Title page
Contents
Acknowledgements 5
Foreword 6
Executive summary 8
Introduction 10
Chapter 1. Addressing illicit trade in food and food fraud 12
Abstract 13
Definition of food fraud and illicit trade in food 14
Globalization, supply chains and the cost to agri-food trade 16
WTO activities to address illicit trade in food and food fraud 21
References 22
Chapter 2. WTO rulebook and combating illicit trade in food and food fraud 24
Abstract 25
Introduction 26
WTO agreements in the fight against illicit agri-food trade 27
The policy space under GATT Article XX to combat illicit agri-food trade 32
The role of the private sector in combating illicit agri-food trade 34
Conclusion 35
References 35
Chapter 3. Mapping the negative impacts of illicit trade in agri-food and beverages against the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 38
Abstract 39
Introduction 40
Categorizing illicit trade in agri-food 40
The negative impacts of illicit trade in agri-foods and food fraud 41
Ending poverty and hunger and promoting good health (SDGs 1, 2 and 3) 41
Clean water and sanitation (SDG 6) 43
Decent work and economic growth (SDG 8) 43
Industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9) 45
Sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11) 45
Responsible consumption and production (SDG 12) 45
Life below water (SDG 14) 45
Life on land (SDG 15) 46
Peace, justice and strong institutions (SDG 16) 46
Conclusion 46
References 47
Chapter 4. Regulatory solutions and food systems thinking to counter food fraud in supply chains 50
Abstract 51
Introduction 52
Vulnerabilities in modern agri-food systems 54
Conclusion 57
References 58
Chapter 5. A snapshot of illegal practices in the trade in seeds and associated challenges 60
Abstract 61
Introduction 62
Diversity of illegal seed practices 62
Consequences of illegal seed practices 63
How to address illegal seed practices: investigation, prosecution or other? 63
Conclusion 69
References 69
Chapter 6. Protecting the international food supply chain from fraud 70
Abstract 71
Introduction 72
International food trade and the impact of food fraud 72
Private sector responsibilities and action 73
Conclusion 77
Chapter 7. Bringing criminal justice to illicit trade in food and food fraud 78
Abstract 79
Introduction 80
Investigation, prosecution and the role of technology 84
Conclusion 86
References 86
Conclusions 88
Abbreviations 90
Chapter 3. Mapping the negative impacts of illicit trade in agri-food and beverages against the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 47
TABLE 1. Sustainable Development Goals and the negative impacts of illicit trade in agri-food and beverages 47
Chapter 5. A snapshot of illegal practices in the trade in seeds and associated challenges 64
TABLE 1. Consequences of illegal seed practices and the effects 64
TABLE 2. Combating illegal seed practices 64
Chapter 6. Protecting the international food supply chain from fraud 74
TABLE 1. Solutions to help combat and reduce food fraud 74
Boxes
Chapter 1. Addressing illicit trade in food and food fraud 15
BOX 1. Codex Alimentarius Commission: Code of Ethics for International Trade in Food 15
BOX 2. Customs authorities and law enforcement 17
BOX 3. Most heavily targeted products in food fraud 18
BOX 4. Examples of illicit trade in food 20
Chapter 2. WTO rulebook and combating illicit trade in food and food fraud 31
BOX 1. Plant variety protection and the TRIPS Agreement 31
BOX 2. Counterfeit trademark goods and pirated copyright goods as defined in the TRIPS Agreement 33
Chapter 3. Mapping the negative impacts of illicit trade in agri-food and beverages against the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 42
BOX 1. Spotlight on alcoholic beverages 42
BOX 2. Spotlight on illicit pesticides 44
Chapter 4. Regulatory solutions and food systems thinking to counter food fraud in supply chains 53
BOX 1. Vulnerability Analysis and Critical Control Point System 53
BOX 2. Fish fraud in e-commerce 55
Chapter 5. A snapshot of illegal practices in the trade in seeds and associated challenges 65
BOX 1. The risks of weak enforcement 65
BOX 2. Cuttings and stubs used for illegal reproduction 66
BOX 3. Spread of the Pepino Mosaic Virus in Sicily as a result of illegal vegetative reproduction 68
Chapter 6. Protecting the international food supply chain from fraud 76
BOX 1. Resources available from SSAFE 76
Chapter 7. Bringing criminal justice to illicit trade in food and food fraud 81
BOX 1. Case A: Alcohol 81
BOX 2. Case B: Baby formula 82
BOX 3. Case C: Ground biscuits 83
BOX 4. Investigation of Case A: Alcohol 85
BOX 5. Investigation of Case C: Ground biscuits 85