영문목차
Preface=xi
Introductory Note=xiv
Part I. The Nature and Extent of Sex Offending and Prominent Theoretical Explanations
Chapter 1. Sex Crimes and Offenders=3
Chapter Introduction=3
An Overview of Sex Crimes=3
Special Legal Issues in Classifying Sex Crimes=5
Inherent Difficulty in Generalizing Offenses across States=5
Significant Variation in the Design of Sex Crime Statutes=5
Decriminalization Efforts Vary across States=6
Laws Subject to Judicial Challenge=7
Sex Offender Typologies=7
Child Molesters=8
Rapists=11
Juvenile Sex Offenders=15
Female Sex Offenders=19
Cyber Sex Offenders=23
Chapter Summary=28
Additional Suggested Readings=28
Chapter 2. Measuring Sex Crime=31
Chapter Introduction=31
Official Data Collection=31
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)=31
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)=36
Unofficial Data Collection=38
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)=38
National Women's Study (NWS) and National Women's Study-Replication (NWS-R)=40
National Violence against Women Survey (NVAWS)=43
National College Women Sexual Victimization (NCWSV) Study=47
National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS)=50
National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV)=53
Chapter Summary=55
Additional Suggested Readings=55
Chapter 3. Sex Crime Patterns and Trends=57
Chapter Introduction=57
Data Examining General Sexual Offending and Victimization=57
UCR Data=57
NCVS Data=59
Other National Surveys of Adult Women=60
Child Sexual Abuse Statistics=62
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS)=62
NatSCEV=63
Examining Potential Factors Related to the Decline in Sexual Offenses=64
The Implementation of Sex Offender Restrictions in the 1990s=64
Incapacitation Effects=65
Efforts to Increase Reporting=66
Recognition of Victims' Rights=67
Greater Educational Efforts=67
Chapter Summary=69
Additional Suggested Reading=69
Chapter 4. Prominent Theoretical Explanations=71
Chapter Introduction=71
Biological Perspective=71
Hormone Production=71
Neurophysiological Functioning=73
Social Learning Theories=76
Differential Association=77
Neutralization/Drift=82
Feminist Perspective=86
Patriarchy=87
Rape Culture=90
Chapter Summary=93
Additional Suggested Readings=93
Part II. Societal Responses to Sexual Offending
Chapter 5. Societal Myths (and Facts) about Sex Offenders=97
Chapter Introduction=97
Trends and Characteristics of Sexual Offenses=97
Myth 1. Sex crime has increased in recent decades.=97
Myth 2. Sexual offenses are most often committed by stranger perpetrators.=99
Myth 3. Most sex crimes are reported to law enforcement.=101
Sex Offenders=104
Myth 4. Most sex offenders will reoffend.=104
Myth 5. Most sex offenders are mentally ill.=105
Myth 6. Most sex offenders were sexually abused as children.=106
Myth 7. Youth rarely commit sex offenses.=108
Sex Crime Policy=110
Myth 8. Sex offender registries are effective.=110
Myth 9. Residence restrictions are effective in reducing sex crimes against children.=111
Myth 10. Treatment is ineffective in reducing sexual recidivism.=113
Chapter Summary=116
Additional Suggested Readings=116
Chapter 6. Public Attitudes toward Sex Offenders=117
Chapter Introduction=117
Policy Support for Sex Offender Laws=118
Registry/Notification Policies=118
Residence Restriction Laws=118
Penalties for Child Pornography Crimes=119
Increasing Supervision of Sex Offenders=119
Civil Commitment Laws=119
Chemical Castration and Sex Offender Treatment=120
Capital Punishment=120
Contributors Driving Widespread Support for Sex Crime Policies=120
Public Awareness, Use of Sex Offender Registries and Community Notification, and Protective Action=121
Public Awareness of Registries and Use=123
Protective Action=123
Perceptions of Offenders and Sex Crime=124
Attitudes toward Sex Offenders Compared to Non-Sex Offenders=125
Public Opinion toward Sex Offender Types=126
Beliefs about Sex Offender Rehabilitation=128
Divides in American Public Opinion=129
Social and Demographic Factors=129
Sex Crime Perceptions=133
Future Directions for Public Opinion Research=135
Longitudinal Data=139
National Focus=140
Additional Measures=140
Theoretical Context=141
Chapter Summary=141
Additional Suggested Readings=142
Chapter 7. Historical Emergence of Sex Offender Laws in the U.S.=143
Chapter Introduction=143
The 1600s-Early 1800s : Colonial Period=143
The Late 1800s-1920s : The Progressive Era, Moral Hygiene, and Sex Offenders=145
The 1930s-1950s : The Medical Model and Sexual Psychopath Laws=147
The 1960s-1970s : Deinstitutionalization Decades=149
The 1980s : "Get Tough" Justice Era=150
The 1990s : The Decade of the Sex Offender=152
2000s : A Potpourri of Laws=154
Chapter Summary=160
Additional Suggested Readings=160
Part III. Sex Crime Policy and Reform
Chapter 8. Logic and Efficacy of Sex Offender Laws=165
Chapter Introduction=165
Causal Logic Framework=165
Causal Logic Evaluations of Sex Crime Laws=166
Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification Laws=167
Description of Policy=167
Theory=167
Logic=168
Prior Research=168
Sex Offender Residence Restriction Laws=174
Description of Policy=174
Theory=174
Logic=174
Prior Research=175
Civil Commitment=178
Description of Policy=178
Theory=179
Logic=179
Prior Research=179
Castration Laws=182
Description of Policy=182
Theory=183
Logic=183
Prior Research=183
Implications=185
Chapter Summary=187
Additional Suggested Readings=188
Chapter 9. Methods to Assess Sex Offender Recidivism and Treatment Needs=189
Chapter Introduction=189
Risk Assessment Tools for Predicting Recidivism Odds and Treatment Needs=189
Static-99/Static-2002=190
Stable-2007/Acute-2007=194
Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool-Revised (MnSOST-R)/Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool-3 (MnSOST-3)=197
Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II)=200
Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism (ERASOR)=203
Sex Offender Risk Assessment Controversies=206
Chapter Summary=207
Additional Suggested Readings=207
Chapter 10. National Variation in Sex Crime Reforms=209
Chapter Introduction=209
An Examination of Sex Crime Laws Nationally=209
Sex Crime Laws and Policies Nationally=211
Sex Offender Registries=211
Community Notification=212
Residence Restrictions=212
Civil Commitment=212
Lifetime Supervision=212
Driver's License Notation=213
Chemical Castration=213
Evaluations of the Effectiveness of Sex Crime Laws=213
The Present Analysis=214
Findings=214
Variation in Sex Crime Laws and Policies across States=214
Variation in the Design of Sex Crime Laws and Policies=215
Conclusion and Implications=229
Summary of Research=229
Research Implications=230
Policy Implications=232
Chapter Summary=234
Additional Suggested Readings=234
Chapter 11. Legal Challenges to Sex Crime Laws=237
Chapter Introduction=237
U.S. Supreme Court Decisions=237
Civil Commitment=238
Coerced Treatment Policies=239
Registration/Community Notification Policies=240
Child Pornography Laws=241
Rape Shield Laws=243
Statutes of Limitations Laws=244
Capital Punishment Statutes=245
SORNA=246
Other Judicial Challenges=248
Residence Restrictions=248
Chemical Castration=251
Gateway Legislation=252
Internet Bans=253
Chapter Summary=256
Additional Suggested Readings=256
Chapter 12. The Future of Sex Crime Policy=257
Chapter Introduction=257
Increase Reporting=257
Mandatory Reporting Laws for Child Sexual Abuse=258
Efforts to Increase Reporting among Adults=258
Treatment and Reentry Strategies=260
Treatment Interventions=260
Hormonal Treatment=263
Reentry Strategies=264
Registration Restrictions=266
Further Examine the Impacts of Gateway Legislation=267
Decriminalization of Certain Juvenile Sex Crimes=268
Concluding Comments=270
Bibliography=271
Legal Cases Cited=303
Index=305