Title page
Contents
Index to Economy profiles 6
Foreword 7
Acknowledgments 9
Advisory Board 11
The GII Partners 13
GII 2023 at a glance 17
Global leaders in innovation, 2023 18
Global Innovation Index 2023 rankings 19
Innovation performance at different income levels, 2023 20
Key takeaways 21
Global Innovation Tracker 24
Global Innovation Tracker Dashboard 25
Science and innovation investment 26
Technological progress 34
Technology adoption 38
Socioeconomic impact 40
Conclusion 41
GII 2023 results 45
Innovation leaders in 2023 48
Innovation overperformers 52
Converting innovation investment into tangible innovation output 54
Innovation across the world's regions 59
Conclusion 62
Cluster ranking 64
The GII 2023 top 100 science and technology clusters 65
GII 2023 Economy profiles 73
Framework of the Global Innovation Index 2023 74
How to read the Economy profiles 75
Economy profiles 77
Albania 77
Algeria 78
Angola 79
Argentina 80
Armenia 81
Australia 82
Austria 83
Azerbaijan 84
Bahrain 85
Bangladesh 86
Belarus 87
Belgium 88
Benin 89
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 90
Bosnia and Herzegovina 91
Botswana 92
Brazil 93
Brunei Darussalam 94
Bulgaria 95
Burkina Faso 96
Burundi 97
Cabo Verde 98
Cambodia 99
Cameroon 100
Canada 101
Chile 102
China 103
Colombia 104
Costa Rica 105
Cote d'Ivoire 106
Croatia 107
Cyprus 108
Czech Republic 109
Denmark 110
Dominican Republic 111
Ecuador 112
Egypt 113
El Salvador 114
Estonia 115
Ethiopia 116
Finland 117
France 118
Georgia 119
Germany 120
Ghana 121
Greece 122
Guatemala 123
Guinea 124
Honduras 125
Hong Kong, China 126
Hungary 127
Iceland 128
India 129
Indonesia 130
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 131
Ireland 132
Israel 133
Italy 134
Jamaica 135
Japan 136
Jordan 137
Kazakhstan 138
Kenya 139
Kuwait 140
Kyrgyzstan 141
Lao People's Democratic Republic 142
Latvia 143
Lebanon 144
Lithuania 145
Luxembourg 146
Madagascar 147
Malaysia 148
Mali 149
Malta 150
Mauritania 151
Mauritius 152
Mexico 153
Mongolia 154
Montenegro 155
Morocco 156
Mozambique 157
Namibia 158
Nepal 159
Netherlands (Kingdom of the) 160
New Zealand 161
Nicaragua 162
Niger 163
Nigeria 164
North Macedonia 165
Norway 166
Oman 167
Pakistan 168
Panama 169
Paraguay 170
Peru 171
Philippines 172
Poland 173
Portugal 174
Qatar 175
Republic of Korea 176
Republic of Moldova 177
Romania 178
Russian Federation 179
Rwanda 180
Saudi Arabia 181
Senegal 182
Serbia 183
Singapore 184
Slovakia 185
Slovenia 186
South Africa 187
Spain 188
Sri Lanka 189
Sweden 190
Switzerland 191
Tajikistan 192
Thailand 193
Togo 194
Trinidad and Tobago 195
Tunisia 196
Turkiye 197
Uganda 198
Ukraine 199
United Arab Emirates 200
United Kingdom 201
United Republic of Tanzania 202
United States of America 203
Uruguay 204
Uzbekistan 205
Viet Nam 206
Zambia 207
Zimbabwe 208
Appendix I. Conceptual and measurement framework of the Global Innovation Index 210
Appendix II. Joint Research Centre (JRC) statistical audit of the 2023 Global Innovation Index 217
Appendix III. Sources and definitions 221
Appendix IV. Global Innovation Index science and technology cluster methodology 243
Table 1. R&D and revenue growth rates for top global corporate R&D spenders, 2018-2022 28
Table 2. Top fastest and top most efficient (green) supercomputers, 2022 35
Table 3. Top 10 economies by income group (rank) 51
Table 4. Innovation overperformers in 2023: Income group, region and years as an innovation overperformer 54
Table 5. Heatmap: GII 2023 rankings overall and by innovation pillar, 2023 56
Table 6. Top S&T cluster by economy or cross-border region ranked among the top 100, 2023 66
Table 7. Economies with three or more top 100 S&T clusters, 2023 68
Table 8. Top S&T clusters in extended ranking, economies not covered by the top 100 S&T clusters, 2023 69
Table 9. Top 25 S&T clusters by S&T intensity, 2023 71
Figure 1. GDP growth and total and business R&D growth rates, 2007-2024 27
Figure 2. R&D expenditure and revenue totals of top global corporate R&D spenders, by industry and year, 2018-2022 29
Figure 3. Corporate R&D expenditure, selected top R&D spenders worldwide, annual R&D expenditure, 2021 compared to 2022 30
Figure 4. Number of venture capital deals and deal value, 2012-2022 33
Figure 5. Performance of the most efficient supercomputers, 2013-2022 35
Figure 6. Share of newly-installed renewable power generation capacity that is cheaper than the cheapest fossil fuel-fired option, 2016-2021 36
Figure 7. Cost of sequencing DNA of one human genome, 2001-2022 37
Figure 8. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy, 2000-2019 40
Figure 9. Years of life beyond 60 41
Figure 10. Key global innovation changers 2023 46
Figure 11. Global innovation leaders in 2023 49
Figure 12. Innovation overperformers, relative to their economic development 53
Figure 13. Innovation input to output performance, 2023 55
Maps
Map 1. Top 100 clusters worldwide, 2023 65
Map 2. Top S&T clusters, East Asia, India, Türkiye and Israel, 2023 67
Map 3. European and North American S&T clusters by intensity, 2023 70
Boxes
Box 1. GII innovation indicators - 2023 trailblazers 50
Box 2. How to best use the Global Innovation Index (GII) and what not to do? 51
Box 3. Who leads on unicorns? 58
Box 4. Innovation as the driver of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 61
Box Tables
Box Table 1. Economies with the most GII indicators ranked top, 2023 50
Box Figures
Box Figure 1. Unicorn valuation by level of economic development, 2023 58
Appendix Table 1. Changes to the GII 2023 framework 213
Appendix Table 2. GII 2023 and Input/Output Sub-Indices: rankings and 90 percent confidence intervals 219
Appendix Table 3. Top 100 S&T clusters, 2023 245
Appendix Table 4. Ranking of S&T intensity 247
Appendix Table 5. Summary of geocoding results 249
Appendix Boxes
Appendix Box 1. Building a robust data infrastructure for the Global Innovation Index 211