Title page
Contents
Table of Cases 25
Table of Laws and Regulations 37
About the Contributors 59
About the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 71
About the WIPO Judicial Institute and the WIPO IP and Innovation Ecosystems Sector 72
Acknowledgments 73
Foreword by WIPO 74
Foreword by Berkeley Judicial Institute 75
Chapter 1. Introduction 77
1.1. Patent litigation and the role of the justice system 78
1.1.1. An International Guide to Patent Case Management for Judges - its purpose 78
1.2. Patent systems and patent institutions 79
1.2.1. Overview of the patent system 79
1.2.2. Patent offices and administrative proceedings 79
1.2.3. Judicial institutions and their specialization 80
1.3. Patent infringement proceedings and case management 80
1.3.1. Early case management 81
1.3.2. Claim construction 81
1.3.3. Preliminary injunction 82
1.3.4. Gathering of information 82
1.3.5. Summary proceedings 83
1.3.6. Evidence 83
1.3.7. Technology tutorials and technology briefing sessions 83
1.3.8. Confidentiality 84
1.3.9. Trial 84
1.3.10. Mediation 84
1.3.11. Remedies 84
1.3.12. Costs 86
1.4. Interplay of multiple patent proceedings in different fora 86
Chapter 2. Australia 88
2.1. Overview of the patent system 89
2.1.1. Evolution of the patent system 89
2.1.2. Patent application trends 90
2.2. Patent institutions and administrative review proceedings 90
2.2.1. Patent institutions 90
2.2.2. Administrative review proceedings 91
2.2.2.1. Avenues of review 91
2.2.2.2. Claim construction 92
2.2.2.3. Role of experts 92
2.2.2.4. Appeals to the Federal Court of Australia, Full Court of the Federal Court and High Court of Australia 93
2.2.2.5. Judicial review and review by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal 94
2.2.2.6. Nature of appeal from an invalidity decision of the Commissioner of Patents 94
2.2.2.7. Innovation patents 95
2.3. Judicial institutions 95
2.3.1. Judicial administration structure 95
2.3.1.1. National judicial structure 95
2.3.1.2. Selection process 96
2.3.2. Judicial education on intellectual property 97
2.4. Patent invalidity 97
2.4.1. Process 97
2.4.2. Role of experts - Federal Court of Australia (invalidity proceedings) 98
2.5. Patent infringement 99
2.5.1. Claim construction 99
2.5.1.1. The role of claim construction 99
2.5.1.2. When claim construction occurs 99
2.5.1.3. Pleadings and claim construction 100
2.5.1.4. How claim construction occurs 100
2.5.1.5. The role of evidence in claim construction 100
2.5.1.6. Patent Office file wrapper 100
2.6. Judicial patent proceedings and case management 101
2.6.1. Venue, jurisdiction and case assignment rules 101
2.6.2. Statements of case 102
2.6.3. Early case management 102
2.6.3.1. Scheduling 104
2.6.4. Provisional measures and preliminary injunctive relief 104
2.6.4.1. Prima facie case (or serious question to be tried) 105
2.6.4.2. Balance of convenience 105
2.6.4.3. Undertaking as to damages 106
2.6.4.4. Quia timet injunctions 106
2.6.5. Discovery and gathering of information 107
2.6.5.1. Circumstances in which discovery will be ordered 107
2.6.5.2. Process of giving discovery 108
2.6.5.3. Refusal to produce documents 108
2.6.5.4. Alternative procedures to discovery 109
2.6.5.5. Pre-action or preliminary discovery 110
2.6.6. Summary proceedings (summary adjudication) 110
2.6.6.1. Availability of summary adjudication 110
2.6.6.2. Basis for summary adjudication - "no reasonable prospect" of success 110
2.6.6.3. Summary adjudication in patent litigation 111
2.6.7. Evidence 111
2.6.7.1. Expert evidence 112
2.6.7.2. Position statements, product descriptions and "primers" 112
2.6.7.3. Conference of experts and joint report 113
2.6.7.4. Concurrent evidence 113
2.6.7.5. Expert evidence in infringement proceedings 113
2.6.8. Case-specific education of decision-makers 113
2.6.9. Confidentiality 114
2.6.10. Alternative dispute resolution 115
2.7. Civil remedies 116
2.7.1. Injunctive relief 116
2.7.2. Separation of quantum and liability 117
2.7.2.1. Damages 117
2.7.2.2. Account of profits 118
2.7.2.3. Additional damages 118
2.7.3. Other remedies 119
2.7.4. Costs 119
2.7.4.1. General approach to costs 119
2.7.4.2. Interlocutory proceedings and other issues 120
2.7.4.3. Security for costs 121
2.7.4.4. Offers of compromise and Calderbank offers 121
2.7.4.5. Assessment of costs 121
2.8. Other patent-related actions 121
2.8.1. Actions for declarations of non-infringement 121
2.8.2. Actions for threats of infringement proceedings 122
2.9. Appellate review 122
2.9.1. Appeal from an invalidity decision of a court 122
2.9.2. Appeal from an infringement decision of a court 123
2.10. Selected topics 123
2.10.1. Compulsory licenses 123
Chapter 3. Brazil 126
3.1. Overview of the patent system 127
3.1.1. Evolution of the patent system 127
3.1.2. Types of patents 129
3.1.3. The granting of a patent 129
3.1.3.1. Drawings 129
3.1.3.2. Specifications 129
3.1.3.3. Claims 130
3.1.3.4. Novelty 131
3.1.3.5. Inventive step 131
3.1.3.6. Industrial application 132
3.1.3.7. Non-patentable inventions and utility models 132
3.1.4. Inventor and ownership 133
3.1.5. Properties of invention patents or utility models developed in labor relationships 134
3.1.6. Patent term and expiration 135
3.1.7. Patent application trends 135
3.2. Patent office and administrative review proceedings 136
3.2.1. National Institute of Industrial Property 136
3.2.2. Patent attorneys 137
3.2.3. Patent application 137
3.2.3.1. Dissemination of the state of the art 138
3.2.3.2. Disclosure of the state of the art by third parties 139
3.2.3.3. Priority date 139
3.2.3.4. Publication 140
3.2.3.5. Disclosure 140
3.2.3.6. Applications of interest to national defense 140
3.2.3.7. Patent term restoration 140
3.2.3.8. Post-issuance corrections and administrative proceedings 140
3.2.4. Administrative review proceedings 141
3.2.4.1. Declaration of patent nullity 143
3.2.4.2. Appeals 144
3.3. Judicial institutions 145
3.3.1. Judicial administration structure, decision-makers and procedures 145
3.3.2. Specialized intellectual property judiciary 145
3.3.3. Relationship between invalidity and infringement proceedings 146
3.3.4. Judicial education on intellectual property 147
3.4. Patent invalidity 148
3.5. Patent infringement 150
3.5.1. Infringement analysis 150
3.5.1.1. Direct patent infringement 150
3.5.1.2. Indirect patent infringement 151
3.5.1.3. Infringement by equivalence 151
3.5.1.4. The reverse doctrine of equivalents 152
3.5.1.5. Extraterritorial infringement 152
3.5.2. Defenses 152
3.5.2.1. Absence of liability 152
3.5.2.2. Consent or license 153
3.5.2.3. First-sale (exhaustion) doctrine 153
3.6. Judicial patent proceedings and case management 153
3.6.1. Venue, jurisdiction and case assignment rules 153
3.6.1.1. Interaction with other types of cases 155
3.6.1.2. Bankruptcy 155
3.6.2. Statements of case 156
3.6.2.1. Complaint 156
3.6.2.2. Answer 157
3.6.2.3. Counterclaim 157
3.6.3. Case management 157
3.6.4. Summary proceedings 161
3.6.5. Evidence 161
3.6.5.1. Expert evidence 161
3.6.5.2. Testimonial evidence 163
3.6.6. Confidentiality 163
3.6.7. Alternative dispute resolution 163
3.7. Civil remedies 164
3.7.1. Injunction 164
3.7.2. Damages 166
3.7.2.1. Compensatory damages 167
3.7.2.2. Attorneys' fees 168
3.7.3. Other remedies 168
3.8. Enforcement of judgments 168
3.8.1. Provisional compliance with the decision 168
3.8.2. Final compliance with the decision 169
3.9. Appellate review 171
3.9.1. Appeal from final judgment 173
3.9.2. Interlocutory appeal 174
3.9.3. Motion for clarification 174
3.9.4. Internal interlocutory appeal 175
3.9.5. Appeals to the Federal Supreme Court and to the Superior Court of Justice 175
3.9.6. Internal interlocutory appeal against a decision rejecting an appeal to the Federal Supreme Court or to the Superior Court of Justice 176
3.9.7. Appeals against divergent decisions 176
3.10. Criminal proceedings 176
3.11. Selected topics 177
3.11.1. Licenses 177
3.11.1.1. Voluntary license 177
3.11.1.2. Offer of license 177
3.11.1.3. Compulsory license 177
3.11.2. Pharmaceutical patents 179
3.11.2.1. Applications filed before the ratification of the treaty - the pipeline system 179
3.11.2.2. Prior consent by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) 179
3.11.2.3. New use and new therapeutic application 180
3.12. Key challenges and efforts to improve patent case management 181
Chapter 4. China 182
4.1. Outline of China's Patent Law and patent case trials 183
4.1.1. Formulation and evolution of China's Patent Law 183
4.1.1.1. Promulgation of the Patent Law 183
4.1.1.2. Four amendments to the Patent Law 183
4.1.2. Patent application trends 185
4.1.3. Legal basis to hear patent cases 185
4.1.3.1. Laws 185
4.1.3.2. Administrative regulations 186
4.1.3.3. Judicial interpretations 187
4.1.3.4. Departmental rules 188
4.1.3.5. International treaties 188
4.1.4. Guiding case system 190
4.1.5. Reform and development of China's intellectual property case trials 190
4.2. Overview on patent-related civil cases 192
4.2.1. Causes of action 192
4.2.2. Jurisdiction 193
4.2.2.1. Jurisdiction by court level and territorial jurisdiction 193
4.2.2.2. Jurisdiction transfer and designation of jurisdiction 193
4.2.2.3. Objection and submission to jurisdiction 194
4.2.3. Special provisions on jurisdiction 194
4.2.3.1. Jurisdiction over patent-related civil cases by court level 194
4.2.3.2. Territorial jurisdiction over some types of patent-related civil cases 195
4.3. Civil cases of patent infringement 196
4.3.1. Protection scope of invention patents and utility models 196
4.3.1.1. Basis for determination 196
4.3.1.2. Fundamental doctrines and judgment subject for determination 196
4.3.1.3. Specific methods for determination 197
4.3.1.4. Interpretation of functional features 198
4.3.1.5. Use-environment features 200
4.3.1.6. Closed composition claims 200
4.3.1.7. Handling of errors or defects in claims 201
4.3.2. Determination of infringement of invention patents and utility models 202
4.3.2.1. Literal infringement 202
4.3.2.2. Infringement under the doctrine of equivalents 203
4.3.2.3. Judgment on infringement of functional features 204
4.3.2.4. Estoppel 205
4.3.2.5. Issues related to process patent infringement 206
4.3.2.6. Dedication rule 209
4.3.2.7. Impact of declaration of patent invalidity 209
4.3.2.8. Temporary protection of invention patents 210
4.3.3. Joint infringement and aiding and abetting infringement 211
4.3.3.1. Joint infringement 211
4.3.3.2. Abetting and aiding infringement 211
4.3.4. Defenses in patent infringement lawsuits 212
4.3.4.1. Prior art defense 212
4.3.4.2. Conflicting application defense 214
4.3.4.3. Legitimate source defense 214
4.3.4.4. Prior-use rights defense 215
4.3.4.5. Other circumstances not deemed as patent infringement 216
4.4. Civil liabilities for patent infringement 217
4.4.1. Cessation of infringement 217
4.4.2. Compensation for losses 218
4.4.2.1. Calculation method of compensation 218
4.4.2.2. Compensation should have a causal relationship with and be proportional to the act of infringement 218
4.4.2.3. Agreement on the amount or calculation method of compensation for patent infringement in accordance with the law 219
4.4.2.4. Reasonable expenses of the right holder 220
4.4.2.5. Rules of evidence related to compensation 220
4.4.3. Punitive damages 221
4.4.3.1. Time limit for requesting punitive damages 221
4.4.3.2. Determination of intentional patent infringement 221
4.4.3.3. Identification of serious circumstances of patent infringement 221
4.4.3.4. Basis for the calculation of punitive damages 222
4.4.3.5. Determination of the multiple of punitive damages 222
4.5. Other patent-related civil cases 222
4.5.1. Dispute cases over declarations of patent non-infringement 222
4.5.2. Dispute cases over ownership of patent rights (patent application rights) 223
4.5.2.1. Service invention-creations 223
4.5.2.2. Invention-creations made through cooperative or commissioned development 225
4.5.2.3. Patent applications based on unauthorized use of others' technical secrets 225
4.5.3. Dispute cases over patent contracts 226
4.5.4. Civil cases involving standard-essential patents 226
4.5.4.1. Patent-related cases 227
4.5.4.2. Monopoly-related cases 228
4.5.5. Patent-related civil cases involving pharmaceutical products 228
4.5.5.1. Amendments to the Patent Law related to pharmaceutical product patent disputes 229
4.5.5.2. Formulation of relevant judicial interpretations and regulatory documents 229
4.5.5.3. Main issues involved in the early resolution mechanism of pharmaceutical product patent disputes 229
4.6. Procedural issues concerning patent-related civil cases 232
4.6.1. Evidence rules and evidence preservation 232
4.6.1.1. Provisions related to evidence in the Civil Procedure Law and related judicial interpretations 232
4.6.1.2. Provisions related to evidence in the Patent Law 233
4.6.1.3. The Provisions on Evidence in Civil Procedures involving Intellectual Property Rights 233
4.6.2. Act preservation 233
4.6.2.1. Establishment of an act preservation system in intellectual property disputes 233
4.6.2.2. Main contents of the Provisions on Act Preservation in Intellectual Property Disputes 234
4.6.3. Finding of technical facts 237
4.6.3.1. Technical investigation officer system 237
4.6.3.2. Entrusted technical appraisal 237
4.6.3.3. Persons with specialized expertise 238
4.6.4. Relevant issues in patent cases involving foreign elements 238
4.7. Administrative cases involving invention and utility model patent grant and confirmation 239
4.7.1. Administrative cases 239
4.7.2. Examination of a patent's subject matter 240
4.7.2.1. The subject matter of invention and utility model patents 240
4.7.2.2. Circumstances where no patent shall be granted 240
4.7.3. Interpretation of claims 240
4.7.3.1. Relevant provisions in the Provisions on Patent Grant and Confirmation 241
4.7.3.2. Related typical cases 241
4.7.4. Avoidance of double patenting 242
4.7.5. Novelty 242
4.7.5.1. Prior art 242
4.7.5.2. Criteria for examining novelty 243
4.7.5.3. Grace period concerning novelty 244
4.7.6. Inventiveness 244
4.7.6.1. Assessment of prominent substantive features 244
4.7.6.2. Assessment of obvious progress 246
4.7.7. Practical use 248
4.7.8. Claims shall be clearly defined 248
4.7.9. Sufficient disclosure of the description 248
4.7.9.1. Relevant provisions in the Provisions on Patent Grant and Confirmation 248
4.7.9.2. Relevant typical cases 249
4.7.10. Claims shall be supported by the description 249
4.7.10.1. Relevant provisions in the Provisions on Patent Grant and Confirmation 249
4.7.10.2. Relevant typical cases 250
4.7.11. An independent claim shall state the essential technical features necessary for the solution of the technical problem 250
4.7.12. Amendments may not go beyond the scope of the disclosure contained in the original description and claims 251
4.8. Design patents 252
4.8.1. Main features of design patents 252
4.8.2. Grant and confirmation procedures for design patents 252
4.8.2.1. Grant procedures and administrative cases 252
4.8.2.2. Invalidation declaration and confirmation procedures and administrative cases 253
4.8.3. Ordinary consumers 253
4.8.4. Protection scope of a design patent 254
4.8.4.1. Design of the product 254
4.8.4.2. Brief description 255
4.8.4.3. Product category 255
4.8.5. Identifying "prior design" and "priority date" 256
4.8.6. Application of Article 23 of the Patent Law 256
4.8.6.1. Identifying a "prior design" 256
4.8.6.2. Identifying a "conflicting application" (conflicting design) 257
4.8.6.3. Identifying significant differences 257
4.8.7. Infringement of design patent rights 259
4.8.8. Judgment of infringement of design patents 260
4.8.9. Prior design defense 262
4.9. Patent-related criminal cases 262
Chapter 5. Germany 264
5.1. Overview of the patent system 265
5.1.1. Evolution of the patent system 265
5.1.2. Importance of the European Patent Convention and EU law 265
5.1.3. Patent application trends 266
5.2. Patent institutions and administrative review proceedings 266
5.3. Judicial institutions 266
5.3.1. Judicial administration structure 266
5.3.2. Double-track system: patent infringement and patent validity proceedings 267
5.4. Patent invalidity proceedings and invalidity grounds 269
5.4.1. First-instance proceedings 269
5.4.1.1. Court 269
5.4.1.2. Admissibility 269
5.4.1.3. Evidence 274
5.4.1.4. Access to court files 275
5.4.2. Grounds for revocation 275
5.4.2.1. Lack of patentability 275
5.4.2.2. Insufficient disclosure 278
5.4.2.3. Usurpation 278
5.4.2.4. Added matter 278
5.4.3. Appeal proceedings 279
5.4.3.1. Court 279
5.4.3.2. Limited de novo appeal 279
5.4.3.3. Representation 280
5.4.3.4. Course of proceedings 280
5.5. Patent infringement 282
5.5.1. Claim construction 282
5.5.2. Infringement analysis 284
5.5.2.1. Direct patent infringement 284
5.5.2.2. Indirect patent infringement 284
5.5.2.3. Infringement by equivalent means 285
5.5.3. Defenses 286
5.5.3.1. Noninfringement 286
5.5.3.2. Right of prior use 286
5.5.3.3. Exhaustion, license and compulsory license 287
5.5.3.4. Experimental and other privileges 287
5.6. Judicial patent proceedings and case management 288
5.6.1. Key features in patent proceedings and differences to a trial-based system 288
5.6.2. Preaction and pretrial 289
5.6.2.1. Cease and desist warnings and requests for right to use 289
5.6.3. Venue, jurisdiction and case assignment rules 290
5.6.3.1. Venue and jurisdictions 290
5.6.3.2. Case assignment 292
5.6.3.3. Parties 292
5.6.3.4. Party representation 293
5.6.4. Statements of case and front-loading proceedings 293
5.6.4.1. Initial phase of the patent infringement action 293
5.6.4.2. Pendency of the action 294
5.6.4.3. Basic requirements regarding the admissibility of the action in connection with the prayers for relief 294
5.6.4.4. The scope of the action and the relief (the accused device and "Streitgegenstand") 295
5.6.4.5. Modifications of the pending claim 295
5.6.4.6. Pleading standards 296
5.6.4.7. Further briefs 297
5.6.5. Provisional measures 297
5.6.5.1. Proceedings for preliminary relief are independent of the proceedings for permanent relief 297
5.6.5.2. Ex parte proceedings: protective writ 297
5.6.5.3. Distinct procedural characteristics of proceedings for preliminary relief compared to permanent relief 298
5.6.5.4. Requirements for preliminary injunctive relief 298
5.6.6. Gathering of information 300
5.6.6.1. Basic pleadings mechanics 300
5.6.6.2. Test buy 300
5.6.6.3. Limited pretrial discovery (inspection orders) 300
5.6.6.4. 28 USC § 1782 302
5.6.7. Evidence 303
5.6.7.1. Experts 303
5.6.7.2. Witnesses 304
5.6.7.3. Documents 305
5.6.8. Confidentiality 305
5.6.9. Oral hearing 306
5.6.10. Decision 308
5.7. Civil remedies 309
5.7.1. Permanent injunction 309
5.7.2. Recall, removal and destruction of patent-infringing products 310
5.7.3. Information and rendering accounts 310
5.7.4. Award of damages 311
5.7.5. Publication of court decision 312
5.7.6. Declaration of non-infringement 312
5.7.7. Costs 313
5.7.7.1. Determination of the value in dispute 313
5.7.7.2. Calculation of statutory court fees 313
5.7.7.3. Reimbursable lawyer's and patent lawyer's fees 314
5.7.7.4. Cost Example 314
5.8. Enforcement of judgments 314
5.8.1. Prerequisites of enforcement 314
5.8.2. Violation of cease and desist order (penalty proceedings) 315
5.8.3. Failure to comply with further obligations (coercive measure proceedings) 315
5.8.4. Provisional termination of compulsory enforcement 316
5.9. Appellate review 316
5.9.1. Limited de novo appeal 316
5.9.1.1. Requirements of the appeal and particulars of appeal 316
5.9.1.2. Cross-appeal 317
5.9.1.3. Appeal process 317
5.9.1.4. Motions for a provisional termination of the enforcement of injunctive relief pending appeal 317
5.9.2. Further appeal on points of law (cassation) 318
5.9.2.1. Admission and grounds for admission for a further appeal on points of law 318
5.9.2.2. Complaint against the refusal of the appellate court to grant leave 319
5.9.2.3. Requirements for a further appeal on law 320
5.9.2.4. Proceedings and decision 320
5.10. Border measures 320
5.11. Selected topics 321
5.11.1. Action for the grant of a compulsory license 321
5.11.1.1. Grounds for applying for a compulsory license 321
5.11.1.2. Scope of a compulsory license 322
5.11.1.3. Procedural aspects 323
Chapter 6. India 324
6.1. Overview of the patent system 325
6.1.1. Evolution of the patent system 325
6.1.2. The Justice N Rajagopala Ayyangar Committee Report 326
6.1.3. The Patents Act, 1970 (pre-TRIPS Agreement) 326
6.1.4. International obligations and commitments 327
6.1.4.1. The TRIPS Agreement 327
6.1.4.2. The Doha Declaration 328
6.1.4.3. The Patent Cooperation Treaty 329
6.1.4.4. Amendments and implementation in India 329
6.1.5. Patent application trends 332
6.2. Patent institutions and administrative review proceedings 333
6.2.1. Patent institutions 333
6.2.1.1. Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks 333
6.2.1.2. The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade 333
6.2.1.3. National Institute of Intellectual Property Management, Nagpur 333
6.2.1.4. Cell for IPR Promotion and Management, constituted under the National Intellectual Property Rights Policy 334
6.2.1.5. The Department of Science and Technology - Patent Facilitation Programme 335
6.2.1.6. Traditional Knowledge Digital Library 335
6.2.2. Administrative review proceedings 336
6.2.2.1. Intellectual Property Appellate Board 336
6.2.2.2. Pre-grant opposition 336
6.2.2.3. Post-grant opposition 338
6.3. Judicial institutions 339
6.3.1. Court system in India 339
6.3.1.1. Hierarchy of courts 339
6.3.1.2. Commercial courts 340
6.3.1.3. Appointment and tenure of judges 340
6.3.2. Judicial education on intellectual property 340
6.4. Challenges to patents 340
6.5. Patent infringement 341
6.5.1. Claim construction 341
6.5.1.1. Procedure 341
6.5.1.2. Principles 341
6.5.2. Infringement analysis 342
6.5.2.1. What is "infringement"? 342
6.5.2.2. Exports as infringement 342
6.5.2.3. Proving infringement 342
6.5.3. Defenses to infringement 343
6.5.4. Counterclaim of invalidity 343
6.6. Judicial patent proceedings and case management 344
6.6.1. Key features in patent proceedings 344
6.6.2. Forum and locus standi to initiate infringement actions 344
6.6.3. Early case management 345
6.6.3.1. Pleadings and overall case schedule 345
6.6.3.2. Case management hearing 346
6.6.4. Provisional measures 346
6.6.4.1. Governing legal standards and burdens 346
6.6.4.2. Other preliminary reliefs 348
6.6.5. Discovery and gathering of information 349
6.6.6. Summary proceedings 350
6.6.7. Evidence 351
6.6.7.1. Oral evidence and trial 351
6.6.7.2. Who leads evidence first? Can a defendant be directed to lead evidence first? 352
6.6.7.3. Filing of affidavits of witnesses in evidence: not treated as evidence till tendered 353
6.6.8. Experts 353
6.6.8.1. Role of experts and expert bodies and institutions 353
6.6.8.2. Expert evidence under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 354
6.6.8.3. Court-appointed scientific advisers 355
6.6.8.4. Hot-tubbing procedure 355
6.6.9. Alternative dispute resolution: pre- and post-litigation mediation 355
6.7. Civil remedies 356
6.7.1. Permanent injunction 356
6.7.2. Damages or an account of profits 356
6.7.2.1. Punitive damages 357
6.7.2.2. Defenses to avoid damages or an account of profits 357
6.7.3. Other remedies 358
6.7.4. Costs 358
6.8. Other actions 358
6.8.1. Cases involving groundless threats of illegal proceedings 358
6.8.1.1. What constitutes a "threat"? 358
6.8.1.2. Remedies 359
6.8.2. Declaration of non-infringement 359
6.9. Appellate review 360
6.9.1. Power of review of the Controller 360
6.9.2. Review against civil court orders 360
6.9.3. Grounds for review 360
6.9.4. Appeals from review 361
6.10. Selected topics 361
6.10.1. Compulsory licenses and public prejudice 361
6.11. Key challenges and efforts to improve patent case management 362
6.11.1. Lack of uniformity in decisions and specialized knowledge 362
6.11.2. Delays in disposing of suits 362
6.11.3. The IP Division, Delhi High Court 362
Chapter 7. Japan 364
7.1. History of the patent system 365
7.1.1. History of patent law 365
7.1.2. Japan Patent Office 365
7.1.3. Patent application trends 365
7.1.4. History of specialized intellectual property courts 366
7.1.4.1. Intellectual property divisions of the Tokyo High Court 366
7.1.4.2. Intellectual property divisions of other courts 366
7.1.4.3. Act for Establishment of the Intellectual Property High Court of 2004 367
7.2. The Japan Patent Office and administrative review proceedings 367
7.2.1. The Japan Patent Office 367
7.2.2. Examiners and the examination of patent applications 368
7.2.3. The Trial and Appeal department 368
7.2.3.1. Appeals against examiner decisions 368
7.2.3.2. Resolution of disputes 368
7.2.3.3. Administrative patent judges, executive advisors and consultants 369
7.2.3.4. Appeal of Trial and Appeal department decisions to the Intellectual Property High Court 369
7.2.4. Patent validity and scope: the Japan Patent Office's trial and appeal system 369
7.2.4.1. Common features of the Japan Patent Office's trial and appeal processes 370
7.2.4.2. Appeal against an examiner's decision of refusal 371
7.2.4.3. Opposition to the grant of a patent 371
7.2.4.4. Trial for correction 373
7.2.4.5. Trial for invalidation 375
7.2.4.6. Hantei system 380
7.2.4.7. Statistics 381
7.3. Judicial institutions, jurisdiction and personnel 382
7.3.1. Specialized intellectual property judiciary 382
7.3.2. Tokyo District Court and Osaka District Court 383
7.3.2.1. Jurisdiction 383
7.3.2.2. Key personnel 384
7.3.3. Intellectual Property High Court 384
7.3.3.1. Jurisdiction over administrative lawsuits in relation to Japan Patent Office decisions 385
7.3.3.2. Jurisdiction over patent infringement lawsuits 385
7.3.3.3. Key personnel 385
7.3.3.4. English versions of judgments and case summaries 387
7.3.4. Supreme Court 387
7.3.4.1. Jurisdiction 387
7.3.4.2. Justices and other personnel 388
7.4. Patent validity and scope: review of Japan Patent Office decisions by the Intellectual Property High Court 388
7.4.1. Overview 389
7.4.2. Parties 389
7.4.3. Procedure 390
7.4.4. Subject of examination and grounds for overturning a trial or appeal decision 391
7.4.5. Procedural defects and substantive law defects 392
7.4.5.1. Procedural defects 392
7.4.5.2. Substantive law defect 393
7.4.6. Effect of judgment 396
7.5. Patent infringement: claim construction, doctrine of equivalents and defenses 396
7.5.1. Claim construction 396
7.5.1.1. Claim wording 397
7.5.1.2. Interpreting the claims 397
7.5.1.3. Sources for claim construction 397
7.5.1.4. How to use sources 398
7.5.1.5. Product-by-process claims 398
7.5.1.6. Functional claims 398
7.5.2. Doctrine of equivalents 399
7.5.2.1. Five requirements of the Ball Spline Bearing Case 399
7.5.2.2. Burden of proof 400
7.5.2.3. Requirement 1: nonessential part 400
7.5.2.4. Requirement 2: possibility of replacement 401
7.5.2.5. Requirement 3: ease of replacement 401
7.5.2.6. Requirement 4: difficulty of conception 401
7.5.2.7. Requirement 5: no special circumstances 401
7.5.2.8. Other relevant cases 402
7.5.3. Defense of invalidity 402
7.5.3.1. Grounds for invalidity 403
7.5.3.2. Parallel Japan Patent Office trial for invalidation 406
7.5.3.3. Limitations on assertions in retrials 407
7.5.4. Defense of correction 408
7.5.4.1. Four requirements and an exception 408
7.5.4.2. When to assert the defense 409
7.5.4.3. Consent of joint owner and exclusive licensee 409
7.5.4.4. Patentee failure to request correction or trial for correction 409
7.6. Judicial patent proceedings and case management 409
7.6.1. Jurisdiction and case assignment 410
7.6.2. Statements of case (complaint and answer) 411
7.6.3. Early case management (preparatory proceedings) 411
7.6.4. Provisional measures (preliminary injunction against patent infringement) 411
7.6.4.1. Requirements for a preliminary injunction order 412
7.6.4.2. Proof in a preliminary injunction case 412
7.6.4.3. Proceedings of preliminary injunction cases 413
7.6.4.4. Preliminary injunction cases and necessity of security deposit 413
7.6.4.5. Execution of an order for a preliminary injunction 413
7.6.4.6. Appeal against a preliminary injunction case 413
7.6.4.7. Claim for damages against an erroneous order for a preliminary injunction 414
7.6.5. Discovery (limited) and gathering of information 414
7.6.5.1. Order to produce documents 414
7.6.5.2. On-site examination by an expert (inspection system) 415
7.6.6. Infringement determination 416
7.6.6.1. Explanatory session 416
7.6.6.2. Preliminary view and settlement 417
7.6.7. Damages determination 417
7.6.8. Conciliation 418
7.7. Civil remedies 419
7.7.1. Injunction 419
7.7.2. Damages 419
7.7.2.1. Lost profits 419
7.7.2.2. Infringer's profits 420
7.7.2.3. Reasonable royalty 421
7.7.2.4. Matters the court may take into consideration 421
7.7.3. Other remedies 422
7.7.3.1. Measures to restore credibility 422
7.7.3.2. Return of unjust enrichment 422
7.8. Appellate review 422
7.9. Border measures 423
Chapter 8. Republic of Korea 424
8.1. Overview of the patent system 425
8.1.1. Evolution of the patent system 425
8.1.2. Patent application trends 425
8.2. Korean Intellectual Property Office and administrative review proceedings 425
8.2.1. Korean Intellectual Property Office and the Intellectual Property Trial and Appeal Board 425
8.2.2. Administrative review proceedings 426
8.2.2.1. Patent trial procedures 427
8.2.2.2. Effects of Intellectual Property Trial and Appeal Board decisions: non bis in idem 427
8.2.2.3. Relationship between revocation suits and administrative patent trials 427
8.3. Judicial institutions 428
8.3.1. Judicial administration 428
8.3.1.1. Overview of Korean courts 428
8.3.1.2. Types of patent cases 428
8.3.1.3. Enforcement of concentrated jurisdiction over patent cases 428
8.3.1.4. The Patent Court 429
8.3.2. Specialized intellectual property judiciary 431
8.3.2.1. Specialized patent courts and divisions 431
8.3.2.2. International divisions 431
8.3.2.3. Specialized patent judges 432
8.3.3. Judicial education on intellectual property 432
8.4. Patent invalidity 432
8.4.1. Revocation cases 432
8.4.1.1. Territorial jurisdiction 432
8.4.1.2. Jurisdiction by court level 433
8.4.2. Administrative patent lawsuits 433
8.4.2.1. Characteristics of revocation suits and applicable laws 433
8.4.2.2. Scope of revocation suits 433
8.4.2.3. Litigants to a revocation suit 434
8.4.2.4. Period of filing a revocation suit 434
8.4.2.5. Scope of examination in a revocation suit 434
8.4.2.6. Litigation procedures for revocation suits 435
8.4.2.7. Examination in parallel with an infringement suit 437
8.4.2.8. Evidence collection procedures 437
8.4.2.9. Appeal 437
8.4.2.10. Effect of a decision revoking an Intellectual Property Trial and Appeal Board decision 437
8.5. Patent infringement 438
8.5.1. Claim construction 439
8.5.1.1. Relationship between claims and scope of protection 439
8.5.1.2. Principles of claim construction 439
8.5.2. Infringement analysis 439
8.5.2.1. Comparison of the patented invention with the infringing product or process 439
8.5.2.2. Literal infringement 439
8.5.2.3. Infringement by equivalence 439
8.5.2.4. Indirect infringement 440
8.5.3. Defenses 440
8.5.3.1. Abuse of rights 440
8.5.3.2. Free-to-exploit technology 441
8.5.3.3. Known technology 441
8.5.3.4. Patent exhaustion 442
8.5.3.5. Limited effect or lawful practice of patent right 442
8.6. Judicial patent proceedings and case management 442
8.6.1. Key features in patent proceedings 442
8.6.1.1. Procedure 443
8.6.1.2. Electronic litigation system 443
8.6.2. Venue, jurisdiction and case assignment rules 444
8.6.2.1. Territorial jurisdiction 444
8.6.2.2. Subject matter jurisdiction 446
8.6.2.3. Jurisdiction by court level 447
8.6.3. Statements of case 447
8.6.4. Early case management 448
8.6.5. Preparatory hearings 448
8.6.6. Provisional measures 448
8.6.7. Evidence 449
8.6.7.1. Documentary evidence 450
8.6.7.2. Inspection 450
8.6.7.3. Court-appointed expert evaluation 450
8.6.7.4. Orders promoting evidence production 450
8.6.7.5. Evidence preservation (before or during an infringement action) 451
8.6.7.6. Experts 452
8.6.8. Technology tutorials and technical briefing sessions 453
8.6.8.1. Pre-trial internal technical explanatory session 453
8.6.8.2. Technology review session on the date of trial 453
8.6.9. Protecting trade secrets in litigation 454
8.6.9.1. Limited access to trade secrets 454
8.6.9.2. Confidentiality protective order 454
8.6.9.3. Protecting trade secrets by orders to submit documents and materials 454
8.6.10. Trial 455
8.6.11. Alternative dispute resolution 455
8.6.11.1. Meaning and scope 455
8.6.11.2. Settlement in litigation 455
8.6.11.3. Mediation 456
8.6.11.4. Arbitration 457
8.7. Civil remedies 458
8.7.1. Recovery of goodwill and reputation 458
8.7.2. Compensation for employee inventions 458
8.7.2.1. Overview 458
8.7.2.2. Elements 459
8.7.3. Permanent injunction 460
8.7.3.1. Elements 460
8.7.3.2. Scope 460
8.7.4. Damages 461
8.7.4.1. Elements 461
8.7.4.2. Calculation of damages 462
8.8. Appellate review 464
8.8.1. Appellate-level courts 464
8.8.2. Supreme Court 464
8.9. Criminal proceedings 465
8.9.1. Offense not punishable against the victim's will 465
8.9.2. Jurisdiction 465
8.9.2.1. Territorial jurisdiction 465
8.9.2.2. Subject matter jurisdiction 465
8.9.2.3. Jurisdiction by court level 466
8.9.3. Investigation 466
8.9.3.1. Investigators and initiation of investigation 466
8.9.3.2. Designation of a focal prosecutors' office and establishment of a specializedinvestigation department 466
8.9.3.3. Patent investigation advisor system 466
8.9.3.4. Disposition by prosecutor 467
8.9.4. Trial and hearing 467
8.9.4.1. Whether the practiced product or process falls within the protected scope of the patent right 467
8.9.4.2. Grounds for patent invalidation in criminal patent infringement cases 468
8.9.4.3. Intent and unlawfulness 468
8.9.4.4. Number of offenses 468
8.9.5. Sentencing 469
8.9.5.1. Forfeiture and joint penal provision 469
8.9.6. Appeals 469
Chapter 9. United Kingdom 470
9.1. Overview of the patent system 471
9.1.1. Evolution of the patent system 471
9.1.1.1. Characteristics of the system 471
9.1.1.2. Sources of law 471
9.1.1.3. The relationship with the European Patent Convention and the European Patent Office 472
9.1.2. Patent application trends 474
9.2. The U.K. Intellectual Property Office and the Comptroller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks 474
9.3. Judicial institutions 475
9.3.1. Judicial administration structure 475
9.3.1.1. The civil courts and judges of England and Wales 476
9.3.1.2. The Patents Court 476
9.3.1.3. The Intellectual Property Enterprise Court 478
9.3.1.4. Scotland 478
9.3.1.5. Northern Ireland 479
9.3.2. Relationship between invalidity and infringement proceedings 479
9.4. Patent invalidity 479
9.5. Patent infringement 480
9.5.1. Acts of infringement 480
9.5.2. Claim construction 481
9.5.3. Remedies for infringement 482
9.5.4. Claims for declaratory relief 482
9.5.5. Threats actions 483
9.6. Judicial patents proceedings and case management 484
9.6.1. Pre-action 484
9.6.2. Venue, jurisdiction and case assignment rules 484
9.6.2.1. Jurisdiction, standing and service 484
9.6.2.2. Court fees 485
9.6.3. Statements of case 485
9.6.3.1. Formal pleadings 485
9.6.3.2. Requests for further information 486
9.6.3.3. Further statements of case 487
9.6.4. Early case management 487
9.6.4.1. Case management conference 487
9.6.4.2. Time to trial and expedition 487
9.6.5. Interim orders and directions 488
9.6.5.1. Interim applications 488
9.6.5.2. Dividing a large case into multiple trials 489
9.6.5.3. Issues relating to costs 489
9.6.6. Amendment of the patent 490
9.6.7. Disclosure 490
9.6.7.1. Product and process descriptions 490
9.6.7.2. Disclosure on validity 491
9.6.8. Evidence 491
9.6.8.1. Evidence of fact 491
9.6.8.2. Expert evidence 492
9.6.9. Technical primers and statements of agreed common general knowledge 492
9.6.9.1. Technical primers 492
9.6.9.2. Statements of agreed common general knowledge 493
9.6.10. Confidentiality 493
9.6.11. Pre-trial review 494
9.6.12. Alternative procedures 494
9.6.13. Trial 494
9.6.13.1. Types of trial 494
9.6.13.2. Order of events and trial timetable 495
9.6.14. Trial from the judge's point of view 497
9.6.15. Judgment 498
9.6.16. The consequentials hearing 499
9.6.17. Alternative dispute resolution 499
9.7. Civil remedies 499
9.7.1. Injunctive relief 499
9.7.2. Financial relief - damages and account of profits 500
9.7.3. Other remedies 501
9.7.3.1. Revocation and declarations of invalidity 501
9.7.3.2. Certificates of contested validity 501
9.7.3.3. Publication and dissemination of the judgment 501
9.7.3.4. Delivery up and destruction 502
9.7.4. Costs award and assessment 502
9.7.5. Detailed assessment of costs 503
9.8. Appellate review 503
9.8.1. Permission to appeal 503
9.8.2. Stays pending appeal 503
9.8.3. Appeals to the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court 504
9.8.3.1. Appeals to the Court of Appeal 504
9.8.3.2. Appeals to the Supreme Court 504
9.9. The Intellectual Property Enterprise Court 504
9.9.1. General 505
9.9.1.1. Jurisdiction 505
9.9.1.2. Judges 505
9.9.1.3. Location and type of hearing 505
9.9.1.4. Representation 505
9.9.2. Pre-action 506
9.9.3. Transfer 506
9.9.4. Statements of case 506
9.9.4.1. The pleadings 506
9.9.4.2. Timing 507
9.9.5. Early case management and preliminary measures 508
9.9.5.1. Interim applications 508
9.9.5.2. Expression of a preliminary, nonbinding opinion on the merits 508
9.9.5.3. Case management 508
9.9.6. Disclosure 508
9.9.7. Evidence 509
9.9.8. Pretrial review 509
9.9.9. Trial 509
9.9.9.1. Trial length, format and timetable 509
9.9.10. Judgment 509
9.9.11. The consequentials hearing 510
9.9.12. Costs 510
9.9.13. Remedies 510
9.9.14. Appeals 510
Chapter 10. United States of America 511
10.1. Overview of the patent system 512
10.1.1. Evolution of the patent system 512
10.1.1.1. Federal governmental and judicial structure 512
10.1.1.2. U.S. patent system history 512
10.1.1.3. Growing concerns with economic power 514
10.1.1.4. Patent codification, revitalization, and compromise: the 1952 Patent Act 515
10.1.1.5. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 515
10.1.1.6. The Hatch-Waxman Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 515
10.1.1.7. The Digital Age: the bursting of the dot-com bubble, Supreme Court intervention, and the America Invents Act 515
10.2. Patent office and administrative review proceedings 516
10.2.1. United States Patent and Trademark Office 516
10.2.1.1. Representation at the United States Patent and Trademark Office 518
10.2.1.2. Central Reexamination Unit 518
10.2.1.3. The Patent Trial and Appeal Board 518
10.2.2. Administrative review proceedings 519
10.2.2.1. Patent reissuance 519
10.2.2.2. Ex parte reexamination 519
10.2.2.3. Supplemental examination 519
10.2.2.4. Inter partes review 519
10.2.2.5. Post-grant review 522
10.2.2.6. Derivation proceedings 523
10.2.3. Constitutionality 523
10.3. Judicial institutions 524
10.3.1. Federal judiciary structure 524
10.3.2. Specialized intellectual property judiciary 524
10.3.3. Relationship between invalidity and infringement proceedings 525
10.3.3.1. District court proceedings 525
10.3.3.2. United States International Trade Commission proceedings 526
10.3.3.3. Patent Trial and Appeal Board proceedings 527
10.3.4. Judicial education on intellectual property 528
10.4. Patent invalidity 528
10.5. Patent infringement 528
10.5.1. Claim construction 528
10.5.2. Infringement 529
10.5.2.1. Direct infringement 529
10.5.2.2. Indirect infringement 530
10.5.3. Defenses 530
10.5.3.1. Patent invalidity 530
10.5.3.2. Other defenses 530
10.6. Judicial patent proceedings and case management 532
10.6.1. Key features in patent proceedings 532
10.6.2. Pre-trial 533
10.6.3. Venue, jurisdiction and case assignment rules 533
10.6.4. Alternative dispute resolution 534
10.6.5. Statements of case (pleading) 535
10.6.6. Early case management 536
10.6.6.1. Patent local rules 537
10.6.6.2. Claim construction 539
10.6.6.3. Early case management motion practice 540
10.6.7. Preliminary relief 541
10.6.7.1. Preliminary injunction 542
10.6.7.2. Temporary restraining order 544
10.6.8. Discovery 544
10.6.8.1. Initial disclosures 545
10.6.8.2. Document production 545
10.6.8.3. Interrogatories 546
10.6.8.4. Depositions 546
10.6.8.5. Electronic records 546
10.6.8.6. Management of discovery disputes 547
10.6.9. Summary proceedings 547
10.6.9.1. Distinguishing questions of law from questions of fact 547
10.6.9.2. Multi-track approach 548
10.6.9.3. The summary judgment process and hearing 548
10.6.10. Evidence 549
10.6.10.1. Technical and economic expert witnesses 549
10.6.10.2. Patent law expert witnesses 550
10.6.10.3. Inventor and technical employee witnesses 550
10.6.10.4. Motions in limine 551
10.6.11. Technology tutorials 552
10.6.12. Confidentiality 553
10.6.13. Trial 554
10.6.13.1. Procedural issues 554
10.6.13.2. Pre-trial case management 555
10.6.13.3. Motion for judgment as a matter of law 558
10.6.13.4. Verdict forms 558
10.6.13.5. Bench trials 558
10.6.13.6. Post-trial 558
10.7. Civil remedies 560
10.7.1. Injunction 560
10.7.2. Damages 561
10.7.2.1. Actual damages 561
10.7.2.2. Reasonable royalty 562
10.7.2.3. Enhanced damages 564
10.7.2.4. Pre-judgment interest 564
10.7.3. Costs 564
10.7.3.1. Court fees 564
10.7.3.2. Attorneys' fees 564
10.8. Other actions 565
10.9. Enforcement of judgments 565
10.10. Appellate review 566
10.10.1. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 566
10.10.1.1. Stay of injunction pending appeal 566
10.10.1.2. Remands 567
10.10.2. U.S. Supreme Court 567
10.11. Criminal proceedings 567
10.12. Border measures 567
10.12.1. United States International Trade Commission 567
10.12.1.1. Section 337 authority 568
10.12.1.2. Section 337 substantive requirements 569
10.12.1.3. Defenses to 35 U.S.C. § 271(g) 570
10.12.1.4. Remedies 570
10.12.2. United States International Trade Commission patent investigation process 571
10.12.2.1. United States International Trade Commission personnel 571
10.12.2.2. Procedural rules 573
10.12.2.3. Pleading 573
10.12.2.4. Mechanisms for early disposition of investigation issues 573
10.12.2.5. Early investigation management 574
10.12.2.6. Temporary exclusion order 577
10.12.2.7. Discovery 577
10.12.2.8. Claim construction 578
10.12.2.9. Summary determination and interlocutory USITC review 578
10.12.2.10. Pre-hearing case management 579
10.12.2.11. Hearing 580
10.12.3. Review 582
10.12.3.1. USITC review 582
10.12.3.2. Presidential review 583
10.12.3.3. Federal Circuit review 583
10.12.4. Post-final determination proceedings and enforcement of remedy orders 583
10.12.4.1. Enforcement proceedings 583
10.12.4.2. Cease and desist orders 584
10.12.4.3. Modification or revocation of exclusion orders 584
10.12.4.4. Advisory opinions 584
10.12.5. Interplay with district court enforcement 585
10.12.5.1. Stays 585
10.12.5.2. Effects of prior district court rulings and prior USITC determination 585
10.13. Selected topics 586
10.13.1. Standard-essential patents and FRAND licensing enforcement 586
10.13.1.1. FRAND rate-setting litigation 586
10.13.1.2. Anti-suit injunction litigation 587
10.13.2. Pharmaceutical patent case management 587
10.13.2.1. Hatch-Waxman Act (ANDA) litigation 587
10.13.2.2. BPCIA litigation 594
10.14. Key challenges and efforts to improve patent case management 597
10.15. Appendix 597
Chapter 11. The Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office 602
11.1. Overview of the patent system 603
11.1.1. Evolution of the European patent system 603
11.1.2. Patent application trends 603
11.2. Patent institutions and opposition proceedings 603
11.2.1. European Patent Organisation 603
11.2.2. Opposition proceedings 604
11.3. Judicial institutions 605
11.3.1. Judicial administration 605
11.3.2. Specialized intellectual property judiciary 605
11.3.2.1. Boards of Appeal as the first and final judicial instance 605
11.3.2.2. Specialization 605
11.3.2.3. Enlarged Board of Appeal 606
11.3.3. Relationship between invalidity and infringement proceedings 606
11.3.4. Judicial education on intellectual property 607
11.4. Patent invalidity proceedings and invalidity grounds 607
11.5. Patent infringement 607
11.6. Judicial patent proceedings and case management 607
11.6.1. Key features in patent proceedings 607
11.6.2. Venue, jurisdiction and case assignment rules 608
11.6.2.1. Venue and jurisdiction 608
11.6.2.2. Case assignment 608
11.6.2.3. Party representation 608
11.6.3. Statements of case 609
11.6.3.1. Appellant's statement setting out the grounds of appeal, and the respondent's reply thereto 609
11.6.3.2. Parties' complete appeal cases 609
11.6.4. Parties' amendments to their cases on appeal - the Boards of Appeal's convergent approach 609
11.6.4.1. First level of the convergent approach 610
11.6.4.2. Second level of the convergent approach 611
11.6.4.3. Third level of the convergent approach 611
11.6.5. Early case management 612
11.6.5.1. Designation of rapporteur for the preliminary study of appeal 612
11.6.5.2. Acceleration of the appeal proceedings 612
11.6.5.3. Early exchange with the parties 612
11.6.5.4. Annual list of cases 613
11.6.6. Evidence - experts 613
11.6.7. Confidentiality - public file inspection 613
11.6.8. Trial and hearing 614
11.6.8.1. Right to oral proceedings 614
11.6.8.2. Communication issued by the Board of Appeal in preparation for oral proceedings 614
11.6.8.3. Conduct of oral proceedings and languages used 614
11.6.8.4. Oral proceedings by videoconference 615
11.6.9. Decisions of the Board of Appeal 615
11.6.9.1. Decisions announced in oral proceedings 615
11.6.9.2. Written decision within three months 615
11.6.9.3. Reasons given for decision in abridged form 615
11.6.10. Costs 616
Index 617