Contents
Introduction 6
1. Key definitions and terms 7
1.1. Direct and indirect emissions 7
1.2. Types of emission factors 8
1.3. Information sources 9
1.4. Additional information and web sites 10
1.5. Contacts 10
2. Energy 12
2.1. Stationary energy emissions (non-transport) 12
2.1.1. Fuel combustion emissions - solid fuels 12
2.1.2. Fuel combustion emissions - gaseous fuels 14
2.1.3. Fuel combustion emissions - liquid fuels 16
2.2. Transport fuel emissions 18
2.3. Indirect emissions from consumption of purchased electricity 20
2.4. Fugitive emissions from fuels 21
2.4.1. Coal Mining 21
2.4.2. Oil and natural gas fugitive emissions 24
3. Industrial processes including use of synthetic gases 35
3.1. Cement clinker production 35
3.2. Lime production 36
3.3. Use of carbonates for the production of a product other than cement clinker, lime or soda ash 36
3.4. Use of carbonates in clay materials 37
3.5. Soda ash use 38
3.6. Soda ash production 39
3.7. Ammonia production 41
3.8. Nitric acid production 41
3.9. Adipic acid production 42
3.10. Carbide production 42
3.11. Chemical or mineral production, other than carbide production, using a carbon reductant 42
3.12. Sodium Cyanide 44
3.13. Iron and steel or other metal production using an integrated metalworks 44
3.14. Ferroalloys production 46
3.15. Other Metals 48
3.16. Aluminium - emissions from consumption of carbon anodes in aluminium production 50
3.17. Aluminium - emissions from production of baked carbon anodes in aluminium production 51
3.18. Aluminium (perfluoronated carbon compound emissions) - tetrafluoromethane and hexafluoroethane 51
3.19. Industrial processes - emissions of hydrofluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride gases 52
4. Waste emissions 53
4.1. Methane released from landfills - (other than from flaring of methane) 53
4.2. Biological treatment of solid waste at the landfill - composting and anaerobic digestion 53
4.3. Wastewater handling (domestic and commercial) 54
4.4. Wastewater handling (Industrial) - wastewater treatment 54
4.5. Wastewater handling (industrial) - Flaring of methane in sludge biogas 56
4.6. Waste incineration - carbon dioxide emissions 57
5. Agriculture 58
5.1. Introduction 58
5.2. Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 58
5.3. Estimating agricultural emissions 59
6. Land-use change and forestry 59
6.1. Introduction 59
6.2. Activities covered under Australia's national inventory 59
6.3. Accounting method 60
6.4. Further information and advice 60
Appendix 1. Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potentials 61
Appendix 2. Units and conversions 63
Appendix 3. Carbon content factors for fuels 65
Appendix 4. Scope 3 emission factors 69
Gaseous fuel emissions scope 3 factors for end users 70
Electricity emission factors for end users 74
Emissions from waste disposal to landfill and wastewater treatment 77
Appendix 5. Revisions to factors from previous issue 83
Table 1: Fuel combustion emission factors - solid fuels and certain coal based products 13
Table 2: Emission factors for the consumption of natural gas 15
Table 3: Fuel combustion emission factors - liquid fuels and certain petroleum based products for stationary energy purposes 17
Table 4: Fuel combustion emission factors - fuels used for transport energy purposes 19
Table 5: Indirect (scope 2) emission factors for consumption of purchased electricity from the grid 21
Table 6: Post-mining activities-emission factors 22
Table 7: Emission factors for the production of coal (fugitive) - Open cut 22
Table 8: Oil and gas exploration-flared emission factors 24
Table 9: Oil production (other than venting and flaring) emission factors 26
Table 10: Crude oil production (flared emissions) emission factors 27
Table 11: Oil transport emission factors 29
Table 12: Oil refining and storage emission factors 30
Table 13: Refinery gas flaring emission factors 30
Table 14: Natural gas production and processing (other than emissions that are vented or flared) emission factors 31
Table 15: Natural gas transmission emission factors 32
Table 16: Natural gas leakage factors 33
Table 17: Flaring emission factors 34
Table 18: Clinker production emission factors 35
Table 19: Lime production emission factors 36
Table 20: Calcination of carbonates emission factors 37
Table 21: Soda ash consumption emission factor 38
Table 22: Nitric acid production emission factors 42
Table 23: Aluminium perfluoronated carbon compound emission factors 51
Table 24: Leakage rates for synthetic gases 52
Table 25: Default industrial wastewater treatment parameters by commodity type 56
Table 26: Global Warming Potentials 61
Table 27: Metric prefixes 63
Table 28: Unit equivalences 63
Table 29: Energy conversion factors 64
Table 30: Municipal solid waste volume to weight conversion factors 64
Table 31: Carbon content factors - Solid fuels and certain coal based products 65
Table 32: Carbon content factors - Gaseous fuels 66
Table 33: Carbon content factors - Liquid fuels and certain petroleum based products 66
Table 34: Carbon content factors - Petroleum feedstocks and products 67
Table 35: Carbon content factors - carbonates 68
Table 36: Scope 3 emission factors - solid fuels and certain coal based products 70
Table 37: Scope 3 emission factors - natural gas for a product that is not ethane (inclusive of coal seam gas) 72
Table 38: Scope 3 emission factors - ethane 72
Table 39: Scope 3 emission factors - coal seam gas 72
Table 40: Scope 3 emission factors - liquid fuels and certain petroleum based products 73
Table 41: Scope 2 and 3 emissions factors - consumption of purchased electricity by end users 74
Table 42: Waste mix methane conversion factors 78
Table 43: Waste variables and default values 78
Table 44: Waste emission factors for total waste disposed to landfill by broad waste stream category 80
Table 45: Municipal waste variables and default values 81
Table 46: Revision to biological treatment of solid waste emission factor 83
Table 47: Revision to brown coal mining fugitive emission factor 83
Table 48: Scope 3 emission factors - solid fuels and certain coal based products 83
Table 49: Provision of scope 3 emission factors for ethane 83
Table 50: Revision of scope 3 emission factors - natural gas for a product that is not ethane (inclusive of coal seam gas) 84
Table 51: Revisions to electricity scope 2 and 3 emission factor values - 2010/11 84