영문목차
Preface=xxi
Acknowledgments and Permissions=xxiii
PART ONE GENERAL NATURE, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND STATE COMPETENCIES TO ENFORCE
Chapter 1. General Nature of International Criminal Law=5
Section 1. General Nature and Sources of ICL=5
A. Penal Aspects of International Law : International Crimes=6
Customary International Law : Its Nature, Sources and Status as Law of the United States / Jordan J. Paust=8
Filartiga v. Pena-Irala=10
B. International Aspects of National Criminal Law : Enforcement=22
Section 2. Distinctions between International and Transnational Crimes=25
Role-Playing Problem Concerning an Amnesty Agreement=26
Exile, Amnesty, and International Law / Leila Nadya Sadat=27
From the eXile Files : An Essay on Trading Justice for Peace / Michael P. Scharf=31
Chapter 2. Individual, State and Other Responsibilities=39
Section 1. Individual Responsibility=39
A. Private Individuals, Officials, and Heads of State=39
1. An Introduction to General Types of Responsibility=39
Opinion and Judgment of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg=39
Principles of the Nuremberg Charter and Judgment=40
Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808=40
The Prosecutor v. Blagojevic & Jokic=42
2. Responsibility and Domestic Immunities of Officials and Heads of State=46
Regina v. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others, Ex Parte Pinochet=47
Genocide in Rwanda, State Responsibility to Prosecute or Extradite, and Nonimmunity for Heads of State and Other Public Officials / Jordan J. Paust=51
Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), International Court of Justice=54
B. Membership in Organizations and Groups=65
Final Report to the Secretary of the Army on the Nuernberg War Crimes Trials under Control Council Law No. 10 / Telford Taylor=66
C. Complicity=69
My Lai and Vietnam... / Paust=69
D. Conspiracy=75
The Prosecutor v. Karemera and Ngirumpatse=75
E. Joint Criminal Enterprise Responsibility=80
1. Trends in Decision=81
The Prosecutor v. Blagojevic & Jokic=81
2. The Cambodia Decision in 2010=85
In the name of the Cambodian people and the United Nations and pursuant to the Law on the Establishment of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea=85
F. Leader Responsibility=91
Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (1948)=91
My Lai and Vietnam... / Paust=93
The Prosecutor v. Delalic, et al.=99
The Prosecutor v. Zlatko Aleksovski=109
Revised from : J. Paust, Threats to Accountability After Nuremberg : Crimes Against Humanity, Leader Responsibility and National Fora=119
Section 2. Other General Defenses or Grounds for Excluding Responsibility=122
A. Viable Defenses=122
1. Superior Orders=122
In re Eck and Others (The Peleus)=122
In re Von Leeb and Others=124
In re Ohlendorf and Others (Einsatzgruppen Trial)=125
United States v. Staff Sergeant (E-6) Walter Griffen=128
U.S. Dep't of Army FM 27-10, The Law of Land Warfare=132
My Lai and Vietnam... / Paust=132
2. Duress=135
II International Law / U.S. Dep't of Army=135
My Lai and Vietnam... / Paust=136
A Draft International Criminal Code and Draft Statute for an International Criminal Tribunal / M. C. Bassiouni=136
Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its forty-sixth session=137
R. v. Imre Finta=138
Prosecutor v. Dražen Erdemović=140
3. Self-Defense and Defense of Others=155
II International Law / U.S. Dep't of Army=155
A Draft International Criminal Code and Draft Statute for an International Criminal Tribunal / M. C. Bassiouni=156
4. Mistake of Fact=156
II International Law / U.S. Dep't of Army=156
B. Defenses Not Accepted=157
1. Propriety under Domestic Law=157
II International Law / U.S. Dep't of Army=157
2. Tu Quoque=158
II International Law / U.S. Dep't of Army=158
IV Commentary / J. Pictet=158
3. Double Jeopardy Between Different Sovereigns=159
4. Official Status or Immunity=160
Control Council Law No. 10=160
Section 3. State Responsibility=160
Universality and the Responsibility to Enforce International Criminal Law : No U.S. Sanctuary for Alleged Nazi War Criminals / Jordan J. Paust=160
Letter dated 24 April 1996 from the President of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 Addressed to the President of the Security Council=162
My Lai and Vietnam : Norms, Myths and Leader Responsibility / Paust=163
The Amnesty Exception to the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court / Michael P. Scharf=164
The U.N. War Crimes Files : A Question of Access / Deborah Scroggins=174
1980 Digest of United States Practice in International Law=177
Chapter 3. State Competencies=179
Section 1. Universal Jurisdiction=179
Introductory Note=179
Federal Jurisdiction Over Extraterritorial Acts of Terrorism and Nonimmunity for Foreign Violators of International Law Under the FSIA and the Act of State Doctrine / Paust=180
Resolution of 1781=181
Demjanjuk v. Petrovsky=183
Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States=186
United States v. Yunis=189
Federal Jurisdiction Over Extraterritorial Acts of Terrorism... / Paust=192
Section 2. Other Bases of Jurisdiction=196
Regina v. Anderson=196
Prescriptive Jurisdiction=197
The Case of the S.S. "LOTUS" (France v. Turkey)=205
United States v. Yunis=216
Joyce v. Director of Public Prosecutions=219
United States v. Georgescu=223
United States v. Noriega=229
PART TWO INCORPORATION AND ENFORCEMENT
Chapter 4. U.S. Incorporation, Competencies and Fora=247
Introductory Problem=247
Section 1. The United States Constitution (extracts)=247
Section 2. Early U.S. Cases and Opinions=249
Nathan v. Commonwealth of Virginia=249
Respublica v. De Longchamps=249
1 Op. Att'y Gen.=250
United States v. Smith=251
Ross v. Rittenhouse=251
11 Op. Att'y Gen.=251
9 Op. Att'y Gen.=252
1 Op. Att'y Gen.=252
Henfield's Case=254
1 Op. Att'y Gen.=261
Section 3. Incorporation by Reference=262
United States v. Smith=262
Ex parte Quirin=264
Section 4. New Statutes and New Fora=265
Attorney General of Israel v. Eichmann=265
Demjanjuk v. Petrovsky=268
Section 5. Prosecuting Without a Statute=269
A. Custom=269
The Three Friends=269
United States v. Hand=269
Talbot v. Janson=270
Morris v. United States=270
14 Op. Att'y Gen.=270
B. Treaties=271
The Over the Top=271
Edwards v. Carter=272
Section 6. Federal District Court Jurisdiction=273
Judicial Courts Act=273
18 U.S.C. §3231=273
After My Lai : The Case for War Crime Jurisdiction Over Civilians in Federal District Courts / Paust=274
The War Crimes Act=279
Section 7. Military Commissions and Courts-Martial=283
A. Military Commissions=283
In re Yamashita=283
B. Post WWII Executive Recognitions=288
FM 27-10, The Law of Land Warfare / U.S. Dep't of Army=288
My Lai and Vietnam : Norms, Myths and Leader Responsibility / Paust=288
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld=293
C. Courts-Martial=325
Calley v. Callaway=325
D. Regular Uses of Such Fora and State Courts=334
My Lai and Vietnam : Norms, Myths and Leader Responsibility / Paust=334
Section 8. U.S. Occupation Courts=343
Pamphlet No. 27-161-2 / U.S. Dep't of Army=343
United States v. Tiede=349
Chapter 5. Obtaining Persons Abroad=365
Section 1. Extradition=365
Introductory Problem=365
A. The Process=366
2 International Criminal Law / M. Cherif Bassiouni ed.=366
18 U.S.C. §§3181 et seq.=369
B. Standing and the "Speciality" Doctrine=374
United States v. Puentes=374
R. v. Parisien=376
United States v. Najohn=377
C. Grounds for Denial of Extradition=381
2 International Criminal Law / M.C. Bassiouni ed.=381
1971 Treaty on Extradition Between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America=386
1991 Protocol Amending the Treaty on Extradition=386
Soering Case=390
Kindler v. Canada (Minister of Justice)=400
D. The Political Offense Exception and Non-Inquiry=404
Introductory Problem=404
1. The Political Offense Exception=405
Letter, Secretary of State Marcy to Mr. Hulsemann of Austria=405
Quinn v. Robinson=405
2. Non-Inquiry=424
Ahmed v. Wigen=424
Section 2. Rendition=438
Introduction=438
A. By International Agreement=438
1. Commonwealth Countries=438
R. v. Taylor=439
2. Others=441
B. Deportation as Disguised Extradition=442
Ruiz Massieu v. Reno=442
Section 3. Luring (Trickery)=447
A. The United States Position on Luring : Yunis and Mala Captus Bene Detentus=447
United States v. Yunis=447
B. International Consensus Against the Practice of Luring=453
1. State Viewpoints=453
2. Jurisprudence of the ICTY : The Dokmanovic Case=456
Section 4. Abductions=458
Introductory Problem=458
Introduction=459
A. Unconsented to Extraterritorial Abductions Under International Law=459
B. Judicial Responses to Extraterritorial Abductions=463
United States v. Toscanino=463
United States v. Alvarez-Machain=471
United States v. Matta-Ballesteros=479
Section 5. Other Uses of Force=484
A. Capture During War or in Self-Defense=484
B. U.N. Security Council Powers=485
Chapter 6. International Prosecutorial Efforts and Tribunals=487
Section 1. Early Experience=487
Introductory Note=487
Section 2. Efforts During World War I Era=488
U.S. Department of the Army Pamphlet No. 27-161-2=488
Section 3. International Tribunals After World War II=490
A. The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg=490
1. Opinion and Judgment as to Jurisdiction (October 1, 1946)=490
2. Individual Responsibility=491
3. Decision of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg=491
In re Goering and Others=491
B. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East=496
U.S. Dep't of the Army Pamphlet No. 27-161-2=496
C. Allied Control Council Law No. 10=498
In re Ohlendorf and Others (Einsatzgruppen Trial)=500
Section 4. Efforts of the United Nations Command in Korea and Procedural Guarantees=501
Introductory Note=501
Section 5. Human Rights to Due Process=505
Universal Declaration of Human Rights=505
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights=505
Extract from Report of the Mission of the International Commission of Jurists, Inquiry into the Israeli Military Court System in the Occupied West Bank and Gaza=506
Section 6. Efforts After the Independence of Bangladesh=510
Introduction=510
War Crimes Jurisdiction and Due Process : The Bangladesh Experience / Jordan Paust ; Albert Blaustein=510
Bangladesh International Crimes (Tribunals) Act of July 19, 1973=511
Comments of Professors Paust and Blaustein on the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act of 1973=511
War Crimes Jurisdiction and Due Process : The Bangladesh Experience / Paust ; Blaustein=514
Section 7. The Iraqi High Tribunal=517
Basic Information About the Iraqi High Tribunal / Michael P. Scharf=517
Section 8. The Special Court for Sierra Leone : A Hybrid Model=522
Section 9. The Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals for Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda=525
A. ICT for Former Yugoslavia=525
Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993)=525
Annex Statute of the International Tribunal=536
Rules of Procedure and Evidence=536
In the Matter of a Proposal for a Formal Request for Deferral to the Competence of the Tribunal Addressed to the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Respect of Radovan Karadzic, Ratko Mladic and Mico Stanisic=543
The Prosecutor of the Tribunal v. Dusko Tadic=549
B. ICT for Rwanda=568
U.N. S.C. Res. 955 (8 Nov. 1994)=568
The Prosecutor of the Tribunal v. Georges Anderson Nderubumwe Rutaganda=568
The Prosecutor of the Tribunal v. Jean Paul Akayesu=571
The Prosecutor v. Rutaganda=575
Section 10. The Statute of the International Criminal Court=577
The International Criminal Court and the Transformation of International Law : Justice for the New Millennium / Leila Nadya Sadat=580
22 U.S.C. §262-1=585
PART THREE OFFENSES
Chapter 7. Offenses Against Peace=591
Introductory Note=591
Section 1. Violations of Neutrality=592
A. General Offenses=592
Henfield's Case=592
Commonwealth v. Schaffer=592
1 Ops. Att'y Gen.=592
The Three Friends=592
Talbot v. Janson=592
18 U.S.C. §25=594
United States v. Smith=594
Dellums v. Smith=599
United States v. Black=603
B. Mercenarism=604
Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts=604
Neutrality and Nonbelligerency―Mercenaries=605
Section 2. Aggressive War and Force=607
A. Early Recognitions=607
1 Ops. Att'y Gen.=607
Trial of Arbuthnot and Armbrister=607
B. World War I=607
The Guns of August / Barbara Tuchman=607
Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties, Report Presented to the Preliminary Peace Conference=609
Treaty of Peace with Germany=614
Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Austria=615
Treaty Providing for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy=617
Convention on Rights and Duties of States=617
C. World War II=618
Opinion and Judgment, International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg=618
United States v. von Leeb (The High Command Case)=626
D. Post World War II=630
Principles of the Nuremberg Charter and Judgment=630
Charter of the United Nations=631
The War in Iraq (2003-2011)=637
The Armed Conflict in Libya=640
The Crime Against Peace / M. Cherif Bassiouni ; Benjamin B. Ferencz=641
Resolution on the Definition of Aggression=645
Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua=646
Section 3. Aggression Against Authority=667
Aggression Against Authority : The Crime of Oppression, Politicide and Other Crimes Against Human Rights / Paust=667
Chapter 8. War Crimes=673
Introductory Note=673
Introductory Problem=674
Indictment of Fawaz Hussein=674
Sources of International Humanitarian Law=675
Opinion and Judgment, IMT at Nuremberg=677
Report of General Taylor=677
Report of the Secretary General=677
Section 1. Applicability=677
U.S. Army Field Manual 27-10, The Law of Land Warfare=677
IV Commentary, Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War / J. Pictet ed.=679
War Crimes Jurisdiction and Due Process : The Bangladesh Experience / Paust ; Blaustein=681
The Prosecutor of the Tribunal v. Dusko Tadic=683
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (Protocol I)=683
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts (Protocol II)=683
The Geneva Protocols=695
Other Aspects of Internal Versus International Armed Conflicts=697
Section 2. Types of War Crimes=699
A. General=699
U.S. Dep't of Army Field Manual 27-10, The Law of Land Warfare=699
The Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic=703
B. Conduct of Hostilities and Other Protections=713
U.S. Dep't of Army FM 27-10, The Law of Land Warfare=713
The Declaration of St. Petersburg=715
Hague Declaration No. IV=715
Geneva Protocol of 1925 (Protocol prohibiting the use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare)=715
Hague Convention (No. IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War=715
The Dreierwalde Case Trial of Karl Amberger (Formerly Oberfeldwebel), Case No. 7=723
United States v. von Leeb, et al.=724
United States v. List, et al.=726
Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field=731
Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of August 12, 1949=731
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949=731
Chapter 9. Crimes Against Humanity=741
Fictional Introductory Problem=741
Burundi v. Bagosora=741
Section 1. Nuremberg and Earlier=742
The Prosecutor v. Akayesu=743
Report of Justice Robert H. Jackson to the President of the United States=744
International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Indictment Number 1=745
Judgment of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg=747
Control Council Law No. 10=748
Final Report to the Secretary of the Army on the Nuernberg War Crimes Trials Under Control Council Law No. 10 / Telford Taylor=748
United States v. Altstoetter, et al.=750
Section 2. Eichmann Trial (Israel)=754
The Attorney General of the Government of Israel v. Adolf, the Son of Karl Adolf Eichmann=754
Attorney General of Israel v. Eichmann=755
Section 3. Barbie, Touvier and Papon Trials (France)=759
Matter of Barbie=759
Matter of Touvier=766
The Interpretation of the Nuremberg Principles by the French Court of Cassation : From Touvier to Barbie and Back Again / Leila Sadat Wexler=766
New French Criminal Code=771
Section 4. Mugesera Case (Canada)=773
Mugesera v. Canada=773
Section 5. Newer International Prosecutions=777
A. The International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and the Special Court for Sierra Leone=777
Threats to Accountability After Nuremberg : Crimes Against Humanity, Leader Responsibility and National Fora / J. Paust=777
The Prosecutor v. Rutaganda=782
The Prosecutor v. Musema=785
The Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic=790
B. The Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court and its Application=800
The International Criminal Court and the Transformation of International Law : Justice for the New Millennium / Leila Nadya Sadat=800
Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statuteon the Authorization of an Investigation into the Situation in the Republic of Kenya=803
Chapter 10. Genocide=815
Section 1. The Convention=815
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide=815
A. Prosecutions Before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda=819
The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu=819
The Prosecutor v. Rutaganda=827
The Prosecutor v. Musema=829
B. Prosecutions Before the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia=833
Section 2. Application in Bangladesh=836
War Crimes Jurisdiction and Due Process : The Bangladesh Experience / Paust ; Blaustein=836
Section 3. Genocide and Politicide=838
Aggression Against Authority : The Crime of Oppression, Politicide and Other Crimes Against Human Rights / Paust=838
International Law and Cambodian Genocide : The Sounds of Silence / Hurst Hannum=839
Section 4. U.S. Implementation=843
International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide / Senate Committee on Foreign Relations=843
1986 Lugar/Helms/Hatch Provisos as Approved by the Foreign Relations Committee=847
Extract : Vol. XII-7 UNA/USA Washington Weekly Report 1-3=847
U.S. Legislation Genocide, 18 U.S.C. §§1091-1093=849
U.N. Human Rights Commission, Res. 1987/25, Status of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide=851
Congress and Genocide... / Paust=851
Chapter 11. Human Rights=855
Section 1. General Human Rights=855
A. The United Nations Charter=855
B. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights=856
C. The American Declaration and O.A.S. Charter=858
Section 2. Torture and Other Inhumane Acts=859
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment=859
Section 3. Race Discrimination=868
A. General Discrimination=868
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination=868
B. Apartheid=869
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of "Apartheid"=869
Section 4. Hostage-Taking=869
International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages=869
Security Council Resolution Condemning Hostage-Taking=870
United States v. Alvarez-Machain=870
United States v. Yunis=870
Section 5. Disappearances=870
Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons=871
Chapter 12. Terrorism=873
Section 1. The Problem of Definition=873
Introductory Problem=873
Symposium : "Terrorism on Trial :" Defining Terrorism as the Peacetime Equivalent of War Crimes : Problems and Prospects / Michael P. Scharf=874
Section 2. The Multilateral Legal Framework=892
Introductory Note=892
A. U.N. Terrorism Resolutions=892
U.N. G.A. Resolution 46/51=892
B. The Anti-Terrorism Conventions=894
The Future of Multilateralism and Efforts to Combat International Terrorism / John F. Murphy=894
Tokyo Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft=899
1971 Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation=899
18 U.S.C. §32, Destruction of Aircraft or Aircraft Facilities=899
49 U.S.C. App. §1301, Definitions=900
Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation=901
1970 Hague Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (Hijacking)=901
1973 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents=901
1979 International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages=901
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation=901
Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf=901
Section 3. Domestic Legislation=905
Introductory Note=905
18 U.S.C. §2332. Criminal penalties=906
Legislative History, P.L. 99-199=906
Index=913