AcknowledgementTable of ContentsIntroductory noteGlossary of abbreviationsChapter 1. Terrorism as a legal phenomenon1.1. Evolution of terrorist movements1.1.1. The dawn of terrorism1.1.2. Terrorism throughout centuries1.1.3. Fundamentalism: The fiercest face of terrorisma) Al-Qaedab) ISIS1.2. “Terrorism:” Definition and scope of the term1.2.1. Difficulties in defining1.2.2. Cross-section of definitions1.2.3. Characteristics of terrorism1.3. Aspects of aerial terrorism1.3.1. Introductory notes1.3.2. Why is civil aviation an “attractive target” for terrorists?1.3.3. Types of attacksa) Skyjacking vs. aerial piracyb) Aircraft bombingc) Usage of an aeroplane as a weapond) Shooting down an aircrafte) Destruction of airport infrastructuref) Cyberattacks in aviationg) Usage of specific types of weapons (e.g. biological, nuclear or chemical)h) Targeting passengers directly1.4. Use of force in response to terrorism1.4.1. Classical approach to the fight against terrorism1.4.2. Understanding the “use of force” in relation to terrorism1.4.3. Change of perception1.4.4. “War on terror:” The perspective of civil aviation1.5. Role of state terrorism1.5.1. Brief analysis1.5.2. Ensuring safety without infringing human rightsa) Preventing terrorism: Sources of dutyb) Clash of rules of prevention with human rights protection1.5.3. State terrorism in civil aviation1.6. Unmanned aerial vehicles: The future of terrorism (?)1.6.1 UAV: Definition and role as a target of terrorism1.6.2. Hijacking a UAV1.6.3. Shooting down a UAV1.6.4. Cyber-attacksChapter 2. Role of selected international organisations in the fight against aerial terrorism2.1. Introduction2.2. The International Civil Aviation Organisation2.2.1. Common issues2.2.2. The Tokyo Conventiona) Circumstances of draftingb) Scope of applicationc) Jurisdictiond) Powers of the aircraft commandere) Rights and duties of statesf) Commentary2.2.3. The Hague Convention and the Montreal Conventiona) Circumstances of draftingb) Scope of applicationc) Jurisdictiond) Extraditione) Other states’ dutiesf) Commentary2.2.4. The Montreal Protocola) Circumstances of draftingb) Enhancement of the Montreal Conventionc) Commentary2.2.5. The Beijing Convention & the Beijing Protocola) Circumstances of draftingb) Scope of applicationc) Jurisdictiond) Extradition and duties of statese) Commentary2.2.6. The Montreal Protocol of 2014a) Circumstances of draftingb) Enhancement of the Tokyo Conventionc) Commentary2.3. United Nations2.3.1. General Assemblya) Pre-9/11 Resolutionsb) Post-9/11 Resolutionsc) Commentary2.3.2. Security Councila) Resolutions adopted before the 1990sb) Post-Lockerbie bombing Resolutionsc) Resolutions on the 11 September attacksd) Post-11 September Resolutionse) Commentary2.4. The European Union2.4.1. Overview of early anti-terrorist EU policy2.4.2. The role of EU Treaties2.4.3. Other anti-terrorist legislative tools enacted by the EUa) Counter-Terrorism Strategy: A milestone in the campaign against terrorismb) Overview of key secondary law acts related to aerial terrorism2.4.4. Regulation No. 300/2008a) Scope of applicationb) Common basic standardsc) Other provisionsd) Commentary2.4.5. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 272/2009 and its amendments: A supplement to the aviation security systema) General remarksb) Issues covered by the Annexc) Commentary2.4.6. The PNR Directive: A controversial tool to prevent and eliminate aerial terrorisma) The principal purpose of the Directive and the definition of PNRb) Conflict with the right to privacyc) Anti-terrorist context2.4.7. An accurate and up-to-date solution for the terrorist problem: Overview of Directive 2017/541a) Framework Decisions 2002/475/JHA: The first important instrument in anti-terrorist legislationb) Definition of terrorism common for all Member Statesc) Wider scope of offencesd) Jurisdiction and prosecution, system of assistance to victimse) CommentaryChapter 3. Case study3.1. Introduction3.2. Metrojet flight No. 9268: Terror above the Sinai Peninsula3.2.1. Case facts and investigationa) History of the flightb) Investigation3.2.2. Analysis of the terrorist contexta) Presence of terrorist factorsb) Context of the Egyptian Penal Code3.2.3. Aspects of the attack in the light of sector Conventionsa) Montreal Conventionb) Possible application of Beijing Convention provisions3.2.4. A reason for retaliation?3.3. The downing of Malaysia Airlines flight 17: Another step towards the intensification of the conflict in eastern Ukraine3.3.1. Factual backgrounda) History of the flightb) Investigation on the crash3.3.2. Was the attack really a terrorist attempt?a) Attribution of attack to a stateb) Character of the shooting: Terrorist or not?3.3.3. The offence under the Tokyo-Hague-Montreal-Beijing system conventionsa) Applicability of the Montreal Conventionb) Hypothetical application of the Beijing Convention3.4. The 2016 Brussels Airport bombing: Europe as a target of the Islamic State3.4.1. Circumstances of the attack and the subsequent investigation3.4.2. Terrorist character of the bombinga) Analysis on the basis of definitionb) Perspective of European Union lawc) Provisions of sector Conventions3.5. Air France 8969: A hijacking that could have ended in tragedy3.5.1. History of the flight3.5.2. Presence of a terrorist factor3.5.3. Classifying the offence as hijackinga) The Tokyo Convention perspectiveb) The Hague Convention regulationsc) Hypothetical application of the Beijing Protocol3.5.4. The attempt to use A300 as a weapon: A brief analysisConcluding remarksBibliographyIndexSeries Index