Contents
Executive summary 3
1. Introduction 12
2. Methodology 14
3. Research findings 18
3.1 Sectoral analysis 18
3.1.1 Refineries 18
3.1.2 Chemicals 24
3.1.3 Iron and Steel 29
3.1.4 Aluminium 34
3.1.5 Paper and Pulp 37
3.1.6 Food and Drink 41
3.1.7 Cement 46
3.1.8 Ceramics 51
3.1.9 Glass 55
3.2 Cross-cutting technologies 59
3.2.1 Energy efficiency 59
3.2.2 CHP 60
3.2.3 Biomass 62
3.2.4 Electrification and hydrogen 64
3.3 Review of the barriers and drivers 64
3.3.1 Overview of the literature on barriers and drivers 65
3.3.2 High level messages from the literature 65
3.4 Review of policies 68
3.4.1 Evidence of the effectiveness of policies 69
3.4.2 Impact of competitiveness issues on the UK industry sector's ability to investment in abatement technologies 70
4. High level summary of the evidence 72
5. Gap analysis 77
6. Conclusions 80
7. References 82
Appendices 87
Appendix 1 - List of databases identified and their priority for this study 88
Appendix 2 - List of search terms used 90
Appendix 3 - Search results 94
Appendix 4 - High-level selection criteria 96
Appendix 5 - Google form used for categorisation of papers 97
Appendix 6 - Relevance criteria 103
Appendix 7 - Guidance questions for experts 104
Appendix 8 - Theoretical barriers and drivers 106
Appendix 9 - Summary of barriers and drivers studies 107
Appendix 10 - Gap analysis using meta-data 112
Appendix 11 - CHP technologies 116
Reciprocating Gas Engines 116
Gas Turbines 116
Steam Turbines 116
Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT) 116
Biomass Indirect Air Turbines 117
Organic Rankine Cycles 117
Direct Combustion 117
Fuel Cell CHP (beyond 2030) 117
Waste Heat Recovery Systems with CCS (beyond 2030) 117
Table ES1: Summary of strength of evidence on industrial decarbonisation of heat 9
Table 1: Scope of the review 13
Table 2: Summary of key technologies, potential, costs and barriers for the refineries sector 23
Table 3: Summary of key technologies, potential, costs and barriers for the Chemicals sector 27
Table 4: Summary of key technologies, potential, costs and barriers for the iron and steel sector 32
Table 5: Summary of key technologies, potential, costs and barriers for the aluminium sector 36
Table 6: Summary of key technologies, potential, costs and barriers for the paper and pulp sector 39
Table 7: Summary of key technologies, potential, costs and barriers for the food and drink sector 44
Table 8: Summary of key technologies, potential, costs and barriers for the cement sector 49
Table 9: Summary of key technologies, potential, costs and barriers for the ceramics sector 53
Table 10: Summary of key technologies, potential, costs and barriers for the glass sector 57
Table 11: Sector coverage of the papers 65
Table 12: Evidence in the literature for the most important barriers and drivers 66
Table 13: Summary of strength of evidence on industrial decarbonisation of heat 75
Table 14: Drivers and barriers to the adoption of energy efficient technologies in industry collected from a range of literature sources 106
Table 15: Summary of the high relevance literature on barriers to and drivers for the adoption of energy efficient technologies 107
Figure 1: Schematic of the analysis of the literature, and questions, which will be addressed 14
Figure 2: Diagram of the approach to selecting and categorising literature 15
Figure 3: Diagram of information flow for the assessment of evidence 16
Figure 4: Overview of the literature collected (all papers) 17
Figure 5: Sources of CO2 emissions from refineries 19
Figure 6: Good Quality CHP capacity projection, MWe (Source: Ricardo-AEA) 61
Figure 7: Summary of the literature by high-level category and geographical region 78
Figure 8: Summary of the literature by high-level category and industrial sector 79
Figure 9: Map of the technical literature showing measure by region 112
Figure 10/Figure 9: Map of the technical literature showing measure by industrial sector 112
Figure 11/Figure 10: Map of the cost literature showing measure by region 113
Figure 12/Figure 11: Map of the cost literature showing measure by industrial sector 113
Figure 13/Figure 12: Map of the barriers/drivers literature showing measure by region 114
Figure 14/Figure 13: Map of the barriers/drivers literature showing measure by industrial sector 114
Figure 15/Figure 14: Map of the policy literature showing measure by region 114
Figure 16/Figure 15: Map of the policy literature showing measure by industrial sector 115
Figure 17/Figure 16: Waste heat Recovery System 118