Title page
Contents
PREFACE 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8
POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 17
INTRODUCTION 21
CHAPTER I. GLOBAL OVERVIEW 26
CHAPTER II. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AND RISKS OF COVID-19 RECESSION 62
CHAPTER III. CHILDREN; EASY TO TARGET 73
CHAPTER IV. TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR; THE ECONOMY OF COERCION 86
CHAPTER V. TRAFFICKERS USE OF THE INTERNET 108
CHAPTER VI. REGIONAL OVERVIEWS 120
WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE 121
CENTRAL AND SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE 127
EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 132
SOUTH ASIA 136
EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 139
NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 143
SOUTH AMERICA 149
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 153
NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST 158
Fig. 1. Number of detected victims of trafficking in persons, by age group and sex, by region of detection, 2018 (or most recent) 27
Fig. 2. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in persons, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 27
Fig. 3. Trends in age and sex profiles of detected trafficking victims, selected years 28
Fig. 4. Shares of forms of exploitation among detected women victims of trafficking in persons, 2018 (or most recent) 29
Fig. 5. Shares of forms of exploitation among detected men victims of trafficking in persons, 2018 (or most recent) 29
Fig. 6. Shares of forms of exploitation among detected girl victims of trafficking in persons, 2018 (or most recent) 29
Fig. 7. Shares of forms of exploitation among detected boy victims of trafficking in persons, 2018 (or most recent) 29
Fig. 8. Shares of forms of exploitation among detected trafficking victims, 2018 (or most recent) 30
Fig. 9. Detailed forms of exploitation among detected trafficking victims, 2018 (or most recent) 30
Fig. 10. Trends in the shares of forms of exploitation among detected trafficking victims, 2006-2018 30
Fig. 11. Number of detected trafficking victims, by form of exploitation and region of detection, 2018 (or most recent) 31
Fig. 12. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 32
Fig. 13. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 32
Fig. 14. Shares of detected victims of trafficking, by age group, sex and forms of exploitation, 2018 (or most recent) 32
Fig. 15. Shares of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in persons, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 35
Fig. 16. Shares of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 35
Fig. 17. Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 35
Fig. 18. Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by age group, sex and by subregion of detection, 2018 (or most recent) 35
Fig. 19. Shares of national and foreign citizens among convicted traffickers (relative to the country of conviction), 2018 (or most recent) 36
Fig. 20. Shares of national and foreign citizens (relative to the convicting country) among convicted traffickers, by countries of origin and destination of trafficking flows, 2018 36
Fig. 21. Number and shares of cases, by type of criminal actor, as reported in GLOTIP court cases 38
Fig. 22. Total number of traffickers involved in the cases, by type of criminal actor, as reported in GLOTIP court cases 38
Fig. 23. Total number of victims involved int he cases, by type of criminal actor, as reported in GLOTIP court cases 38
Fig. 24. Distance of trafficking flows and level of violence used by traffickers, by type of criminal actor, as reported in GLOTIP court cases 39
Fig. 25. Average number of traffickers, average number of victims and average duration of traffickers' activity per single case, by type of criminal actor, as reported in GLOTIP court cases 39
Fig. 26. Monetary value of victims in USD, based on amount paid by traffickers to "buy" one victim from other traffickers, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases, by region 43
Fig. 27. Number and shares of cases, by means used by traffickers for the recruitment and for the exploitation of adult victims, as reported in GLOTIP court cases 48
Fig. 28. Number and shares of cases, by level of violence at any point of the trafficking process (adults and child victims), as reported in GLOTIP court cases 49
Fig. 29. Number and shares of victims, by level violence at any point of the trafficking process (adults and child victims), as reported in GLOTIP court cases 49
Fig. 30. Shares of victims detected within their own country's borders, by subregion, 2014, 2016 and 2018 51
Fig. 31. Shares of detected victims, by geographical reach of trafficking flows, 2018 (or most recent) 51
Fig. 32. Shares of cases, by forms of exploitation, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases. Comparison domestic and cross-border trafficking in high income countries 52
Fig. 33. Shares of cases, by age group, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases. Comparison domestic and cross-border trafficking in high income countries 52
Fig. 34. Shares of cases, by condition before trafficking, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases. Comparison domestic and cross-border trafficking in high income countries 52
Fig. 35. Number of cases of domestic trafficking, by geographical reach, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 53
Fig. 36. Shares of victims of trafficking repatriated to their country of origin, by type of trafficking flows, 2017-2018 55
Fig. 37. Shares of victims of trafficking who were repatriated to their country of origin, by area of repatriation, 2017-2018 56
Fig. 38. Number of countries where victims were detected to be trafficked to, by area of citizenship of the victims and geographical reach of trafficking flows, 2017-2018 57
Fig. 39. Criminalization of trafficking in persons as a specific offence covering all or some forms of trafficking in persons (TiP) as defined in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol,... 58
Fig. 40. Average conviction rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by region, 2003-2018 58
Fig. 41. Average victims detection rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by region, 2003-2018 59
Fig. 42. Average number of victims per one person convicted of trafficking in persons, 2003-2018 59
Fig. 43. Percentage of cases by pre-existing factors that traffickers have taken advantage of, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 65
Fig. 44. Distribution of the forms of exploitation reported in court cases concerning victims in economic need, compared to those reported across all GLOTIP court cases 67
Fig. 45. Relationship between unemployment rates in Bulgaria and Bulgarians as a share of potential trafficking victims detected in the Netherlands (1998-2017) 68
Fig. 46. Detected Venezuelan victims of trafficking in persons reported by the country of detection (cross-border trafficking only), 2008-2018 70
Fig. 47. Real GDP growth in Venezuela and number of identified Venezuelan victims of trafficking in persons reported by the country of detection (cross-border trafficking only),... 70
Fig. 48. Relation between percentage of Russian victims out of the total population of victims of trafficking detected in Germany and the Russian GDP per capita (1999-2015) 71
Fig. 49. Shares of detected victims of trafficking, by age group and national income, 2018 (or most recent) 74
Fig. 50. Shares of detected child victims of trafficking, by form of exploitation and and national income, 2018 (or most recent) 75
Fig. 51. Shares of child victims of trafficking for forced labour among total detected victims, by sex and subregions of detection, 2018 (or most recent) 75
Fig. 52. Prevalence of child labour among total children in top 10 countries, 2010-2018 76
Fig. 53. Shares of child victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation among total detected victims, by sex and subregions of detection, 2018 (or most recent) 78
Fig. 54. Shares of girls among total detected victims of trafficking and GDP per capita, in selected countries in Latin America 78
Fig. 55. Shares of girls among total detected victims of trafficking and GDP per capita, in selected countries in South-East Asia 79
Fig. 56. Shares of total detected female victims of trafficking in persons, by age group; Guatemala and El Salvador 79
Fig. 57. Age distribution of recorded potential victims of trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation, Peru (2016) 79
Fig. 58. Percentage of child trafficking cases by pre-existing factors that traffickers have taken advantage of, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 80
Fig. 59. Number of assisted victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, by age group, Thailand (2017) 80
Fig. 60. Shares of children in child labour in selected countries, by Gross National Income (GNI) 81
Fig. 61. Shares of children in child labour in selected countries, by household cash income quintiles 81
Fig. 62. Shares of detected trafficking victims, by form of exploitation, by subregion, 2018 (or most recent) 87
Fig. 63. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour, by age groupand sex, 2018 (or most recent) 87
Fig. 64. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour, by age group and sex, by subregion (2018 or most recent) 88
Fig. 65. Shares of cases, by forms of exploitation and trafficking flows, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 89
Fig. 66. Shares of victims reported in the cases collected, by forms of exploitation and trafficking flows, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 89
Fig. 67. Victims of trafficking in domestic servitude included in the IOM CTDC, by sex 90
Fig. 68. Victims of trafficking in domestic servitude included in the IOM CTDC, by age 90
Fig. 69. Detected victims of trafficking in persons for domestic servitude in the United Kingdom, 2016 91
Fig. 70. Detected victims of trafficking in persons for domestic servitude in Australia, 2014-2016 91
Fig. 71. Detected victims of trafficking in persons for domestic servitude in Cote d'Ivoire, 2016 91
Fig. 72. Detected victims of trafficking in persons for domestic servitude in Madagascar 91
Fig. 73. Distribution of employment in agriculture, by World Bank income group, 2019 93
Fig. 74. Size and composition of the informal economy: a global picture (2016) 93
Fig. 75. Mean nominal monthly earnings of employees by economic activity, harmonized series, annually, in US Dollars, in selected countries 94
Fig. 76. Victims of trafficking in agriculture included in the IOM CTDC, by sex 94
Fig. 77. Distribution of employment in construction, out of total global employment, by World Bank income group, comparison between 1991 and 2018 95
Fig. 78. Cases of fatal occupational injury by economic activity, annual in selected countries 96
Fig. 79. Victims of trafficking in the construction sector included in the IOM CTDC, by sex 96
Fig. 80. World capture and aquaculture production, 1950-2018 97
Fig. 81. Number of people employed in the fishing industry, in selected years, by regions 97
Fig. 82. Number of people employed in the fisheries and aquaculture in 2016, by regions 98
Fig. 83. Shares of cases, by condition of the victim before being trafficked, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 100
Fig. 84. Relation between countries' shares of victims exploited in forced labour to total victims detected and countries' average wages 101
Fig. 85. Shares of cases, by type of deception and forms of exploitation, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 101
Fig. 86. Number of cases perpetrated with the help of internet technologies and identified number of victims, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases, 2004-2018 110
Fig. 87. Number of trafficking victims, by types of activities carried out with the use of technology, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases, 2004-2018 111
Fig. 88. Average number of victims per single case, by type of platform and size of trafficking group, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 113
Fig. 89. Shares of identified victims in court cases including an element of internet usage by type of platforms used, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 114
Fig. 90. Age of the victims and platform used by traffickers to recruit, exploit or advertise, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 114
Fig. 91. Victims trafficked by means of Internet, by domestic or cross-border trafficking, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 115
Fig. 92. Average number of victims per case where the use of Internet was reported, by size of trafficking group, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 116
Fig. 93. Number of victims, by the type of strategy used by the traffickers, as reported in the GLOTIP court cases 118
Fig. 94. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Western and Southern Europe, by age group and sex, 2018 (or mostrecent) 121
Fig. 95. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Western and Southern Europe, by forms of exploitation, 2018 (ormost recent) 121
Fig. 96. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 122
Fig. 97. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 122
Fig. 98. Shares of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in persons, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 122
Fig. 99. Shares of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 122
Fig. 100. Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 122
Fig. 101. Trend in the shares of traffickers convicted in Western and Southern Europe, by region of citizenship, 2014, 2016 and 2018 124
Fig. 102. Trends in shares of trafficking victims detected in Western and Southern Europe, by major areas of origin, 2009-2018 125
Fig. 103. Number of countries in Western and Southern Europe introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2018 126
Fig. 104. Average conviction rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in Europe and Central Asia, 2003-2018 126
Fig. 105. Average victim detection rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in Europe and Central Asia, 2003-2018 126
Fig. 106. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 127
Fig. 107. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by forms of exploitation, 2018 (or most recent) 127
Fig. 108. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, by age group and sex of the victims, 2018 (or most recent) 128
Fig. 109. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour, by age group and sex of the victims, 2018 (or most recent) 128
Fig. 110. Shares of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in persons in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 128
Fig. 111. Shares of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 128
Fig. 112. Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 128
Fig. 113. Shares of offenders convicted in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by citizenship, 2018 (or most recent) 129
Fig. 114. Comparison of the shares of national and foreign citizens convicted in Western and Southern Europe and in Central and South-Eastern Europe, 2018 (or most recent) 129
Fig. 115. Number of countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2018 131
Fig. 116. Average conviction rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in Europe and Central Asia, 2003-2018 131
Fig. 117. Average victim detection rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in Europe and Central Asia, 2003-2018 131
Fig. 118. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Eastern Europe, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 132
Fig. 119. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Central Asia, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 132
Fig. 120. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, by forms of exploitation, 2018 (or most recent) 132
Fig. 121. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, by age group and sex, in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 2018 (or most recent) 133
Fig. 122. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour, by age group and sex, in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 2018 (or most recent) 133
Fig. 123. Share of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in persons in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 133
Fig. 124. Shares of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 133
Fig. 125. Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 133
Fig. 126. Shares of trafficking victims detected in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, by area of citizenship, 2018 (or mostrecent) 134
Fig. 127. Number of countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2018 135
Fig. 128. Average conviction rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in Europe and Central Asia, 2003-2018 135
Fig. 129. Average victim detection rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in Europe and Central Asia, 2003-2018 136
Fig. 130. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in South Asia, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 137
Fig. 131. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in South Asia, by form of exploitation, 2018 (or most recent) 137
Fig. 132. Shares of persons arrested for trafficking in persons in Nepal, by sex, 2018 137
Fig. 133. Shares of trafficking victims detected in South Asia, by area of citizenship, 2018 (or most recent) 137
Fig. 134. Number of countries in South Asia introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2020 138
Fig. 135. Average conviction rates (per 100,000 population) globally, in South Asia and in East Asia and the Pacific, 2003-2018 138
Fig. 136. Average victim detection rates (per 100,000 population) globally, in South Asia and in East Asia and the Pacific, 2003-2018 138
Fig. 137. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in East Asia and the Pacific, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 139
Fig. 138. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in East Asia and the Pacific, by form of exploitation, 2018 (or most recent) 139
Fig. 139. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 140
Fig. 140. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 140
Fig. 141. Shares of persons investigated and/or arrested for trafficking in persons in East Asia and the Pacific, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 140
Fig. 142. Shares of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in East Asia and the Pacific, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 140
Fig. 143. Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in East Asia and the Pacific, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 140
Fig. 144. Shares of traffickers convicted in East Asia and the Pacific, by area of citizenship, 2018 (or most recent) 141
Fig. 145. Shares of victims of trafficking detected in East Asia and the Pacific, by area of citizenship, 2018 (or mostrecent) 141
Fig. 146. Number of countries in East Asia and the Pacific introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2020 142
Fig. 147. Average conviction rates (per 100,000 population) globally, in South Asia and in East Asia and the Pacific, 2003-2018 142
Fig. 148. Average victim detection rates (per 100,000 population) globally, in South Asia andin East Asia and the Pacific, 2003-2018 143
Fig. 149. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Central America and the Caribbean, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 143
Fig. 150. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in North America, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 144
Fig. 151. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Central America and the Caribbean, by form of exploitation, 2018 (or most recent) 144
Fig. 152. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in North America, by form of exploitation, 2018 (or most recent) 144
Fig. 153. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation in North America, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 144
Fig. 154. Shares of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour in North America, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 144
Fig. 155. Shares of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in Mexico and Canada, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 145
Fig. 156. Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in Mexico and Canada, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 145
Fig. 157. Shares of persons investigated and/or arrested for trafficking in personsin Central America and the Caribbean, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 145
Fig. 158. Shares of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in Central America and the Caribbean, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 145
Fig. 159. Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in Central America and the Caribbean, by sex, 2018 (ormost recent) 145
Fig. 160. Trend in shares of trafficking victims detected in North America, by area of citizenship, 2014-2018 146
Fig. 161. Number of countries in North America, Central America and the Caribbean introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2020 148
Fig. 162. Average conviction rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in the Americas, 2003-2018 148
Fig. 163. Average victim detection rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in the Americas, 2003-2018 148
Fig. 164. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in South America, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 149
Fig. 165. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in South America, by forms of exploitation 2018 (or most recent) 149
Fig. 166. Shares of persons investigated and/or arrested for trafficking in persons in South America, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 150
Fig. 167. Shares of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in South America, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 150
Fig. 168. Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in South America, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 150
Fig. 169. Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in South America, by area of citizenship, 2018 (or most recent) 150
Fig. 170. Number of countries in South America introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2020 152
Fig. 171. Average conviction rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in the Americas, 2003-2018 152
Fig. 172. Average victim detection rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in the Americas, 2003-2018 152
Fig. 173. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 153
Fig. 174. Numbers of detected victims of trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa, by age group, sex and subregion, 2018 (or most recent) 153
Fig. 175. Share of detected victims of trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa, by forms of exploitation, 2018 (or most recent) 154
Fig. 176. Number of detected victims of trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa, by forms of exploitation and subregion, 2018 (or most recent) 154
Fig. 177. Shares of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in personsin Sub-Saharan Africa, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 154
Fig. 178. Shares of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in Sub-Saharan Africa, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 154
Fig. 179. Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in Sub-Saharan Africa, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 154
Fig. 180. Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in Sub-Saharan Africa, by area of citizenship, 2018 (or most recent) 155
Fig. 181. Number of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2020 157
Fig. 182. Average conviction rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in Africa and the Middle East, 2003-2018 157
Fig. 183. Average victim detection rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in Africa and the Middle East, 2003-2018 157
Fig. 184. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in North Africa and the Middle East, by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 158
Fig. 185. Shares of detected victims of trafficking in North Africa and the Middle East, by forms of exploitation, 2018 (or most recent) 159
Fig. 186. Shares of persons investigated and/or arrested for trafficking in personsin North Africa and the Middle East, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 159
Fig. 187. Shares of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in North Africa and the Middle East, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 159
Fig. 188. Shares of traffickers convicted in North Africa and the Middle East, by area of citizenship, 2018 (or most recent) 159
Fig. 189/Fig. 190. Number of countries in North Africa and the Middle East introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2020 161
Fig. 190/Fig. 191. Average conviction rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in Africa and the Middle East, 2003-2018 161
Fig. 191/Fig. 192. Average victim detection rates (per 100,000 population) globally and by subregions in Africa and the Middle East, 2003-2018 161
Maps
Map 1. Main detected transregional flows, 2018 (or most recent) 10
Map 2. Main forms of exploitation and profiles of detected victims, by subregions, 2018 (or mor recent) 16
Map 3. Regional and subregional designations used in this report 22
Map 4. Shares of children among the total number of detected victims in the different regions, by country, 2018 (or most recent) 28
Map 5. Shares of detected trafficking victims, by form of exploitation, by subregion of detection, 2018 (or most recent) 31
Map 6. Main forms of exploitation and profiles of detected victims, by subregions, 2018 (or most recent) 33
Map 7. Shares of detected victims by type of trafficking flows, by subregion, 2018 (or most recent) 55
Map 8. Main detected transregional flows, 2018 (or most recent) 56
Map 9. Shares of traffickers convicted in Western and Southern Europe, by region of citizenship, 2018 (or most recent) 123
Map 10. Shares of trafficking victims detected in Western and Southern Europe, by major areas of origin, 2018 (or most recent) 124
Map 11. Destinations for trafficking flows from Central and South-Eastern Europe, 2018 (or most recent) 130
Map 12. Shares of victims detected in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by subregion, 2018 (or most recent) 130
Map 13. Destinations for trafficking flows from Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 2018 (or most recent) 134
Map 14. Destinations for trafficking flows from South Asia, 2018 (or most recent) 137
Map 15. Destinations for trafficking flows from East Asia and the Pacific, 2018 (or most recent) 141
Map 16. Origins of trafficking victims detected in North America, 2018 (or most recent) 146
Map 17. Origins of trafficking victims detected in Central America and the Caribbean, by subregion, 2018 (or most recent) 147
Map 18. Destinations for trafficking flows from Central America and the Caribbean, 2018 (or most recent) 147
Map 19. Destination for trafficking flows from South America, 2018 (or most recent) 151
Map 20. Origins of trafficking victims detected in South America, by subregion, 2018 (or most recent) 151
Map 21. Destinations for trafficking flows from Sub-Saharan Africa, 2018 (or most recent) 155
Map 22. Origins of trafficking victims detected in West Africa, 2018 (or most recent) 156
Map 23. Origins of trafficking victims detected in Southern Africa, 2018 (or most recent) 156
Map 24. Origins of trafficking victims detected in East Africa, 2018 (or most recent) 156
Map 25. Origins of trafficking victims detected in North Africa, 2018 (or most recent) 160
Map 26. Origins of trafficking victims detected in the Middle East, 2018 (or most recent) 160