Contents
DISCLAIMER 2
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9
PRINCIPAL FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 12
CHAPTER 1. CRASH SURVIVAL, OCCUPANT AGE, GENDER, AND VEHICLE DESIGN 32
1.1. Why study effects of age and gender on fatality risk? 32
1.2. Age, gender, and injury mechanisms 34
1.3. Evans' quantitative results and method 39
CHAPTER 2. TOOLS FOR CONSISTENTLY ESTIMATING AGE AND GENDER EFFECTS 40
2.1. Why double-pair comparison and logistic regression? 40
2.2. FARS database 41
2.3. Early logistic regression models 42
2.4. Formulation of the "simple" models 43
2.5. Empirical study of how age and gender effects vary with age 44
2.6. The principal models: piecewise linear with breakpoints at age 35 48
2.7. More complex models: piecewise linear with optimized breakpoint-ages 60
2.8. From regression coefficients to estimated effects of aging and gender 62
2.9. Estimation of confidence bounds 66
2.10. Additional statistics 68
2.11. Modifications to analyze other data files 76
CHAPTER 3. EFFECT OF OCCUPANT AGE AND GENDER ON OVERALL FATALITY RISK - ANALYSES OF 1975-2010 FARS DATA 80
3.0. Summary 80
3.1. Average effect for all cars and LTVs, MY 1960-2011 80
3.2. Cars versus LTVs 85
3.3. Trends by model year 87
3.4. Trends across "generations" of car and LTV occupants 92
3.5. Variations by impact location 98
3.6. Variations by impact location and type of occupant protection 103
3.7. Effects of aging and gender for back-seat outboard occupants 109
CHAPTER 4. EFFECT OF OCCUPANT AGE AND GENDER ON INJURIES THAT "CONTRIBUTED TO DEATH" - ANALYSES OF 1987-2007 FARS-MCOD DATA 115
4.0. Summary 115
4.1. Preparation of a FARS-MCOD analysis file 115
4.2. Effects of aging and gender on head, torso, and neck injury risk 118
4.3. Head, torso, and neck injury by type of impact and occupant protection 126
CHAPTER 5. EFFECT OF OCCUPANT AGE AND GENDER ON NONFATAL INJURIES ANALYSES OF 1988-2010 NASS-CDS DATA 141
5.0. Summary 141
5.1. Preparation of a NASS-CDS analysis file 141
5.2. Effects of aging and gender on injury risk by MAIS level 144
5.3. Effects of aging and gender on injury risk by body region and AIS 150
CHAPTER 6. SPECIFIC INJURIES PREVALENT AMONG OLDER FATALITIES AND WOMEN - ANALYSES OF 1999-2007 FARS-MCOD ICD-10 DATA 157
6.0. Summary 157
6.1. Ranking the specific injuries by victims' average age or percent females 157
6.2. Injuries ranked by victims' average age - front seat versus back seat 159
6.3. Injuries ranked by percentage of the victims that are females 161
6.4. Injuries ranked by victims' average age - unrestrained versus belted 166
6.5. Injuries ranked by percent female victims - unrestrained versus belted 173
CHAPTER 7. SPECIFIC AIS ≥ 2 INJURIES PREVALENT AMONG OLDER OCCUPANTS AND WOMEN - ANALYSES OF 1988-2010 NASS-CDS DATA 180
7.0. Summary 180
7.1. Ranking the specific injuries by victims' average age or percent females 180
7.2. Injuries ranked by victims' average age - front seat versus back seat 181
7.3. Injuries ranked by percentage of the victims that are females 184
7.4. Injuries ranked by victims' average age - unrestrained versus belted 187
7.5. Injuries ranked by percent female victims - unrestrained versus belted 195
CHAPTER 8. VEHICLE COMPONENTS PREVALENT AS SOURCES OF INJURY TO OLDER OCCUPANTS AND WOMEN - ANALYSES OF 1988-2010 CDS DATA 202
8.0. Summary 202
8.1. Ranking the injury sources by victims' average age or percent females 202
8.2. Injury sources with high average victims' ages 207
8.3. Injury sources with high percentages of female victims 222
CHAPTER 9. CRASHWORTHINESS TECHNOLOGIES: FATALITY REDUCTION FOR OLDER OCCUPANTS AND WOMEN - ANALYSES OF 1975-2010 FARS DATA 228
9.0. Summary 228
9.1. Crashworthiness technologies that save lives 228
9.2. Analysis method for non-belt technologies 229
9.3. Analysis method for seat belts 237
9.4. Belt effectiveness by the occupant's gender 245
9.5. Belt effectiveness by the occupant's age 249
9.6. Effectiveness of non-belt technologies by the occupant's gender 254
9.7. Effectiveness of non-belt technologies by the occupant's age 261
REFERENCES 267
APPENDIX A. CLASSIFICATION OF ICD-9 INJURY CODES 271
APPENDIX B. CLASSIFICATION OF ICD-10 INJURY CODES 275
APPENDIX C. CLASSIFICATION OF CDS 3-LETTER INJURY CODES 283
APPENDIX D. CLASSIFICATION OF CDS INJURY SOURCES 287
APPENDIX E. INJURY SOURCES RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIMS OR BY PERCENT FEMALE VICTIMS 293
APPENDIX F. NUMBER OF DATA POINTS IN THE REGRESSION ANALYSES 344
TABLE 1-1. Adjusted Odds Ratios (and 95% CIs) for AIS ≥ 3 Injury to Different Body Regions Associated With a Decade Increase in Age 36
TABLE 2-1. PERCENT RISK INCREASE FOR A MALE AGING ONE YEAR, RISK INCREASE FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE, AND PERCENT RISK INCREASE FOR A FEMALE AGING ONE YEAR DRIVERS AND RF PASSENGERS, ALL CARS AND LTVs, BY OCCUPANT AGE 69
TABLE 2-2. PERCENT RISK INCREASE FOR A MALE AGING ONE YEAR AND RISK INCREASE FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE DRIVERS AND RF PASSENGERS, ALL CARS AND LTVs, BY OCCUPANT AGE GROUP 73
TABLE 2-3. FATALITY RISK, GIVEN SIMILAR PHYSICAL INSULTS, RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT OF THE SAME GENDER IN THE SAME SEAT POSITION DRIVERS AND RF PASSENGERS, ALL CARS AND LTVs, BY OCCUPANT AGE 74
TABLE 2-4. SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ALL CARS AND LTVs, MY 1960-2011 INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER AND FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE 77
TABLE 3-1a. INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER 81
TABLE 3-1b. INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT A MALE OCCUPANT GETS OLDER AT AGE 21 TO 30 VERSUS AGE 65 TO 74 83
TABLE 3-1c. FATALITY RISK FOR A 75-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT 84
TABLE 3-1d. INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE 86
TABLE 3-2a. INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER 93
TABLE 3-2b. INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT A MALE OCCUPANT GETS OLDER AT AGE 21-30 VERSUS AGE 65-74 94
TABLE 3-2c. FATALITY RISK FOR A 75-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT 95
TABLE 3-2d. INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE 96
TABLE 3-3a. INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER 99
TABLE 3-3b. INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT A MALE OCCUPANT GETS OLDER AT AGE 21-30 VERSUS AGE 65-74 100
TABLE 3-3c. FATALITY RISK FOR A 75-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT 101
TABLE 3-3d. INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE 102
TABLE 3-4a. INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER 104
TABLE 3-4b. INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT A MALE OCCUPANT GETS OLDER AT AGE 21-30 VERSUS AGE 65-74 105
TABLE 3-4c. FATALITY RISK FOR A 75-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT 106
TABLE 3-4d. INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE 107
TABLE 3-5a. BACK-SEAT OUTBOARD OCCUPANTS OF PASSENGER CARS INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER 110
TABLE 3-5b. BACK-SEAT OUTBOARD OCCUPANTS OF PASSENGER CARS INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT A MALE OCCUPANT GETS OLDER AT AGE 21-30 VERSUS AGE 65-74 111
TABLE 3-5c. BACK-SEAT OUTBOARD OCCUPANTS OF PASSENGER CARS FATALITY RISK FOR A 75-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT 112
TABLE 3-5d. BACK-SEAT OUTBOARD OCCUPANTS OF PASSENGER CARS INCREASE IN FATALITY RISK FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE 113
TABLE 4-1a. INCREASE IN RISK OF "INJURIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO DEATH" FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER 119
TABLE 4-1b. INCREASE IN RISK OF "INJURIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO DEATH" FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER: AT AGE 21-30 VERSUS AGE 65-74 122
TABLE 4-1c. RISK OF "INJURIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO DEATH" FOR A 75-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT 123
TABLE 4-1d. INCREASE IN RISK OF "INJURIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO DEATH" FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE 125
TABLE 4-2a. HEAD INJURIES: INCREASE IN RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER 127
TABLE 4-2b. HEAD INJURIES: INCREASE IN RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER: AT AGE 21-30 VERSUS AGE 65-74 128
TABLE 4-2c. RISK OF HEAD INJURIES FOR A 75-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT 129
TABLE 4-2d. HEAD INJURIES: INCREASE IN RISK FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE 130
TABLE 4-3a. TORSO INJURIES: INCREASE IN RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER 132
TABLE 4-3b. TORSO INJURIES: INCREASE IN RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER: AT AGE 21-30 VERSUS AGE 65-74 133
TABLE 4-3c. RISK OF TORSO INJURIES FOR A 75-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT 134
TABLE 4-3d. TORSO INJURIES: INCREASE IN RISK FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE 135
TABLE 4-4a. NECK INJURIES: INCREASE IN RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER 137
TABLE 4-4b. NECK INJURIES: INCREASE IN RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER: AT AGE 21-30 VERSUS AGE 65-74 138
TABLE 4-4c. RISK OF NECK INJURIES FOR A 75-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT 139
TABLE 4-4d. NECK INJURIES: INCREASE IN RISK FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE 140
TABLE 5-1a. INCREASE IN INJURY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER 145
TABLE 5-1b. INCREASE IN INJURY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER, AT AGE 21-30 VERSUS AGE 65-74 147
TABLE 5-1c. INJURY RISK FOR A 75-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT 148
TABLE 5-1d. INCREASE IN INJURY RISK FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE 149
TABLE 5-2a. INCREASE IN INJURY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER 152
TABLE 5-2b. INCREASE IN INJURY RISK FOR EACH YEAR THAT AN OCCUPANT GETS OLDER AT AGE 21-30 VERSUS AGE 65-74 153
TABLE 5-2c. INJURY RISK FOR A 75-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD OCCUPANT 154
TABLE 5-2d. INCREASE IN INJURY RISK FOR A FEMALE RELATIVE TO A MALE OF THE SAME AGE 156
TABLE 6-1. MCOD INJURIES OF CAR DRIVER AND RF-PASSENGER FATALITIES RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 160
TABLE 6-2. MCOD INJURIES OF REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGER FATALITIES IN CARS RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 162
TABLE 6-3. MCOD INJURIES OF CAR DRIVER AND RF-PASSENGER FATALITIES RANKED BY PERCENTAGE OF VICTIMS THAT ARE FEMALES 163
TABLE 6-4. MCOD INJURIES OF REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGER FATALITIES IN CARS RANKED BY PERCENTAGE OF VICTIMS THAT ARE FEMALES 165
TABLE 6-5. MCOD INJURIES OF UNRESTRAINED CAR DRIVER AND RF-PASSENGER FATALITIES RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 167
TABLE 6-6. MCOD INJURIES OF BELTED CAR DRIVER AND RF-PASSENGER FATALITIES RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 168
TABLE 6-6a. MY 1999-2008 CARS WITH DUAL AIR BAGS; MCOD INJURIES OF BELTED CAR DRIVER AND RF-PASSENGER FATALITIES RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 169
TABLE 6-7. MCOD INJURIES OF UNRESTRAINED REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGER FATALITIES IN CARS RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 171
TABLE 6-8. MCOD INJURIES OF BELTED REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGER FATALITIES IN CARS RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 172
TABLE 6-9/TABLE 6-8. MCOD INJURIES OF BELTED REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGER FATALITIES IN CARS RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 174
TABLE 6-10. MCOD INJURIES OF BELTED CAR DRIVER AND RF-PASSENGER FATALITIES RANKED BY PERCENTAGE OF VICTIMS THAT ARE FEMALES 175
TABLE 6-10a. MY 1999-2008 CARS WITH DUAL AIR BAGS; MCOD INJURIES OF BELTED CAR DRIVER AND RF-PASSENGER FATALITIES RANKED BY PERCENTAGE OF VICTIMS THAT ARE FEMALES 176
TABLE 6-11. MCOD INJURIES OF UNRESTRAINED REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGER FATALITIES IN CARS RANKED BY PERCENTAGE OF VICTIMS THAT ARE FEMALES 178
TABLE 6-12. MCOD INJURIES OF BELTED REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGER FATALITIES IN CARS RANKED BY PERCENTAGE OF VICTIMS THAT ARE FEMALES 179
TABLE 7-1. AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF CAR DRIVERS AND RF PASSENGERS RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 183
TABLE 7-2. AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGERS IN CARS RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 185
TABLE 7-3. AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF CAR DRIVERS AND RF PASSENGERS RANKED BY PERCENTAGE OF VICTIMS THAT ARE FEMALES 186
TABLE 7-4. AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGERS IN CARS RANKED BY PERCENTAGE OF VICTIMS THAT ARE FEMALES 188
TABLE 7-5. AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF UNRESTRAINED CAR DRIVERS AND RF PASSENGERS RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 189
TABLE 7-6. AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF BELTED CAR DRIVERS AND RF PASSENGERS RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 190
TABLE 7-6a. MY 1999-2011 CARS WITH DUAL AIR BAGS AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF BELTED CAR DRIVERS AND RF PASSENGERS RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 192
TABLE 7-7. AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF UNRESTRAINED REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGERS IN CARS RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 193
TABLE 7-8. AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF BELTED REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGERS IN CARS RANKED BY AVERAGE AGE OF THE VICTIM 194
TABLE 7-9. AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF UNRESTRAINED CAR DRIVERS AND RF PASSENGERS RANKED BY PERCENTAGE OF VICTIMS THAT ARE FEMALES 196
TABLE 7-10. AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF BELTED CAR DRIVERS AND RF PASSENGERS RANKED BY PERCENTAGE OF VICTIMS THAT ARE FEMALES 197
TABLE 7-10a. MY 1999-2011 CARS WITH DUAL AIR BAGS AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF BELTED CAR DRIVERS AND RF PASSENGERS 198
TABLE 7-11. AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF UNRESTRAINED REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGERS IN CARS RANKED BY PERCENTAGE OF VICTIMS THAT ARE FEMALES 200
TABLE 7-12. AIS 2-6 INJURIES OF BELTED REAR-OUTBOARD PASSENGERS IN CARS RANKED BY PERCENTAGE OF VICTIMS THAT ARE FEMALES 201
TABLE 8-1. AVERAGE AGE OF DRIVERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 2+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 208
TABLE 8-2. Drivers' Injury Sources With High Average Victims' Ages 215
TABLE 8-3. Right-Front Passengers' Injury Sources With High Average Victims' Ages 220
TABLE 8-4. Backseat Outboard Passengers' Injury Sources With High Average Victims' Ages 221
TABLE 8-5. Drivers' Injury Sources With High Percentages of Female Victims 223
TABLE 8-6. Right-Front Passengers' Injury Sources With High Percentages of Female Victims 226
TABLE 8-7. Backseat Outboard Passengers' Injury Sources With High Percentages of Female Victims (Cars and LTVs, CDS 1988-2010) 227
TABLE 9-1. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) BY SEAT BELTS IN PASSENGER CARS, BY OCCUPANT'S GENDER 246
TABLE 9-2. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) BY 3-POINT BELTS IN LTVs BY OCCUPANT'S GENDER (Drivers and RF Passengers 13 and Older) 248
TABLE 9-3. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) BY SEAT BELTS FOR BACK-SEAT PASSENGERS OF CARS, BY OCCUPANT'S GENDER (13 and Older) 248
TABLE 9-4. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) BY SEAT BELTS IN PASSENGER CARS, BY OCCUPANT'S AGE GROUP 250
TABLE 9-5. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) BY SEAT BELTS IN PASSENGER CARS, BY OCCUPANT'S AGE GROUP 251
TABLE 9-6. likewise shows consistently decreasing belt effectiveness for older occupants in LTVs. 252
TABLE 9-7. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) BY 3-POINT BELTS IN LTVs BY OCCUPANT'S AGE GROUP 253
TABLE 9-8. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) BY SEAT BELTS FOR BACK-SEAT PASSENGERS OF CARS, BY OCCUPANT'S AGE GROUP (13 and Older) 253
TABLE 9-9. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) BY SEAT BELTS FOR BACK-SEAT PASSENGERS OF CARS, BY OCCUPANT'S AGE GROUP 254
TABLE 9-10. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) IN FRONTAL CRASHES OF CARS FOR NON-BELT TECHNOLOGIES TO PROTECT OCCUPANTS IN FRONTAL IMPACTS, BY OCCUPANT'S GENDER (Drivers and RF Passengers 13 and Older) 255
TABLE 9-11. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) BY AIR BAGS IN FRONTAL CRASHES OF LTVs, BY OCCUPANT'S GENDER (Drivers and RF Passengers 13 and Older) 257
TABLE 9-12. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) FOR NON-BELT TECHNOLOGIES TO PROTECT OCCUPANTS IN SIDE IMPACTS AND HEAD IMPACTS, BY OCCUPANT'S GENDER (Occupants 13 and Older) 258
TABLE 9-13. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) IN FRONTAL CRASHES OF CARSFOR NON-BELT TECHNOLOGIES TO PROTECT OCCUPANTS IN FRONTAL IMPACTS, BY OCCUPANT'S AGE GROUP (Drivers and RF Passengers 13 and Older) 261
TABLE 9-14. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) IN FRONTAL CRASHES OF CARS FOR NON-BELT TECHNOLOGIES, BY OCCUPANT'S AGE GROUP 262
TABLE 9-15. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) BY AIR BAGS IN FRONTAL CRASHES OF LTVs, BY OCCUPANT'S AGE GROUP (Drivers and RF Passengers 13 and Older) 263
TABLE 9-16. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) BY AIR BAGS IN FRONTAL CRASHES94 OF LTVs, BY OCCUPANT'S AGE GROUP 264
TABLE 9-17. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) FOR NON-BELT TECHNOLOGIES TO PROTECT OCCUPANTS IN SIDE IMPACTS AND HEAD IMPACTS, BY OCCUPANT'S AGE GROUP (Occupants 13 and Older) 265
TABLE 9-18. FATALITY REDUCTION (%) FOR NON-BELT TECHNOLOGIES TO PROTECT OCCUPANTS IN SIDE/HEAD IMPACTS, BY OCCUPANT'S AGE GROUP 266
Figure 2-1a. TREND OF D_FEM1 COEFFICIENT BY CRASH SUBSET 47
Figure 2-1b. TREND OF D_FEM1 COEFFICIENT BY CRASH SUBSET 51
Figure 2-2. TREND OF D_AGE1 COEFFICIENT BY CRASH SUBSET 53
Figure 2-3. TREND OF D_AGE3 COEFFICIENT BY CRASH SUBSET 54
Figure 2-4. TREND OF D_FEM3 COEFFICIENT BY CRASH SUBSET 55
Figure 2-5. TREND OF P_AGE3 COEFFICIENT BY CRASH SUBSET 56
Figure 2-6. TREND OF P_FEM3 COEFFICIENT BY CRASH SUBSET 57
Figure 2-7. TREND OF P_AGE1 COEFFICIENT BY CRASH SUBSET 58
Figure 2-8. TREND OF P_FEM1 COEFFICIENT BY CRASH SUBSET 59
Figure 2-9. FATALITY INCREASE FOR EACH YEAR 70
Figure 2-10. FATALITY INCREASE FOR A FEMALE DRIVER 71
Figure 2-11. FATALITY RISK RELATIVE TO A 21-YEAR-OLD 75
Figure 3-1. OCCUPANT FATALITY-RISK INDEX BY CALENDAR YEAR 88
Figure 3-2. FATALITY INCREASE (%) FOR AGING ONE YEAR, BY MODEL YEAR COHORT 90
Figure 3-3. Fatality Increase (%) for a Female Relative to a Male of the Same Age, by Model Year Cohort 91
TABLE E-1. Injury Sources Ranked by Average Age of the Victims and Injury Sources Ranked by Percent Female Victims 293
TABLE E-2. AVERAGE AGE OF DRIVERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 3+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 294
TABLE E-3. AVERAGE AGE OF DRIVERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 4+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 300
TABLE E-4. AVERAGE AGE OF RIGHT-FRONT PASSENGERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 2+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 304
TABLE E-5. AVERAGE AGE OF RIGHT-FRONT PASSENGERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 3+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 308
TABLE E-6. AVERAGE AGE OF RIGHT-FRONT PASSENGERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 4+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 311
TABLE E-7. AVERAGE AGE OF BACKSEAT OUTBOARD PASSENGERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 2+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 313
TABLE E-8. AVERAGE AGE OF BACKSEAT OUTBOARD PASSENGERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 3+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 314
TABLE E-9. AVERAGE AGE OF BACKSEAT OUTBOARD PASSENGERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 4+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 315
TABLE E-10. PERCENT FEMALE, DRIVERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 2+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 316
TABLE E-11. PERCENT FEMALE, DRIVERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 3+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 322
TABLE E-12. PERCENT FEMALE, DRIVERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 4+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 328
TABLE E-13. PERCENT FEMALE, RIGHT-FRONT PASSENGERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 2+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 332
TABLE E-14. PERCENT FEMALE, RIGHT-FRONT PASSENGERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 3+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 336
TABLE E-15. PERCENT FEMALE, RIGHT-FRONT PASSENGERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 4+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 339
TABLE E-16. PERCENT FEMALE, BACKSEAT OUTBOARD PASSENGERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 2+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 341
TABLE E-17. PERCENT FEMALE, BACKSEAT OUTBOARD PASSENGERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 3+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 342
TABLE E-18. PERCENT FEMALE, BACKSEAT OUTBOARD PASSENGERS AGE 18-96 WITH AIS 4+ INJURIES, CDS 1988-2010 343