영문목차
Table of Cases=xv
Acknowledgments=xxv
Preface to the Fifth Edition=xxvii
Electronic Research Resources for International Law=xxix
Introduction=3
What Is It?=3
Traditional Definition=3
Chapter I. Sources of International Law=5
Who Makes Up International Law? The Doctrine of Sources=5
Custom=5
The Paquete Habana=6
Note : The Relationship of International Law to Domestic (National) Law=11
Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.=12
Regional Custom=21
Special or Local Custom=21
Jus Cogens=22
Treaties=23
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases=24
General Principles of Law=29
Judicial Decisions=30
Writers and Scholars=31
Concluding Remarks=31
Suggested Further Readings=32
Chapter II. Title to Territory=33
Terra Nullius=33
Discovery=34
Occupation=34
Island of Palmas (Miangas) Case=34
Note : Critical Date=42
Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge=43
Note : Effectivités=47
Conquest=47
Cession=49
Prescription=49
The Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas Dispute=49
Uti Possidetis=53
Accretion and Avulsion=54
The Arctic=54
The Antarctic=55
Celestial Bodies and Space=55
Problem=56
Suggested Further Readings=57
Chapter III. The Law of Treaties=59
What Is a Treaty? Definition=59
Capacity to Conclude a Treaty=60
Ratification=60
Internal Ratification : U.S. Procedure=60
International Ratification=61
Reservations=61
Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide=62
Problems=68
Note : Treaties Creating Jus Cogens Customary Norms and the Right to Bring a Legal Claim under Such a Treaty=68
Entry into Force=69
Observance and Application of Treaties=70
Interpretation of Treaties=70
Avena and Other Mexican Nationals=71
Problem=85
Invalidity=86
Error=86
Fraud and Corruption=87
Coercion=87
Conflict with a Peremptory Norm (Jus Cogens)=88
Termination and Suspension=88
Material Breach=88
Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970)=89
Supervening Impossibility of Performance=91
Fundamental Change of Circumstances=91
Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros Project=92
Procedure for Termination=97
State Succession in Respect of Treaties=98
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide=98
The Effect of War on Treaties=101
Techt v. Hughes=101
The Effect of War on Human Rights Treaties=105
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory=105
Suggested Further Readings=106
Chapter IV. Jurisdiction=107
The Territorial Principle=107
United States v. Aluminum Co. of America=109
The Nationality Principle=111
The Passive Personality Principle=112
United States v. Fawaz Yunis, a/k/a Nazeeh=112
The Protective Principle=116
United States v. Bin Laden=117
The Universality Principle=121
Attorney General of the Government of Israel v. Eichmann=122
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000=129
Extradition=134
United States v. Humberto Alvarez-Machain=135
Problem=144
Immunity from Jurisdiction=144
Diplomatic Immunity=144
United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran=146
Knab v. Republic of Georgia=151
Armed Activities on the Territory of The Congo=155
Consular Immunity=157
Head of State and Other Ministers' Immunity=158
Regina v. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others Ex Parte Pinochet=158
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000=170
Immunity for International Organizations=177
Sovereign/State Immunity=177
Absolute Theory=177
The Restrictive Theory=178
Letter Addressed to Acting Attorney General Philip B. Perlman from the Department of State's Acting Legal Adviser, Jack B. Tate, May 19, 1952=179
The Act of State Doctrine=182
Sovereign Immunity Required in National Courts in Certain Cases=183
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State=184
Problem=188
Suggested Further Readings=189
Chapter V. The Law of the Sea=191
Introduction=191
Internal Waters=192
Bays=192
Historic Bays=194
The Territorial Sea=194
Measuring the Territorial Sea=196
Powers of the Coastal State in the Territorial Sea and Foreign Ships' Right of Innocent Passage=196
United States v. Conroy, United States v. Walker=199
Archipelagos=203
International Straits=204
Definition of an International Strait=205
Customary Law=205
Corfu Channel Case=205
Treaty Law=206
The Contiguous Zone=207
The Exclusive Economic Zone=209
Rights Exercised in the Exclusive Economic Zone=210
Coastal States' Rights=210
Foreign States' Rights=210
The Continental Shelf=211
Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between States with Opposite or Adjacent Coasts=212
The High Seas=213
The Deep Sea Bed=214
The Deep Sea Bed Regime under the 1982 Convention=215
The Deep Sea Bed Regime under the 1994 Agreement=216
Settlement of Maritime Disputes=216
Marine Pollution=216
Fishing=218
Jurisdiction over Vessels=219
Nationality of Vessels=219
The Genuine Link Requirement=219
Remedy Where There Is No Genuine Link=220
Prohibited Activities on the High Seas=221
United States v. Garcia=223
Jurisdiction over Foreign Vessels=226
Internal Waters and Ports=226
Wildenhus' Case=226
The Territorial Sea=228
The Right of Hot Pursuit=229
The M/V "Saiga" Case=230
Fishing on the High Seas=247
Problem=247
Suggested Further Readings=249
Chapter VI. International Environmental Law=251
State Responsibility for Environmental Harm=251
Establishing the Standard for State Responsibility=252
Customary Law=252
The Corfu Channel Case (Merits)=252
Trail Smelter Case=255
Declarations and Treaty Law=257
Hazardous Waste=258
Atmosphere, Ozone and Climate=259
Nature, Flora, Fauna and Other Resources=259
Nuclear Fallout=260
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons=262
Other Regimes=265
Environmental Guiding Principles=265
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Principle=265
The Precautionary Principle=266
The Principle of Intergenerational Equity=267
The Principle of Sustainable Development=267
The Polluter Pays Principle=268
The Principle of Differentiated Responsibilities for Developed and Developing States=268
Conclusion=269
Suggested Further Readings=270
Chapter VII. International Legal Personality : States, International Organizations, Non-State Groups, Individuals, and Multi-National Corporations=271
The Definition of a State=271
A Defined Territory=271
A Permanent Population=272
A Government=272
Capacity to Enter into Relations with Other States=273
Secession and Self-Determination=274
Reference re Secession of Quebec=274
State Responsibility=285
A State's Capacity to Bring International Claims on Behalf of Individuals=286
Nationality of the Claimant=286
Nottebohm Case=287
International Organizations=292
Inter-Governmental Organizations=292
The United Nations=292
Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations=293
Structure of the United Nations=301
Non-Governmental International Organizations=304
Non-State Groups=305
Protected Groups=305
Non-State Actors=305
International Status of Individuals=306
Multi-National Corporations=307
Suggested Further Readings=308
Chapter VIII. Human Rights=309
Introduction=309
Human Rights in the United Nations System=310
The United Nations Charter=310
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights=311
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights=313
Rights and Freedoms under the Civil and Political Rights Covenant=313
States' Rights to Derogate from Guaranteed Rights and Freedoms=313
Enforcement of Rights and Freedoms under the Civil and Political Rights Covenant=314
Optional Protocols to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights=315
El Hagog v. Libya=315
Llantoy Huamán v. Peru=322
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights=327
Rights and Freedoms under the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Covenant=328
Enforcement of Rights and Freedoms under the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Covenant=328
The United Nations Human Rights Council=330
The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights=330
United Nations Conventions on Specific Topics of Human Rights=331
Regional Human Rights Systems=334
The European Human Rights System=334
The European Convention=334
Case of Leyla Şahin v. Turkey=335
Other European Human Rights Conventions=354
The Inter-American System=354
Rights Protected by the American Convention on Human Rights=354
Enforcement Mechanisms under the American Convention on Human Rights=355
The Inter-American Commission=355
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights=357
Case of Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile=357
The African System=370
The African Charter=370
The Community Court of Justice for ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States)=371
League of Arab States=372
The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)=372
The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN)=373
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Eurasian Economic Community=373
Enforcement of Human Rights in National (Domestic) Courts=374
Self-Execution of Treaties=374
Negusie v. Holder=375
Suggested Further Readings=382
Chapter IX. The Peaceful Settlement of Disputes : Arbitration and International Courts=383
The Obligation to Settle Disputes=383
Arbitration=383
International Courts=385
The Permanent Court of International Justice=385
The International Court of Justice=385
The Composition of the Court=385
The Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice in Contentious Cases=386
Norwegian Loans=390
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua=393
Jurisdiction Forum Prorogatum=402
The Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice in Advisory Cases=402
The Power of the International Court of Justice to Issue Interim Measures of Protection=402
Other Major International Courts=403
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia=403
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda=405
The International Criminal Court=406
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea=406
Conclusion=406
Suggested Further Readings=407
Chapter X. The Use of Force Including War=409
Introduction=409
The Modern Era=410
Coercive Measures Not Amounting to Armed Force=410
Retorsions=410
Reprisals Not Involving the Use of Armed Force=410
Pre-1945 Law on the Use of Armed Force=411
The Customary Law of Self-Defence=412
The Caroline Incident=412
Post-1945 Law=413
The United Nations Charter Law=413
The Meaning of "Force"=414
What Is a Threat of Force?=414
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons=415
Must Force be Used for a Particular Object to Violate Article 2(4)?=416
Exceptions to Article 2(4)=416
Self-Defence=416
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua=417
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons=425
Oil Platforms=426
Preemption=430
Reprisals Using Force=430
The Rule of Non-Intervention=431
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua=433
Civil Wars and the Rule of Non-Intervention=439
Intervention in Particular Circumstances=440
Intervening to Protect Nationals Abroad=440
Humanitarian Intervention=441
The Responsibility to Protect=442
The Security Council's Power to Intervene=443
Article 41 Measures=443
Article 42 Measures=444
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces=445
Jus In Bello=446
Regulation of the Conduct of Hostilities and Humanitarian Law=446
The Geneva Conventions=447
The Prosecutor v. Drazen Erdemovíc=450
The Prosecutor v. Aloys Simba=465
Weapons Control=472
Nuclear Weapons=474
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons=477
Suggested Further Readings=499
Treaty Index=501
General Assembly Resolutions Index=507
Security Council Resolutions Index=509
General Index=511