Title page
Contents
Foreword 8
Editor's introduction to the series 9
Acknowledgments 11
Chapter 1. Trademark 12
1.1. Introduction 12
1.2. What is a trademark? 12
1.3. International sources of law 14
1.4. Obtaining registered trademark protection 14
1.4.1. Filing a trademark application 15
1.4.2. Opposition 15
1.4.3. Examination 15
1.4.4. Registration duration and renewal 16
1.4.5. Appeal procedures 16
1.4.6. R or ® symbol 16
1.5. Requirements for a valid trademark 16
1.5.1. Signs that may serve as trademarks 16
1.5.2. Actual or acquired distinctiveness 16
1.5.3. Exclusion from registration on other grounds 17
1.5.4. Absolute and relative grounds for refusal 17
1.5.5. Use requirement 18
1.6. Rights conferred by trademark registration 18
1.6.1. Right to prevent others from using the trademark 18
1.6.2. Right to prevent others from using well-known marks 18
1.6.3. Right to dispose of the trademark as an object of property 19
1.6.3.1. Assignment 19
1.6.3.2. Licensing 19
1.6.4. Coexistence agreements 19
1.6.5. Restrictions of the exclusive right 19
1.6.5.1. Parallel imports 19
1.6.5.2. Public policy 20
1.7. Revocation or invalidation 20
1.8. Infringement proceedings 20
1.8.1. Likelihood of confusion 21
1.8.1.1. Similarity of trademarks 21
1.8.1.2. Similarity of goods or services 22
1.8.2. Counterfeiting 22
Chapter 2. Patents 24
2.1. Introduction 24
2.2. What is a patent? 25
2.2.1. What is a utility model? 25
2.3. International sources of law 25
2.4. Obtaining patent protection 26
2.4.1. Filing a patent application 26
2.4.2. Examination 27
2.4.3. Opposition systems (pre-and post-grant) 27
2.4.4. Patent grant and term of protection 28
2.4.5. Appeal procedures 28
2.5. Requirements for a valid patent 29
2.5.1. Patentable subject matter 29
2.5.2. Novelty 30
2.5.3. Inventive step (nonobviousness) 31
2.5.4. Capable of industrial application (utility) 32
2.5.5. Disclosure requirements for a valid patent 32
2.5.6. Unity of invention 33
2.6. Rights conferred by patent protection 33
2.6.1. Exclusive right to exclude others from exploiting the protected invention 33
2.6.2. Assignment and licensing 33
2.7. Revocation or invalidation 34
2.8. Infringement proceedings 34
2.8.1. Elements of infringement 35
2.8.1.1. Prohibited acts 35
2.8.1.2. Scope of the claim 36
2.8.2. Exceptions and limitations 37
2.8.3. Defenses to allegations of infringement 38
2.8.3.1. Invalidity 38
2.8.3.2. Exhaustion of rights and parallel imports 38
2.8.3.3. Compulsory licenses and governmental use 38
2.9. Evidence 39
Chapter 3. Copyright 40
3.1. Introduction 40
3.2. What are copyright and related rights? 40
3.3. International sources of law 40
3.4. Obtaining copyright protection 43
3.4.1. No registration requirement 43
3.4.2. Challenges to copyright ownership and subsistence 43
3.5. Requirements for valid copyright protection 43
3.5.1. Copyrightable subject matter 43
3.5.1.1. Computer programs and software 44
3.5.1.2. Databases 45
3.5.1.3. Video games 45
3.5.2. Originality 45
3.5.3. Fixation 46
3.6. Rights conferred by copyright and related rights 46
3.6.1. Economic rights 46
3.6.1.1. Right of reproduction and related rights 47
3.6.1.2. Rights of public performance, broadcasting, communication to the public and making available to the public 47
3.6.1.3. Right of adaptation 48
3.6.1.4. Resale right 48
3.6.2. Moral rights 48
3.6.3. Related rights 49
3.6.3.1. Rights of performers 49
3.6.3.2. Rights of producers of sound recordings 49
3.6.3.3. Rights of broadcasting organizations 50
3.6.4. Limitations and exceptions to copyright 50
3.6.5. Term of protection 51
3.6.6. Ownership of copyright 52
3.6.7. Transfer of copyright 52
3.6.7.1. Licensing 52
3.6.7.2. Assignment 53
3.7. Revocation or invalidation 53
3.8. Infringement proceedings 54
3.8.1. Subsistence of copyright 54
3.8.2. Infringing act 54
3.8.3. Copyright piracy 55
Chapter 4. Remedies 56
4.1. Introduction 56
4.2. Provisional measures 56
4.3. Civil remedies 57
4.3.1. Injunctions 57
4.3.2. Entitlement of the rights owner to information 58
4.3.3. Damages 58
4.3.4. Disposal or destruction 59
4.3.5. Publication of judgments in media 59
4.4. Criminal sanctions 59