Biographical NotePrincipal PublicationsAbbreviationsList of PIL CodificationsList of EU RegulationsList of International ConventionsList of Tables and ChartsForewordIntroductionChapter I Historical FoundationsSection 1 IntroductionSection 2 From Ancient Greece to Medieval ItalySection 3 Early Footings: Bartolus, Statutists, and UnilateralismSection 4 Huber's ComitySection 5 The Nineteenth Century: The Classical PIL EdificeA StoryB WachterC Savigny and MultilateralismD Other Nineteenth Century ScholarsSection 6 The Twentieth CenturyA The Two HalvesB Beale and the Traditional American Choice-of-Law System1 Territoriality2 Vested Rights3 The First Conflicts RestatementSection 7 Summary: The Classical PIL SystemSection 8 The Recent Codification MovementChapter II Substantivist Carve-OutsSection 1 The Original Substantivist MethodSection 2 Contemporary Substantivist Carve-OutsA Legislative Substantivism1 Internationally2 Regionally3 NationallyB Non-State, A National SubstantivismC Substantivism in ArbitrationD Substantivism in AdjudicationSection 3 SummaryChapter III The "International" in Private International LawSection 1 What's in a Name?A Conflict of LawsB Private International LawSection 2 InternationalitySection 3 International UniformitySection 4 Interstate UniformitySection 5 ConclusionsChapter IV The"Private" in Private International LawSection 1 Introduction: Private or Public Law?Section 2 Brainerd Currie and State InterestsA IntroductionB Do States Have an Interest in Multistate Disputes between Private Parties?C Are State Interests Ascertainable?D Re-conceptualizing State InterestsE Can an Interest-Based Approach Rationally Resolve Conflicts?1 False Conflicts2 True Conflicts3 No-Interest CasesF SummarySection 3 Not "Only in America": Recognition of State Interests ElsewhereA Not for ExportB Unilateralist ToolsC Multilateral but Non-Neutral RulesD Constitutionalization of PILSection 4 ConclusionsChapter V Unilateralist EncroachmentsSection 1 IntroductionA Misplaced LabelsB HistoryC The DifferencesSection 2 The Resilience of UnilateralismSection 3 Unilateralism in Academic DoctrineA In EuropeB In the United StatesSection 4 Not "Only in America": The Ubiquity of UnilateralismA Unilateral Choice-of-Law Rules in PIL Codifications1 Old-Fashioned, General Unilateral Rules2 Unilateral Rules for Tort Conflicts3 Multiple Nationalities4 Capacity5 Marriage6 Divorce7 Adoption8 Maintenance9 Successions10 Formal Validity11 Contracts12 Intellectual Property13 Mea CulpaB Mandatory Rules, or Rules of Immediate ApplicationC Unilateralism in Substantive Statutes1 "Localizing Rules": Concept and Function2 Consumer Contracts3 Insurance contracts4 Employment Contracts5 Franchise, Distributorship, and Commercial Agency Contracts6 Other Contracts7 AntitrustSection 5 SymbiosisA Unilateralism is Alive and KickingB Methodological Implications: From Antagonism to SymbiosisC Unilateralism and ParochialismD The Unilaterality of MultilateralismE ComparisonF Combining Multilateralism with Accommodative UnilateralismChapter VI The Material Tempering of Conflicts JusticeSection 1 The QuestionSection 2 The Orthodox Answer: "Conflicts Justice"Section 3 The Heretical Answer: "Material Justice"A The ThesisB Relation with Other ApproachesC The American Version1 David F. Cavers2 Robert A. Leflara Leflar's Approachb Judicial Reception3 Other American AuthorsD European PerspectivesSection 4 Covert Result Selectivism in the CourtsSection 5 Overt Result Selectivism in LegislationA IntroductionB Result-Selective Choice-of-Law Rules in GeneralC Rules Favoring the Validity of Certain Juridical Acts (favor validitatis)1 Testaments (favor testamenti)a Formal Validityb Substantive Validity2 Other Juridical Acts (favor negotii)a Formal Validityb CapacityD Rules Favoring a Certain Status1 Legitimacy (favor legitimationis)2 Filiation (favor infantis)3 Acknowledgment4 Adoption5 Marriage (favor matrimonii)6 Divorce (favor divortii)E Rules Favoring One Party: Choice of Law by, or for the Benefit of, One Party1 Pre-Dispute Choice by One Party2 Post-dispute Choice by, or for the Benefit of One Partya Cross-Border Torts1 Favor Laesi for All Cross-Border Torts2 Favor Laesi in Products Liability3 Favor Laesi in Other Cross-Border Torts4 Summaryb Choice by Owner of Stolen Propertyc Choice by Unwed Motherd Court Choice for the Benefit of Maintenance Obligeese Court Choice for the Benefit of Children and Other Weak Parties3 Protecting Consumers or Employees from the Consequences of an Adverse Choice-of-Law ClauseSection 6 ConclusionsA SummaryB Not "Only in America"C Result Selectivism in Legislation and AdjudicationD Exceptional?Chapter VII The Softening of Concepts and RulesSection 1 IntroductionSection 2 The Virtual Abandonment of Connecting Factors in the United StatesSection 3 Not "Only in America": The Softening of Connecting Factors in Recent CodificationsA The Closer or Closest Connection1 The Closest Connection as the Principal Connecting Factor2 The Closest Connection in Specific Rolesa The Closest Connection as a Presumption in Contract Conflicts, Subject to a Closer-Connection Escapeb The Closest Connection as a Presumption in Tort Conflicts Subject to a Closer-Connection Escapec The Closest Connection as a Connecting Factor in Other Conflictsd Close Connection and Mandatory Rulese The Closest Connection as a Tiebreakerf The Closest Connection as a Pointer in Cases Involving a Federal or Other Plurilegal Stateg The Closest Connection as a Gap-Filler for Unprovided- For CasesB Other Soft Connecting FactorsSection 4 Escape ClausesA General EscapesB Specific Escapes1 Escapes Based on the "Closer Connection"2 Escapes Based On Other FactorsC Assessment of Escapes1 Too Much Geography, Too Little Principle2 Issue-by-Issue DeploymentSection 5 The Movement toward FlexibilityA The Perennial TensionB The American OverreactionC Corrective ActionD A Cautious EvolutionE Codification and FlexibilitySection 6 ConclusionsChapter VIII The Narrowing of Legal CategoriesSection 1 The Classical Model: "Legal Relations"Section 2 American DevelopmentsA From Broad Categories to IssuesB Issue-by-Issue AnalysisC Depecage1 What Is Depecage?2 What Depecage Is Not3 In the Abstract, Depecage is Neither Good nor Bad4 Occasionally, Depecage Is Problematic5 Depecage in PracticeSection 3 Not "Only in America": Depecage in Codified PIL SystemsSection 4 Depecage in the Rome Convention and the Rome RegulationsA Rome Convention and Rome I RegulationB Rome IISection 5 Depecage in Other Modern CodificationsA Statutory and Voluntary Depecage1 Contractsa Statutory Depecageb Voluntary Depecage2 Torts3 Marriage4 Matrimonial Property Regimes5 Successions6 TrustsB Judicial Depecage1 Preliminary or Incidental Question2 Ordre Public3 Mandatory Rules4 Escape ClausesSection 6 ConclusionsChapter IX Party AutonomySection 1 IntroductionSection 2 The History of Party AutonomyA An Example from AntiquityB The Parties' Implied Intention and the Lex Loci SolutionisC Party Autonomy as an a Priori Rule: ManciniD Legislative Endorsements in the Nineteenth CenturyE The First Half of the Twentieth CenturyF The Subsequent Triumph and Contemporary Dominance of Party AutonomySection 3 The Scope of Party AutonomyA Exemptions from ScopeB Contractual and Non-Contractual IssuesC Substantive vs Procedural LawD Substantive Law vs PILE State Law vs Non-State NormsSection 4 Limitations to Party Autonomy within its Delineated ScopeA Determining the Lex Limitativa1 Group 1: Lex Fori (Exclusively)2 Group 2: The Lex Causae (Primarily) 32o3 Group 3: Intermediate Solutions and Combinationsa Rome Ib Other Systemsc The Hague PrinciplesB The Triggering Thresholds and Gradations of Limitations to Party Autonomy1 The Ordre Public of the Lex Fori2 The "Overriding" Mandatory Rules of the Lex Fori3 The Public Policy of the Lex Causae4 The "Simple" Mandatory Rules5 No ThresholdSection 5 ConclusionsChapter X The Challenge of the InternetSection 1 IntroductionSection 2 Internet Exceptionalism and UnexceptionalismSection 3 Substantive Law Differences: Some Illustrative CasesA The Yahoo! CaseB The Google Cases and the "Right to be Forgotten"C Transnational Defamation and Libel TourismSection 4 JurisdictionA IntroductionB AustraliaC CanadaD United StatesE European UnionSection 5 Choice of LawA Rules Specifically Applicable to Cross-border Infringement of Personality RightsB Rules Applicable to All Cross-Border TortsC SummarySection 6 ConclusionsA JurisdictionB Choice of LawChapter XI From Idealism to Pragmatism and EclecticismSection 1 The Classical PILSection 2 Contemporary PILA NatureB GoalsC MeansSection 3 Advances: Party AutonomySection 4 Adaptability and Resilience: The InternetSection 5 Not "Only in America"Section 6 Evolution, Pragmatism, and EclecticismSection 7 ConclusionsBibliographyIndex