AcknowledgementsList of FiguresIntroduction Historical Imagination, Collective Memory, and theHistoricization of Roman Lawpart 1Guillaume Bud e : Jus , Justice, and Dignity1 Setting the Scene Justinian's Digest and University-BasedJurisprudence1 Corpus iuris civilis: Composition and Transmission2 Law before Lawyers3 Reform, Revolution, and Rediscovery4 Modus docendi : The Methods of the Schoolmen and the Advent of the Studiahumanitatis2 Excavating, Restoring, and Redefining Jus at the Foundations ofHumanist Jurisprudence1 A Humanist, Not a Lawyer2 The 1508 Annotationes : Answering-and Amplifying-the Call for Change3 Hidden in Plain View: Radical Departure, Traditional Scholarship4 Splitting Good from Fair: Accursius' Error and Bude's Entanglement5 The Proper Method for Studying and Interpreting the Law6 Jus as a Defining Characteristic of Justice and Man qua Man7 Jus Has Been Given to All Mankind8 Significance of Bude's Re-interpretation of Jus and Jus Gentiumpart 2Ulrich Zasius: Jus , Jus Gentium , and Rights3 Re-defining Jus to Restore Justitia Ulrich Zasius' Methods in Wordand in Action1 Humanist First, a Lawyer Second2 Combining Methods: Historicizing Law to Observe Justice3 In Praise of the Law: A True and Useful Science4 Theory Meets Practice: Zasius Explains His Methods5 Ordinary Lecture, Exceptional Interpretation6 'What Is Justice; What Is Jus ?'7 The Historical Necessity for and the Moral Authority of Lawyers andJurists8 'In What Manner Is Justice Divided?'9 Methods in Action: Ex fontibus ad initium4 Breaking with Tradition Jus Gentium as a Source of Universal Rights andObligations1 Disentangling Jus Gentium , Defining Natural Law2 Defining Natural Law and Jus Gentium3 The First Three Qualities of Natural Law: Instruction, Sociability, andPreservation4 Jus Gentium as the Fourth Quality of Natural Law5 Before and Beyond the Lectern: Pairing Zasius' Lecture and Lucubrationes6 Elevating Jus Gentium7 Distinct, but Not Divided: The Double-Aspect of Jus Gentium8 Universal, but Not Unlimited: The Right to Resist and the Power to Punish9 Jus Gentium as a Cache of Universal Rights10 Jus Gentium as a Cache of Universal Obligations11 The Limits of Slavery12 The Trouble with Tyranny13 Implications of Zasius' Re-interpretation of Jus Gentiumpart 3Andrea Alciati: Jus , Violence, and Imperium5 Self-Evident Truths and Demonstrable Facts Power, Politics, andPersuasion1 Lawyer First, Humanist Second2 Law and Violence: Alciati's Career in Context3 The Art of Justice, the Power of Speech, and the Necessity of Jurists6 The Tenacity of Violence and the Parity of Right Alciati's [ Re-]Interpretation of Jus, Jus Gentium, and Natural Law1 Equality Through Enmity: War-Making as State-Making2 Changing the Subject: Alciati's Radical Departure from His Humanist Peers3 The Trouble with Imperium : Alciati's Novel Departure from His ScholasticPredecessors4 Jus as Necessity in Action5 Homicide, Commerce, and War: Meticulous Meditations on Proximate andRemote Cause6 Slavery as a Marker of Imperium7 Rulers and Brigands; Superior and Inferior Princes8 Universal Empire Rejected9 Imperium Interrupted10 Contests Among Equals: Dueling as an Analogy to War11 The Practical Significance of Alciati's Novel Re-interpretation of JusGentium in Context12 Jus as a Marker of Equality in Humanist JurisprudenceConclusion The Re-formation of Europe and the Turn to Jus GentiumAppendix: Select EmblemsBibliographyIndex