Preface1 Basic Concepts of Computer Architecture1.1 The 1-bit Logical and Arithmetical Operations1.2 Architecture of Simple Microprocessor1.3 Understanding the Instruction Set1.4 Assembly Language and Tools2 Numbers in Fixed-point Format2.1 Unsigned Numbers2.2 Conversion of Unsigned Number to Another Format2.2.1 Conversion BIN to P-BCD for A < 100DEC2.2.2 Conversion BIN to P-BCD for A < 256DEC2.2.3 Conversion BIN to UP-BCD for A < 100DEC2.2.4 Conversion BIN to UP-BCD for A < 256DEC2.2.5 Conversion BIN to ASCII for A < 100DEC2.2.6 Conversion BIN to ASCII for A < 256DEC2.2.7 Conversion P-BCD to BIN2.2.8 Conversion P-BCD to UP-BCD2.2.9 Conversion P-BCD to ASCII2.2.10 Conversion UP-BCD to BIN2.2.11 Conversion UP-BCD to P-BCD2.2.12 Conversion UP-BCD to ASCII2.2.13 Conversion ASCII to BIN2.2.14 Conversion ASCII to P-BCD2.2.15 Conversion ASCII to UP-BCD2.2.16 Conversion BIN Fraction (num/denom) to BIN Fraction (dot notation)2.3 Signed Numbers2.3.1 The Sign-magnitude Representation2.3.2 Complements – Theory and Its Usage2.3.3 The 2's Complement Representation2.4 Conversions and Change of Sign2.4.1 Change of Sign for 2's Number2.4.2 Conversion SM to 2's Notation2.4.3 Conversion 2's Notation to SM3 Basic Arithmetic on Fixed-point Numbers3.1 Operations on Unsigned Numbers3.1.1 Working with Natural Binary Code3.1.2 Working with Packed BCD3.1.3 Working with Unpacked BCD3.1.4 Working with Chars in ASCII3.2 Operations on Signed Numbers3.2.1 Working with Sign-magnitude3.2.2 Working with 2's Complement3.3 Nonlinear Functions4 Numbers in Floating-point Format4.1 Non-normalized Numbers4.2 IEEE 754 Standard4.2.1 Single Precision4.2.2 Double Precision4.2.3 Double Extended Precision4.2.4 Single Precision4.2.5 Double Precision4.2.6 Double Extended Precision4.3 FPU as a Specialized Arithmetic Unit4.4 Conversion to Another Radix5 Basic Arithmetic Operations on Floating-point Numbers5.1 Addition5.2 Subtraction5.3 Multiplication5.4 Division5.5 Implementations in Assembly Language6 Limited Quality of Arithmetic Operations6.1 Precision of Number Representation6.2 Error PropagationRemarks1 It applies to operations on numbers in fixed-point format2 It applies to operations on numbers in floating-point format3 General remarkReferencesBook and JournalsAppendicesAppendix A. Range of NumbersAppendix B. Numerical Data Types in Some High-level LanguagesAppendix C. Solutions to ExercisesIndex