Preface
Acknowledgement
1 Introduction
1.1 What is a Computer?
1.2 Basics of Programming Languages
1.2.1 Machine Language
Advantages and Disadvantages
1.2.2 Assembly Language
1.2.3 High Level Languages
Advantages of High Level Languages
1.3 Interpreter and Compiler
1.4 Algorithms and Flowcharts
1.4.1 Writing Algorithms
1.4.2 Flowcharts
1.5 Writing Algorithms and Flowcharts for a Few Important Problems
1.5.1 Reversing the Digits of a Given Integer
1.5.2 To Verify Whether an Integer is a Prime Number or Not
1.5.3 To Organize a Given Set of Numbers in Ascending Order
1.5.4 To Find the Square Root of an Integer
1.5.5 To find the Factorial for A Given Number
1.5.6 To Generate the Fibonacci Series for N Terms
1.5.7 To Find the Value of the Power of a Number Raised by Another Integer
1.5.8 To Reverse the Order Elements of an Array
1.5.9 To Find the Largest Number in an Array
1.5.10 To Solve a Quadratic Equation
1.6 Why Python?
1.7 Installing Python
1.7.1 Windows
1.7.2 Linux and Unix
1.7.3 Macintosh
1.8 Other Python Distributions
1.9 Keeping in Touch and Up-to-Date
Exercises
2 Identifiers and Data Types
2.1 Keywords
2.2 Identifiers
2.2.1 Rules for Identifiers
2.3 Data Types
2.4 VaLues and types
2.5 Backslash Character Constants
2.6 Variables
Exercises
3 Operators and Expressions
Introduction
3.1 Arithmetic Operators
3.1.1 Integer Arithmetic
3.1.2 Large Integers
3.1.3 Hexadecimals and Octals
3.1.4 Real Arithmetic
3.1.5 Mixed Mode Operations
3.1.6 Rules for Conversion
3.1.7 Explicit Conversions
3.2 Relational Operators
3.2.1 More Relational Operators
3.2.2 Is : The Identity Operator
3.3 Logical/Boolean Operators
3.4 Assignment Operators
3.5 Interactive Mode and Script Mode
3.6 Order of Operations
3.7 Comments in Python
3.8 __Future__In Python
3.9 How to Track Errors?
3.10 Common Errors
3.10.1 Syntax Errors
3.10.2 Runtime Errors
3.10.3 Semantic Errors
Exercises
4 Managing Input and Output Operations
Introduction
4.1 Managing Inputs
4.1.1 raw_input() and input() functions
B input() functions
4.2 Managing Outputs
4.2.1 repr() or str() functions
4.2.2 rjust() and format() functions
B Format() function
4.3 Frequently Used Formatting Specifiers
A Formatting Floating Point Numbers:
B Formatting in Scientific Notation
D Justifying Format
E. Formatting Integers
F. Formatting Strings
G Formatting Strings (without using methods)
eXerCIses
5 Decision making and Branching
Introduction
5.1 If Statement
5.1.1 Simple if Statement
5.1.2 If else statement
5.1.3 Nested if else statement
5.1.4 else if (elif) ladder Statement
5.2 BooLean VaLues (True or False)
Exercises
6 Decision making and Looping
Introduction
6.1 the While Loop statement
6.2 The for Loop statement
6.3 the range() Function
6.3.1 Range(argument1)function
6.3.2 Range(argument1, argument2)function
6.3.3 Range(argument1, argument2, argument3) function
6.4 The xrange() Function
6.5 Jumps in Loops
The break Statement
6.6 Skipping a Part of a Loop
The Continue Statement
6.7 The else Clauses on Loops
Note 2: Precautions to be taken in using the else clause
Exercises
7 Functions
Introduction
7.1 Types of Functions
7.1.1 Built in Functions
7.1.2 User Defined Functions
Function Call:
Important Points to remember:
7.2 Incremental Development
7.3 Nesting of Functions
7.4 BooLean Function
7.5 Recursion Function
7.6 Checking types : isinstance ( )
7.7 Designing and Writing Modules
7.8 Global and Local Variables
7.9 Default Arguments
Exercises
8 List
Introduction
8.1 Definition
8.2 The in Operator
8.3 Traversing in a List
8.4 Nested List
8.5 List Operations
8.6 List Slices
8.7 List Functions
8.8 List Methods
8.9 Splitting a String Into a List
8.10 Inputting List from the Console/Keyboard
8.11 Shifting Lists
A Left Shift
B Right Shift
8.12 Simplifying Coding with List
8.13 Copying Lists
8.14 Passing Lists to Functions
8.15 Searching Lists
8.15.1 The Linear Search Method
8.15.2 The Binary Search Method
8.16 Sorting Lists
8.16.1 Selection Sort
8.16.2 Insertion sort
8.17 Two-Dimensional Lists
8.17.1 Processing Two-Dimensional Lists
8.17.2 Initializing Lists with Input Values
8.17.3 Initializing Lists with random Values
8.17.4 Printing Two Dimensional List
8.17.5 Summing All Elements
8.17.6 Summing Elements by Column
8.17.7 Finding the Row with the Largest Sum
8.17.8 Random Shuffling
8.17.9 Passing Two-Dimensional Lists to functions
8.18 Application: Finding the Closest Pair
8.19 Multidimensional Lists
Exercises
9 Dictionaries
Introduction
9.1 Definition
9.2 Creating a Dictionary
9.3 Adding, Modifying, and Retrieving Values
9.4 The Dictionary Methods
9.5 Deleting Items
9.6 Looping Items
9.7 Equality Test
9.8 Dictionaries of Dictionaries
9.9 Sets
9.10 Accessing Sets with Common Functions
9.11 Subset and Superset in Sets
9.12 Relational Operators in Sets
9.13 Set Operations
Exercises
10 Tuples
10.1 Definition
10.2 Tuple Assignment
10.3 Tuples as Return Values
10.4 The Basic Tuple Operations
10.5 Variable-Length Argument Tuples
10.6 Relationship Between Lists and Tuples
10.7 Relationships Between Dictionaries and Tuples
Exercises
11 Files
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Text Files and Binary Files
11.3 Absolute and Relative Filename
11.4 Opening A File
11.5 Writing Data
11.6 Some Commonly Used Methods for File Handling
11.7 WrItIng and readIng numerIC data
Exercises
12 Computational Physics– Application in Physical Systems
12.1 Introduction
12.2 What Is Computational Physics?
12.3 Oscillatory Motion
12.3.1 Ideal Simple Harmonic Oscillator
12.3.2 Motion of a Damped Oscillator
12.4 Stationary States and Time Independent SchrÖdinger Equation
12.4.1 Introduction
12.4.2 Form of potential
12.4.3 Eigen Value problem
12.5 Fractals
12.5.1 Fractional Dimension (math)
12.5.2 The Sierpinski Gasket
12.5.3 Assessing Fractal Dimension
12.5.4 Beautiful plants
12.6 Random Numbers in Computer Simulation
12.6.1 Introduction
12.6.2 Randomness: Some Intuitive Concepts
12.6.3 Random Number Generators
12.6.4 Pseudo-Random Number Generators
12.6.5 Basic strategy
12.6.6 Mid-Square Generator
12.6.7 Multiplicative Congruential Generator
12.6.8 Mixed Multiplicative Congruential Generator
12.6.9 Tests for Randomness
12.7 Monte CarLo method
12.7.1 Introduction
12.7.2 multi-dimensional Integrals:
12.7.3 Monte CarLo method: hitting the Bull's eye Blind-folded
12.7.4 Application of the Monte Carlo Method: Finding the Value of p
12.8 Lorenz Equation
Example 12.16.1 Python Implementation (File method)
Output of the above Program:
Exercises
Appendix I: Objective Type Questions
Objective Type Questions
Answers
Appendix II Descriptive Type Questions
Descriptive Type Questions
1 Write a python program to convert decimal numbers to binary numbers.
2 Write a python program to reverse the digits of an integer
3 Write a python program to find the Greatest common divisor(GCD) of two numbers
4 Write a python program to verify a given number is prime or not.
5 Write a python program to generate prime numbers between 1 to 100.
6 Write a python program to organize a given set of numbers in ascending order using
6 Write a python program to find out the Prime numbers from a sequence of Fibonacci series.
7 Write a python program to accept a string and convert the given string into a dictionary. From that dictionary, using the concept of reverse lookup, print all the corresponding keys with its corresponding values.
References
Index