Frequently Cited Source xxxiiiPreface to the Ninth Edition xxxvChapter 1 · Criminal Law: An Overview 3§ 1.01 Nature of “Criminal Law” 3§ 1.02 Proving Guilt at the Trial 6Chapter 2 · Principles of Criminal Punishment 13§ 2.01 “Punishment” and Criminal Law Theory 13§ 2.02 “Punishment”: Defined 14§ 2.03 Theories of Punishment 16§ 2.04 The Debate between the Competing Theories 21§ 2.05 Mixed Theories of Punishment 24§ 2.06 Sentencing 25Chapter 3 · Sources of the Criminal Law 27§ 3.01 Origins of the Criminal Law 27§ 3.02 Modern Role of the Common Law 28§ 3.03 Model Penal Code 30Chapter 4 · Constitutional Limits on the Criminal Law 33§ 4.01 The Constitution: Overview 33§ 4.02 Relevant Constitutional Provisions 33§ 4.03 Policy Factors in Enforcing the Constitution 35Chapter 5 · Legality 39§ 5.01 Principle of Legality 39§ 5.02 Statutory Clarity 43§ 5.03 Avoiding Undue Discretion in Law Enforcement 45§ 5.04 Strict Construction of Statutes (Rule of Lenity) 47Chapter 6 · Proportionality 49§ 6.01 “Proportionality” in the Criminal Law: Overview 49§ 6.02 Utilitarianism and Proportionality 50§ 6.03 Retributivism and Proportionality 52§ 6.04 Comparing the Two Theories of Proportionality 54§ 6.05 Constitutional Requirement of Proportionality 55Chapter 7 · Burdens of Proof 65§ 7.01 Putting the Issues in Procedural Context 65§ 7.02 Burden of Production 65§ 7.03 Burden of Persuasion 67§ 7.04 Model Penal Code 75Chapter 8 · Presumptions 77§ 8.01 The Nature of a Presumption 77§ 8.02 Mandatory Presumptions 78§ 8.03 Permissive Presumptions (“Inferences”) 79§ 8.04 Model Penal Code 80Chapter 9 · Actus Reus 83§ 9.01 Actus Reus: General Principles 83§ 9.02 Voluntary Act: General Principles 85§ 9.03 Voluntary Act: Supposed (But Not Real) Exceptions to the Requirement 94§ 9.04 Voluntary Act: Constitutional Law 95§ 9.05 Voluntary Act: Model Penal Code 99§ 9.06 Omissions: General Principles 100§ 9.07 Omissions: Exceptions to the No-Liability Rule 103§ 9.08 Omissions: Model Penal Code 106§ 9.09 Medical “Omissions”: A Definitional Problem 107§ 9.10 Social Harm: General Principles 109§ 9.11 Social Harm: Constitutional Limits 113Chapter 10 · Mens Rea 115§ 10.01 General Principle 115§ 10.02 Definition of “Mens Rea”: The Dual Meanings 116§ 10.03 Rationale of the Mens Rea Requirement 118§ 10.04 Frequently Used Mens Rea Terms 119§ 10.05 Statutory Interpretation: What Elements Does a Mens Rea Term Modify? 133§ 10.06 “Specific Intent” and “General Intent” 135§ 10.07 Model Penal Code 136Chapter 11 · Strict Liability 143§ 11.01 General Principles 143§ 11.02 Policy Debate Regarding Strict-Liability Offenses 146§ 11.03 Constitutionality of Strict-Liability Offenses 147§ 11.04 Model Penal Code 149Chapter 12 · Mistakes of Fact 151§ 12.01 Putting Mistake-of-Fact in Context 151§ 12.02 Why Does a Factual Mistake Sometimes Exculpate? 152§ 12.03 Common Law Rules 153§ 12.04 Model Penal Code 161Chapter 13 · Mistakes of Law 163§ 13.01 General Principles 163§ 13.02 When Mistake-of-Law Is a Defense: Exceptions to the General Rule 166§ 13.03 Model Penal Code 174Chapter 14 · Causation 177§ 14.01 General Principles 177§ 14.02 Actual Cause (or “Factual Cause”) 180§ 14.03 Proximate Cause (or “Legal Cause”) 185§ 14.04 Model Penal Code 192Chapter 15 · Concurrence of Elements 195§ 15.01 General Principles 195§ 15.02 Temporal Concurrence 195§ 15.03 Motivational Concurrence 196§ 15.04 Special Problem: Temporally Divisible Acts and/or Omissions 197Chapter 16 · Defenses: An Overview 199§ 16.01 Defenses: In Context 199§ 16.02 Failure-of-Proof Defenses 200§ 16.03 Justification Defenses 200§ 16.04 Excuse Defenses 201§ 16.05 Specialized Defenses (“Offense Modifications”) 201§ 16.06 Extrinsic Defenses (“Nonexculpatory Defenses”) 202Chapter 17 · Justifications and Excuses 203§ 17.01 Historical Overview 203§ 17.02 Underlying Theories of “Justification” 204§ 17.03 Underlying Theories of “Excuse” 207§ 17.04 Justification Defenses and Mistake-of-Fact Claims 211§ 17.05 Justification versus Excuse: Why Does It Matter? 213Chapter 18 · Self-Defense 217§ 18.01 General Principles 217§ 18.02 Use of Deadly Force: Clarification of the General Principles 219§ 18.03 Deadly Force: “Imperfect” Self-Defense Claims 229§ 18.04 Deadly Force in Self-Protection: Rationale for the Defense 229§ 18.05 Self-Defense: Special Issues 232§ 18.06 Model Penal Code 245Chapter 19 · Defense of Others 251§ 19.01 General Rule 251§ 19.02 Model Penal Code 252Chapter 20 · Defense of Property and Habitation 255§ 20.01 Property and Habitation: Comparison and Contrast 255§ 20.02 Defense of Property 255§ 20.03 Defense of Habitation 258§ 20.04 Spring Guns 262§ 20.05 Model Penal Code 264Chapter 21 · Law Enforcement Defenses 269§ 21.01 What Are the “Law Enforcement” Defenses? 269§ 21.02 Restraint on Liberty in Law Enforcement: “Public Authority” Defense 270§ 21.03 Force Used in Law Enforcement: Common and Statutory Law 271§ 21.04 Force Used in Law Enforcement: Constitutional Limits 274§ 21.05 Model Penal Code 277Chapter 22 · Necessity 281§ 22.01 Basic Nature of the Defense 281§ 22.02 General Rules 283§ 22.03 Civil Disobedience 286§ 22.04 “Necessity” as a Defense to Homicide 287§ 22.05 Model Penal Code 292Chapter 23 · Duress 293§ 23.01 General Principles 293§ 23.02 Rationale of the Defense (as an Excuse) 296§ 23.03 Distinguishing Duress from Necessity 298§ 23.04 Duress as a Defense to Homicide 299§ 23.05 Escape from Intolerable Prison Conditions 301§ 23.06 Situational Duress: Brief Observations 305§ 23.07 Abuse Victims Under Duress 307§ 23.08 Model Penal Code 308Chapter 24 · Intoxication 313§ 24.01 Intoxication and the Criminal Law: An Overview 313§ 24.02 Voluntary Intoxication: General Principles 315§ 24.03 Voluntary Intoxication: Mens Rea 317§ 24.04 Voluntary Intoxication: Voluntary Act 321§ 24.05 Voluntary Intoxication: Insanity 322§ 24.06 Involuntary Intoxication 324§ 24.07 Model Penal Code 325Chapter 25 · Insanity 329§ 25.01 Insanity: An Overview 329§ 25.02 Insanity Defense: Procedural Context 330§ 25.03 Rationale of the Insanity Defense 335§ 25.04 Definitions of “Insanity” 336§ 25.05 Effect of an Insanity Acquittal 346§ 25.06 Abolition of the Insanity Defense 349§ 25.07 “Guilty but Mentally Ill” 353Chapter 26 · Diminished Capacity 355§ 26.01 “Diminished Capacity”: A Term of Confusion 355§ 26.02 Diminished Capacity: Mens Rea Defense 356§ 26.03 Diminished Capacity: “Partial Responsibility” Defense 361Chapter 27 · Attempt 367§ 27.01 Criminal Attempts: An Overview to Inchoate Conduct 367§ 27.02 General Principles 368§ 27.03 The Role of “Social Harm” in an Attempt: “Subjectivism” and “Objectivism” 372§ 27.04 Punishing Attempts: Why, and How Much? 375§ 27.05 Mens Rea of Criminal Attempts 378§ 27.06 Actus Reus of Criminal Attempts 383§ 27.07 Defense: Impossibility 389§ 27.08 Defense: Abandonment 397§ 27.09 Model Penal Code 398Chapter 28 · Solicitation 407§ 28.01 General Principles§ 28.02 Comparison of Solicitation to Other Inchoate Offenses 411§ 28.03 Model Penal Code 412Chapter 29 · Conspiracy 415§ 29.01 Conspiracy: In General 415§ 29.02 Punishing Conspiracies: Why? 417§ 29.03 Punishing Conspiracies: How Much? 418§ 29.04 Conspiracy: The Agreement 420§ 29.05 Conspiracy: Mens Rea 425§ 29.06 “Plurality” Requirement 431§ 29.07 Parties to a Conspiracy 433§ 29.08 Objectives of a Conspiracy 441§ 29.09 Defenses 443Chapter 30 · Liability for the Acts of Others: Complicity 449§ 30.01 Complicity: Overview to Accomplice and Conspiratorial Liability 449§ 30.02 Accomplice Liability: General Principles 450§ 30.03 Accomplice Liability: Common Law Terminology 452§ 30.04 Accomplice Liability: Assistance 457§ 30.05 Accomplice Liability: Mens Rea 461§ 30.06 Liability of the Secondary Party in Relation to the Primary Party 468§ 30.07 Limits to Accomplice Liability 475§ 30.08 Conspiratorial Liability: The Pinkerton Doctrine 476§ 30.09 Model Penal Code 479Chapter 31 · Criminal Homicide 487§ 31.01 Homicide 487§ 31.02 Criminal Homicide: General Principles 490§ 31.03 Murder: Intent to Kill 494§ 31.04 Murder: Intent to Inflict Grievous Bodily Injury 499§ 31.05 Murder: “Depraved Heart” (“Extreme Recklessness”) Murder 500§ 31.06 Murder: Felony-Murder Rule 503§ 31.07 Manslaughter: Provocation (“Sudden Heat Of Passion”) 516§ 31.08 Manslaughter: Criminal Negligence 527§ 31.09 Manslaughter: Unlawful-Act (“Misdemeanor-Manslaughter”) Doctrine 528§ 31.10 Criminal Homicide: Model Penal Code 528Chapter 32 · Theft 535§ 32.01 Theft: Historical Overview 535§ 32.02 Larceny: General Principles 536§ 32.03 Larceny: Trespass 537§ 32.04 Larceny: Taking (Caption) 538§ 32.05 Larceny: Carrying Away (Asportation) 543§ 32.06 Larceny: Personal Property of Another 544§ 32.07 Larceny: Intent to Steal (Animus Furandi) 546§ 32.08 Larceny: Lost and Mislaid Property 550§ 32.09 Embezzlement 551§ 32.10 False Pretenses 553§ 32.11 Consolidation of Theft Offenses 556Chapter 33 · Rape (Sexual Assault) 559§ 33.01 Rape: General Principles 559§ 33.02 Statistics Regarding Rape 561§ 33.03 Societal Attitudes Regarding Rape 563§ 33.04 Rape: Actus Reus 566§ 33.05 Rape: Mens Rea 579§ 33.06 Marital Immunity Rule 581§ 33.07 Proving Rape at Trial 583§ 33.08 Statutory Rape 587§ 33.09 Model Penal Code 588Table of Cases 593Index 609