Title page
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
THE IMPUNITY PROBLEM 7
STATE UNWILLING OR UNABLE TO DETECT 7
STATE UNWILLING OR UNABLE TO ENFORCE 8
LACK OF REMEDY FOR VICTIMS 8
SOVEREIGNTY AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL LEGAL NORMS 9
FEATURES OF GRAND CORRUPTION 10
REFERENCES IN INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS 10
REFERENCES IN NATIONAL POLICIES 11
REFERENCES BY PRACTITIONERS, ACADEMICS AND POLICY-MAKERS 12
PROPOSED LEGAL DEFINITION 13
GRAND CORRUPTION: SERIOUS, ORGANISED & AGGRAVATED 15
DESIGNATION OF GRAND CORRUPTION OFFENCES 15
PENALTIES FOR GRAND CORRUPTION 17
SPECIAL PROCEDURAL MEASURES 20
EXERCISE OF UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION 20
LIMITATION PERIODS 23
IMMUNITIES AND JURISDICTIONAL PRIVILEGES 24
PRIVATE PROSECUTIONS IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST 26
REMEDIATION OF HARM TO VICTIMS 28
MONEY LAUNDERING AND ASSET RECOVERY PROCEEDINGS 39
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT & STRUCTURES 47
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT ON GRAND CORRUPTION 47
INTERNATIONAL ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS 47
CONCLUSIONS 53
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 56
ANNEX: SELECTED CASES 57
HISSÈNE HABRÉ 57
TEODORO NGUEMA OBIANG 57
RIAD SALAMEH 58
IRAQI OIL-FOR-FOOD PROGRAMME 59
COSTA RICAN STATE ENTERPRISE 60
MOZAMBIQUE TUNA BONDS 61
ENDNOTES 64