Title page
Contents
Foreword 9
Editor's introduction to the series 10
Acknowledgments 12
Chapter 1. Procedure 13
1.1. Introduction 13
1.2. Overview of the legal system in the Philippines 13
1.2.1. Court hierarchy 13
1.2.2. Intellectual Property Office 14
1.3. Sources of law 15
1.4. Obtaining intellectual property protection 15
1.5. Revocation or cancellation 15
1.6. Infringement 16
1.6.1. Civil proceedings 16
1.6.1.1. Standing 16
1.6.1.2. Forum shopping 17
1.6.1.3. Pleadings 18
1.6.1.4. Discovery and admissions 20
1.6.1.5. Pre-trial process in civil actions 21
1.6.1.6. Clarification hearing(s) following pre-trial 23
1.6.1.7. Setting trial dates 23
1.6.1.8. Failure to appear 23
1.6.1.9. Court-annexed mediation in civil actions 23
1.6.2. Criminal proceedings 24
1.6.2.1. Complaint, preliminary investigation and filing of information 24
1.6.2.2. Court evaluation 24
1.6.2.3. Arraignment 25
1.6.2.4. Prohibited motions 25
1.6.2.5. Pre-trial process in criminal actions 25
1.6.2.6. Court-annexed mediation in criminal actions 26
1.6.3. Judgment and appeal 26
1.6.3.1. Judgments 26
1.6.3.2. Appeals 26
1.7. Evidence 27
1.7.1. Evidence in civil proceedings 27
1.7.2. Evidence in criminal proceedings 27
1.7.3. Common Rules of admissibility and weight of evidence 28
1.7.3.1. Fraudulent intent 28
1.7.3.2. Good faith 28
1.7.3.3. Foreign official documents 28
1.7.4. Memoranda and draft decisions 29
1.8. Remedies 29
1.8.1. Urgent measures/interim relief 29
1.8.1.1. Injunctions and restraining orders 29
1.8.1.2. Search-and-seizure orders 29
1.8.1.3. Destruction and disposal 35
1.8.2. Civil remedies 38
1.8.2.1. Damages 38
1.8.2.2. Final injunction and restraining orders 38
1.8.2.3. Search-and-seizure orders 38
1.8.2.4. Destruction and disposal 38
1.8.3. Criminal penalties 38
1.9. Post-trial matters 39
Appendix 1.A. Sample order granting a search warrant 40
Appendix 1.B. Sample search warrant 45
Appendix 1.C. Sample order for destruction 48
Chapter 2. Trademark 51
2.1. Introduction 51
2.2. What is a trademark in the Philippines? 51
2.3. Sources of law 52
2.4. Obtaining registered trademark protection 52
2.5. Requirements for trademark registration 52
2.6. Rights conferred by registration 53
2.6.1. Protection against cybersquatting 53
2.6.2. Well-known marks 53
2.6.3. Maintaining registration of a trademark 54
2.6.4. Assignment and licensing of a trademark 54
2.7. Revocation or cancellation 54
2.7.1. Jurisdiction 54
2.7.2. Cancellation proceedings 54
2.7.2.1. Grounds for cancellation 54
2.7.2.2. Form of petition before the IP Office 55
2.7.3. Cross-claims challenging validity or seeking cancellation of the trademark 55
2.8. Infringement proceedings 56
2.8.1. Standing 56
2.8.2. Urgent measures/interim relief 57
2.8.3. Pleadings and onus 57
2.8.4. Complaint 57
2.8.5. Answer 57
2.8.6. Pre-trial 58
2.8.7. Trial and judgment 58
2.9. Evidence 58
2.9.1. Presumptions 58
2.9.2. In cancellation proceedings 58
2.9.2.1. Registered mark becomes generic name 59
2.9.2.2. Registered owner's lack of use of the mark 59
2.9.3. In civil and criminal proceedings 60
2.9.3.1. Validity of registration and ownership of the mark 60
2.9.3.2. Use of the trademark or a colorable imitation of the mark 61
2.9.3.3. Determining whether there is a likelihood of confusion 62
2.9.4. Defenses to allegations of infringement 68
2.10. Remedies 69
2.10.1. Trademark found to be invalid or cancelled 69
2.10.2. Trademark found to be infringed 69
2.10.2.1. Criminal 69
2.10.2.2. Civil 69
2.11. Unfair competition, false designation of origin and false description or representation 70
2.11.1. Unfair competition 70
2.11.2. False designation of origin or false description or representation 71
Appendix 2.A. Sample judgment 72
Appendix 2.B. Sample judgment 80
Appendix 2.C. Sample judgment 90
Chapter 3. Patent 99
3.1. Introduction 99
3.2. What is a patent in the Philippines? 99
3.3. Sources of law 99
3.4. Obtaining patent protection 100
3.4.1. Appeals of IP Office decisions 101
3.5. Requirements for a valid patent 101
3.5.1. Nonpatentable inventions 101
3.6. Rights conferred by a patent 101
3.6.1. Limitations 102
3.6.2. Duration 103
3.6.3. Ownership of a patent 103
3.6.4. Licensing and assignment of a patent 103
3.6.4.1. Licensing 103
3.6.4.2. Assignment 104
3.7. Revocation or cancellation 104
3.8. Infringement proceedings 105
3.8.1. Standing 105
3.8.2. Urgent measures/interim relief 105
3.8.3. Pleadings and onus 105
3.8.3.1. Summons/complaint 105
3.8.3.2. Answer/defense 106
3.8.3.3. Reply 106
3.8.4. Pre-trial 107
3.8.5. Trial and judgment 107
3.9. Evidence 107
3.9.1. Presumptions 108
3.9.2. Tests for infringement 108
3.9.2.1. Literal infringement 108
3.9.2.2. Doctrine of equivalents 108
3.9.3. Defenses to allegations of infringement 109
3.9.4. Criminal infringement 110
3.10. Remedies 110
3.10.1. Civil remedies 110
3.10.2. Criminal remedies 111
Chapter 4. Copyright 112
4.1. Introduction 112
4.2. What is copyright in the Philippines? 112
4.3. Sources of law 113
4.4. Requirements for copyright protection 113
4.5. Obtaining copyright protection 113
4.6. Rights of the copyright owner 114
4.6.1. Economic rights 114
4.6.2. Moral rights 114
4.6.3. Duration of rights 114
4.6.4. Ownership and transfer of rights 114
4.6.4.1. Authorship and ownership of copyright 115
4.6.4.2. Assignment and licensing of copyright 115
4.7. Revocation or cancellation 116
4.8. Infringement Proceedings 116
4.8.1. Standing 116
4.8.2. Urgent measures/interim relief 116
4.8.3. Pleadings and onus 116
4.8.3.1. Summons/complaint 116
4.8.3.2. Answer/defense 117
4.8.3.3. Reply 117
4.8.4. Pre-trial 117
4.8.5. Trial and judgment 117
4.8.5.1. Infringement of economic rights (civil and criminal) 118
4.8.5.2. Infringement of moral rights 119
4.9. Evidence 119
4.9.1. Essential evidence 120
4.9.2. Presumptions 120
4.9.3. Standard of evidence 120
4.9.4. Evidence in criminal proceedings 121
4.10. Remedies 121
4.10.1. Civil remedies 122
4.10.2. Criminal remedies 122
4.10.3. Moral rights remedies 122
Table 2.1. Cases in which confusion was found to be likely 64
Table 2.2. Cases in which confusion was found to be unlikely 68
Figure 1.1. Hierarchy of intellectual property courts in the Philippines 14
Figure 1.2. Conduct of an intellectual property rights proceeding under the IP Rules 17
Figure 1.3. Search-and-seizure procedure 30
Figure 1.4. Destruction and disposal procedure under the IP Rules 36