Title page
Contents
Foreword 8
Acknowledgments 10
Advisory Board 12
The GII Partners 14
GII 2022 at a glance 19
Global leaders in innovation in 2022 20
Global Innovation Index 2022 rankings 21
Innovation performance at different income levels, 2022 22
Key takeaways 23
Global Innovation Tracker 26
Global Innovation Tracker Dashboard 27
Science and innovation investments 28
Technological progress 35
Technology adoption 37
Socioeconomic impact 39
Conclusion 40
GII 2022 results 43
The GII 2022 innovation leaders 44
A changing global innovation landscape 47
Innovation overperformers 48
The persistent regional innovation divide 50
Creating balanced and efficient innovation ecosystems 55
Conclusion 57
Cluster ranking 58
The GII 2022 top 100 science and technology clusters 59
S&T intensity of the top 100 clusters 63
Special theme 65
What is the future of innovation-driven growth: Productivity stagnation or revival? 66
GII 2022 Economy profiles 90
Framework of the Global Innovation Index 2022 91
How to read the Economy profiles 92
Economy profiles 94
Albania 94
Algeria 95
Angola 96
Argentina 97
Armenia 98
Australia 99
Austria 100
Azerbaijan 101
Bahrain 102
Bangladesh 103
Belarus 104
Belgium 105
Benin 106
Bosnia and Herzegovina 107
Botswana 108
Brazil 109
Brunei Darussalam 110
Bulgaria 111
Burkina Faso 112
Burundi 113
Cambodia 114
Cameroon 115
Canada 116
Chile 117
China 118
Colombia 119
Costa Rica 120
Cote d'Ivoire 121
Croatia 122
Cyprus 123
Czech Republic 124
Denmark 125
Dominican Republic 126
Ecuador 127
Egypt 128
El Salvador 129
Estonia 130
Ethiopia 131
Finland 132
France 133
Georgia 134
Germany 135
Ghana 136
Greece 137
Guatemala 138
Guinea 139
Honduras 140
Hong Kong, China 141
Hungary 142
Iceland 143
India 144
Indonesia 145
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 146
Iraq 147
Ireland 148
Israel 149
Italy 150
Jamaica 151
Japan 152
Jordan 153
Kazakhstan 154
Kenya 155
Kuwait 156
Kyrgyzstan 157
Lao People's Democratic Republic 158
Latvia 159
Lithuania 160
Luxembourg 161
Madagascar 162
Malaysia 163
Mali 164
Malta 165
Mauritania 166
Mauritius 167
Mexico 168
Mongolia 169
Montenegro 170
Morocco 171
Mozambique 172
Myanmar 173
Namibia 174
Nepal 175
Netherlands 176
New Zealand 177
Nicaragua 178
Niger 179
Nigeria 180
North Macedonia 181
Norway 182
Oman 183
Pakistan 184
Panama 185
Paraguay 186
Peru 187
Philippines 188
Poland 189
Portugal 190
Qatar 191
Republic of Korea 192
Republic of Moldova 193
Romania 194
Russian Federation 195
Rwanda 196
Saudi Arabia 197
Senegal 198
Serbia 199
Singapore 200
Slovakia 201
Slovenia 202
South Africa 203
Spain 204
Sri Lanka 205
Sweden 206
Switzerland 207
Tajikistan 208
Thailand 209
Togo 210
Trinidad and Tobago 211
Tunisia 212
Turkiye 213
Uganda 214
Ukraine 215
United Arab Emirates 216
United Kingdom 217
United Republic of Tanzania 218
United States of America 219
Uruguay 220
Uzbekistan 221
Viet Nam 222
Yemen 223
Zambia 224
Zimbabwe 225
Appendix I. The Global Innovation Index's rationale and origins, its conceptual framework and data limitations 227
Appendix II. Joint Research Centre (JRC) statistical audit of the 2022 Global Innovation Index 232
Appendix III. Sources and definitions 236
Appendix IV. Global Innovation Index science and technology cluster methodology 258
Table 1. R&D and revenue growth of the top global corporate R&D spenders, 2018-2021 31
Table 2. 10 best-ranked economies by income group (rank) 48
Table 3. Innovation Achievers in 2022: Income group, region and years as an innovation achiever 50
Table 4. Heatmap: GII 2022 rankings overall and by innovation pillar 52
Table 5. GII 2022 rankings in Sub-Saharan Africa 54
Table 6. Top S&T cluster of each economy or cross-border region, rank among the top 100, 2022 60
Table 7. Economies with three or more top 100 S&T clusters, 2022 62
Table 8. Top S&T clusters in extended ranking, economies not covered in top 100, 2022 62
Table 9. Top S&T clusters by S&T intensity, 2022 64
Table 10. Average productivity growth by sectors, 1996-2019 72
Table 11. Deep Science wave impacts in four fields 77
Table 12. Promising new technologies identified by sector 78
Table 13. Innovation diffusion, adoption and international catch-up: drivers and barriers 80
Figure 1. Global leaders in innovation in 2022 20
Figure 2. Global Innovation Index 2022 rankings 21
Figure 3. Innovation performance at different income levels, 2022 22
Figure 4. Global Innovation Tracker 27
Figure 5/Figure 1. The usual correlation of R&D and GDP growth, 2000-2023 29
Figure 6/Figure 2. Government budget allocations for R&D, 2019, 2020 and 2021 30
Figure 7/Figure 3. R&D expenditure and revenue totals of top global corporate R&D spenders, by industry and year, 2018-2021 31
Figure 8/Figure 4. Share of top corporate R&D spenders reporting R&D expenditure increases, 2019-2021 32
Figure 9/Figure 5. Corporate R&D expenditure, selected top R&D spenders worldwide, annual R&D expenditure, 2020 vs 2021 33
Figure 10/Figure 6. Value of VC deals by region, three-point moving average, 1997-2022 (top), and growth in value of VC deals, by region, 2020-2022 (bottom) 35
Figure 11/Figure 7. Electric battery price and electric vehicle stock share, 2010-2021 36
Figure 12/Figure 8. Stock of industrial robots and year-on-year growth rate, 2000-2020 38
Figure 13/Figure 9. Movement in the GII, top 10, 2018-2022 45
Figure 14/Figure 10. Global leaders in innovation in 2022 46
Figure 15/Figure 11. The positive relationship between innovation and development 49
Figure 16/Figure 12. Innovation input to output performance, 2022 55
Figure 17/Figure 13. Real GDP per capita levels at the frontier, 1300-2021 67
Figure 18/Figure 14. Labor productivity growth, 1871-2021 68
Figure 19/Figure 15. Slowdown in GDP per capita growth in OECD economies, 1950-2021 69
Figure 20/Figure 16. Slowdown in labor productivity growth, 1950s-2010s 69
Figure 21/Figure 17. Regional labor productivity differentials, 2020 or earlier 72
Figure 22/Figure 18. Labor productivity growth rate, selected countries, 2000-2007 and 2011-2018 73
Figure 23/Figure 19. Global GDP per hour worked, 2011-2022 74
Figure 24/Figure 20. Past and future innovation waves from the 19th through the 21st century 75
Figure 25/Figure 21. Investment in ICT equipment, 1995-2021 76
Figure 26/Figure 22. Productivity levels in selected major economies between 1970 and 2021 81
Figure 27/Figure 23. Labor productivity relative to the United States 81
Figure 28. Framework of the Global Innovation Index 2022 91
Boxes
Box 1. The United States continues to lead in several key innovation indicators. Singapore, China, Hong Kong (China) and Israel follow 47
Box 2. What is the recipe for improving an economy's innovation performance as measured by the GII? 56
Maps
Map 1. Top 100 clusters worldwide, 2022 59
Map 2. Top S&T clusters, United States and China, 2022 61
Map 3. European S&T clusters by intensity 63
Box Tables
Box Table 1. Economies with the most top-ranked GII indicators, 2022 47
Appendix Table 1. Changes to the GII 2022 framework 229
Appendix Table 2. GII 2022 and Input/Output Sub-Indices: Ranks and 90 percent confidence intervals 234
Appendix Table 3. Top 100 S&T clusters, 2022 260
Appendix Table 4. Ranking of S&T intensity, 2016-2020 262
Appendix Table 5. Summary of geocoding results 264
Appendix Boxes
Appendix Box 1. History of the GII (2007-2022) 227