영문목차
Foreword=xv
Preface=xvii
Acknowledgments=xix
Chapter 1. Introduction=3
Defining Serious Mental Illness=3
Schizophrenia=4
Bipolar Disorder=5
Major Depressive Disorder=6
Prevalence of Mental Illness in the Criminal Justice System=6
Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System : Defining the Issues=7
Addressing Persons with Mental Illness in the Criminal Justice System : Successes and Goals for the Future=10
References=15
Chapter 2. The History of Criminalization of Persons with Mental Illnesses=19
Early World History of Mental Illness=20
Pre-Civilization=20
The Ancient Civilizations=20
The Middle Ages=21
The Renaissance=22
The Age of Enlightenment=22
American History of Mental Illness Prior to Deinstitutionalization=24
Pre-Civil War=24
Biological Determinism=25
Advances in Understanding the Brain=26
The World Wars=27
State Hospital Censuses Increased, Support Decreased=28
Negative Publicity=29
Discovery of Thorazine=31
Anti-Psychiatry Movement=32
The Civil Rights Movement and Right to Treatment Litigation=34
A Federal Call for Community Mental Health Care=37
The Beginning of Deinstitutionalization=38
Restricting Civil Commitment=39
Governmental Cost Shifting=41
Greater Visibility, Fear, and Punitiveness toward Persons with Mental Illness=42
Criminalization of Persons with Mental Illness=43
Conclusion=46
References=46
Chapter 3. Challenges and Needs of Persons with Mental Illness in the Criminal Justice System=55
Stigma=56
Components of Mental Illness Stigma=56
Labeling Differences=56
Linking Differences with Stereotypes=57
Separating "Us" from "Them"=58
Status Loss=58
Types of Mental Illness Stigma=59
Structural Stigma and Its Challenges=59
Limited Civil Rights=60
Socio-Economics of Mental Health Care : A Lesson in Cost Shifting=60
A Fragmented and Underfunded Mental Health Care System=61
Lack of Access to Long-Term Care=62
The Shift to Managed Care=64
Medicaid and Medicaid Reform=64
Preferred Drug Lists/Restricted Formularies=66
Admissions to Emergency Rooms=70
Public Stigma and Its Challenges=72
The Dangerousness Stereotype=72
Media Effects=73
Empirical Evidence about Mental Illness and Violence=75
Victimization of Persons with Mental Illness=77
Unemployment and Underemployment=77
Poverty=78
Substandard Housing=78
Homelessness=79
Veterans, Mental Illness, and Homelessness=82
Self-Stigma and Its Challenges=84
Co-Occurring Substance Abuse=84
Medical Issues=86
Obesity=87
Smoking=87
Infectious Diseases=87
Inadequate Medical Care=88
Label Avoidance and Its Challenges=88
Failure to Seek Treatment=88
Anosognosia=89
Negative Side Effects of Medications=89
Conclusion=90
References=93
Chapter 4. Civil Commitment=111
What Is Civil Commitment?=112
Similarities and Differences between Civil and Criminal Commitment=113
Inpatient Civil Commitment : History and Reform=115
History of Inpatient Civil Commitment=115
Civil Commitment Reform=116
Post-Reform Involuntary Commitment Criteria=116
Post-Reform Civil Commitment Procedures=118
Post-Reform Due Process=119
Effects of the Civil Commitment Reform=120
The Controversy Surrounding Inpatient Civil Commitment=121
Inpatient Civil Commitment Is Coercive=121
Inpatient Civil Commitment Is Anti-Therapeutic=122
Inpatient Civil Commitment Is Stigmatizing=123
Inpatient Civil Commitment Is Discriminatory=123
Inpatient Civil Commitment Is Driven by Money=124
The Current Status of Inpatient Civil Commitment=124
Dwindling Hospital Beds=125
Statutory Changes to Civil Commitment Laws=126
Civil Commitment Has Become Too Permissive=126
Civil Commitment Has Become Too Restrictive=127
Civil Commitment in Virginia : A State in Crisis=128
Behind the Times : Virginia's Civil Commitment System Prior to Virginia Tech=128
Examination of the Mental Health System Was Scheduled, but It Came Too Late=129
Springing Into Action : Virginia in the Year Following Virginia Tech=129
Improve Access to Voluntary Services and Use a Recovery Paradigm of Treatment=130
Reduce Criminalization=131
Redesign the Civil Commitment Process=131
The State of Mental Health in Virginia : Post-Virginia Tech=134
Conclusion=136
References=137
Chapter 5. Outpatient Commitment=143
Types of Outpatient Commitment=144
The Current Status of Outpatient Commitment=146
The Controversy Surrounding Outpatient Commitment=147
The "Facts" about Outpatient Commitment : Critique of the Research=148
Opponents' Opinions about Outpatient Commitment=150
Tragedy Drives Policy=151
Outpatient Commitment Statutes Are Unconstitutional=152
Outpatient Commitment is Coercive=153
Outpatient Commitment Is Stigmatizing=163
Outpatient Commitment Is Discriminatory=163
Outpatient Commitment Depends on the Availability of Services=164
Conclusion=169
References=171
Chapter 6. The Law Enforcement Response to Persons with Mental Illnesses in Crises=181
Police Encounters with and Perceptions of Persons with Mental Illnesses=183
Police Training and Preparedness for Dealing with Persons with Mental Illnesses in Crises=185
Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department CIT Policy=185
CIT General Procedures=186
Communication=186
Police Options=187
Conflicting Police Roles=189
Specialized Police/Mental Health Responses to Persons with Mental Illnesses in Crises=191
Mobile Crisis Team―Mental Health-Based Specialized Mental Health Response=191
Police-Based Specialized Mental Health Responses : PERT, MET, SMART, CIRT, HOT, & CSOs=192
CIT―A Police-Based Specialized Police Response=193
Comparisons of the Law Enforcement Response Models=193
Understanding CIT=195
CIT Training=197
Types of CIT Encounters=201
The Procedural Fairness of CIT=204
Confidentiality=206
Liability=210
Agency Costs and Community Benefits=211
Need for Outcome Data=213
The Number and Types of CIT Programs=213
Results of CIT=215
Conclusion=216
References=217
Chapter 7. Jail Processing of Persons with Mental Illnesses=225
Overrepresentation of People with Mental Illness in Jails=226
Estimating the Prevalence of Serious Mental Illness in Jails=228
Structured Diagnostic Interviews of Jail Inmates=228
Self-Reports of Jail Inmates=229
Indirect Measures of Mental Illness in Jails=230
Characteristics of a Jail Inmate with Mental Illness=232
Reasons for the Overrepresentation of the Mentally Ill in Jails=234
More People with Mental Illness Are Arrested and Jailed=234
People with Mental Illness Stay in Jail Longer=235
People with Mental Illness Have Higher Rates of Recidivism=238
Jail Inmates' Right to Treatment=238
U.S. Supreme Court Cases=239
Estelle v. Gamble (1976)=239
Ruizv. Estelle (1980)=240
The Right to Refuse Treatment=240
Discharge Planning=241
Professional Associations' Guidelines=242
Council of State Government's Recommendations=243
Jail Mental Health Services=244
Mental Health Screening=245
Jail-Specific Mental Health Screens=245
Evidence-Based Jail Mental Health Screens=246
Suicide Screening=249
Substance Abuse Screening=254
Administering Jail Screenings=255
Follow-Up Mental Health Assessments=255
Crisis Intervention and Short-Term Mental Health Treatment=256
Crisis Intervention=257
Management of Inmates in Crisis=259
Short-Term Mental Health Treatment=263
Psychotropic Medications=263
Psychotherapeutic Treatment=266
Models of Mental Health Care Delivery in Jails=268
Mental Health Services in the Jail=268
Informal Reliance on the Community Mental Health System=268
Privatized Correctional Mental Health Care=269
Community-Oriented Correctional Mental Health Care=269
Future Directions in Jail Mental Health Care=269
Inpatient Mental Health Services=270
Discharge Planning=274
Challenges of Discharge Planning=274
Mental Health Records=275
Jail Officers=276
Training of Jail Officers=279
Jail-Based Crisis Intervention Teams=279
Jail Diversion=282
Conclusion=284
References=287
Chapter 8. Traditional Court Processing of Defendants with Mental Illness, Part I : Competency to Stand Trial=301
Legal Competence in Criminal Cases=302
Competency to Stand Trial (CST)=302
The Standard for CST=302
Efforts to Refine the CST Construct=303
Raising the Issue of CST=306
Who Performs the CST Evaluation and Where Does It Take Place?=311
The CST Evaluation=312
Defendant Interview(s)=312
Collection of Collateral Information=315
Reliability of CST Evaluations=316
Research on CST=316
Base Rates of CST=317
Correlates/Predictors of CST=318
Ultimate Issue Decisions about CST=320
Competency Restoration=321
Length of Hospitalization for Competency Restoration=322
Research on Competency Restoration=322
Base Rates of Restoration=322
Correlates/Predictors of Restoration=323
Comparing Types of Restoration Programs=324
Controversies Surrounding CST Evaluation and Restoration=325
Rights of Defendants=325
Rights to Treatment=325
Malingering of Mental Illness=328
Is Jail-Based Restoration the Answer?=328
Court Professionals=329
Conclusion=331
References=332
Chapter 9. Traditional Court Processing of Defendants with Mental Illness, Part II : The Insanity Defense=339
Controversies Surrounding the Insanity Defense=340
The Standards of Insanity=342
The M'Naghten Rule=342
The Product Test=343
The Irresistible Impulse Test=343
The American Law Institute (ALI) Model Penal Code Test=344
The Hinckley Case and Insanity Reform=344
Planning an Insanity Defense=345
The MSO Evaluation=345
Establishing Mental Illness, Its Effects, and the Events of the Crime=346
Establishing Evidence Relevant to the Specific Crime and NGRI Standard=347
Reliability of MSO Evaluations=350
Procedural Aspects of the Insanity Defense Trial=351
Jury Instructions=352
Burden of Proof=352
Ultimate Issue Decisions=353
Research on the Insanity Defense=353
Base Rates of NGRI=354
Correlates/Predictors of NGRI=355
Clinical Variables=355
Criminological Variables=356
Demographic Variables=357
What Happens to Defendants Who Are Found Criminally Non-Responsible?=357
Research on Post-NGRI Acquittal=358
Hospitalization Following NGRI Acquittal=359
Research on Hospitalization following NGRI Acquittal=359
Graduated Release Programs=360
Conditional Release=362
Research on Conditional Release=364
"Guilty but Mentally Ill" Verdict=366
Conclusion=368
References=370
Chapter 10. Mental Health Courts=377
Why Mental Health Courts?=377
The Emergence of the Nation's First Mental Health Court=379
What Are Mental Health Courts?=384
Mental Health Court Dynamics : A Different Approach with Altered Roles=386
Case Examples in Mental Health Courts=391
Mental Health Court Models=395
Results from Mental Health Court Programs=398
Areas of Concern=402
Need for Adequate Services in the Community=402
Inadequate Funding and Sparse Data=404
Patients' Rights and Competency=405
Stigmatization and Criminalization=407
Conclusion=408
References=409
Chapter 11. Mental Illness in the Prison Population : Secure and Treat?=419
Prisoners with Serious Mental Illness=420
Challenges Posed by Prisoners with Serious Mental Illness=421
Disciplinary Infractions=422
Victimization=423
Suicide=424
Self-Injurious Behavior=425
Management of Prisoners with Serious Mental Illness=426
Prison Design and Operational Procedures=426
Segregation/Supermax Confinement=427
Current State of Supermax Confinement=428
Correctional Officers=431
Training=433
Treating Prisoners with Mental Illness=434
Prisoners' Right to Mental Health Treatment=434
Current Status of Mental Health Services in Prisons=435
Challenges of Treating Prisoners with Mental Illness=437
Costs of Incarcerating Prisoners with Mental Illness=438
Conclusion=440
References=441
Chapter 12. Diversion and Reentry : Strategies for Discharging Offenders Living with Mental Illness=447
Discharge Planning, Diversion and Reentry=451
Discharge Planning=453
Diversion=459
Examples of Diversion Programs=460
Reentry=464
Dangerous Mentally Ill Offender Program (DMIO)=466
Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) : An Approach to Diversion, Discharge, and Reentry=467
Probation and Parole=470
Probation=470
Parole=473
Reintegration : Reentry Courts and Programs=475
Conclusion=476
References=477
Chapter 13. Conclusion : Striving for Informed Policies=487
Crisis Drives Policy=489
Virginia Tech University=490
Sandy Hook Elementary School=492
Who Wants to Take Responsibility for Ending the Needless Recycling of Persons with Mental Illnesses In and Out of the Criminal Justice System?=495
Multi-System Collaboration is the Answer=496
Influencing Policy=497
Influencing Policy through Testimony and Legislation=498
Influencing Policy through Accountability=503
Influencing Policy through Knowledge=504
Conclusion=505
References=506
Case Index=513
Name Index=515
Subject Index=539