
1. The Basic Rule=1050
(a) Identity of the Issue=1051
(b) Actual Litigation Requirement=1053
(c) Ability to Identify What Was Decided=1056
(d) Supporting the Judgment in the First Action=1058
(e) Alternative Determinations=1059
2. Exceptions=1061
(a) Inability to Obtain Review=1061
(b) Issues of Law=1062
(c) "Mediate Data" Versus "Ultimate Facts"=1063
(d) Differences in the Burden of Proof=1064
(e) Nature and Quality of the Procedures in the Original Action=1065
(f) Injustice in Particular Cases=1066
3. Nonmutual Preclusion=1067
(a) The Mutuality of Estoppel Rule and Traditional Exceptions to the Rule=1067
(b) Abolition of the Mutuality Rule=1069
(c) Deciding when a Party Has Had a Full and Fair Opportunity to Litigate an Issue=1070
(i) Ordinary Exceptions Applicable=1070
(ii) Incompatibility with a Scheme of Remedies=1070
(iii) Differences in Procedural Opportunities=1071
(iv) Inconsistency with Another Determination=1071
(v) Ability to Join in the First Action=1072
(vi) Relationships Not Present in the Second Action and Compromise Verdicts=1073
(vii) Inappropriate Foreclosure of the Opportunity to Review of Issues of Law=1074
(viii) Undesirable Effects on Subsequent Proceedings=1075
(ix) Other Compelling Circumstances=1076
Section D. Parties Bound by Judgments=1076
1. Preclusion of Nonparties=1076
(a) Representational Relations Binding Nonparties=1077
(b) Substantive Relationships Binding Nonparties=1079
(i) Family Relationships=1079
(ii) Contractual Relationships=1080
(iii) Property Relationships=1080
(iv) Organizational Relationships=1081
(v) Indemnitee-Indemnitor Relationships=1083
(c) Transformational Effects=1083
2. Preclusion Between Coparties=1083
Section E. Claim and Issue Preclusion on Questions of Subject-Matter and Personal Jurisdiction=1084
Section F. Complications Produced by the Federal System=1088
1. Enforcement of State Judgments=1088
(a) Giving Less Effect to State Judgments=1093
(b) Giving More Effect to State Judgments=1095
(c) Giving Effect to State Judgments in Cases Applying Another State's Law or Federal Law=1096
(i) Another State's Law=1096
(ii) Federal Law=1096
2. Enforcement of Federal Judgments=1105
3. Enforcement of Foreign Judgments=1109
Section G. Other Preclusion Doctrines : Stare Decisis, Law of the Case, and Judicial Estoppel=1112
1. Stare Decisis=1112
2. Law of the Case=1113
3. Judicial Estoppel=1114
INDEX=1117