Contents
List of Acronyms 7
Executive Summary 8
Ⅰ. Introduction 10
Ⅰ.1. Study Objectives 10
Ⅰ.2. Prior Analyses of Pre-Crash Scenarios 11
Ⅰ.3. Annual Frequency of Target Pre-Crash Scenarios 13
Ⅱ. Data Sources 15
Ⅱ.1. General Estimates System 15
Ⅱ.1.a. Identification of Pre-Crash Scenarios 15
Ⅱ.1.b. Description of GES Descriptive Variables 16
Ⅱ.2. Large-Truck Crash Causation Study 20
Ⅱ.2.a. General LTCCS Statistics 21
Ⅱ.2.b. Description of LTCCS Variables 21
Ⅲ. Heavy Truck Pre-Crash Scenario Statistics 24
Ⅲ.1. Societal Cost 24
Ⅲ.1.a. Injury Severity Scale Conversion 24
Ⅲ.1.b. Comprehensive Costs and Functional Years Lost 25
Ⅲ.1.c. Heavy Truck Crash Severity Statistics 26
Ⅲ.2. Driving Environment 28
Ⅲ.3. Heavy-Truck Driver Characteristics 31
Ⅲ.4. Contributing and Causal Factors of Heavy Truck Crashes 33
Ⅲ.5. Corrective Action Attempted by Heavy-Truck Driver 38
Ⅲ.6. Heavy Truck Pre-Crash Scenario Groups 39
Ⅳ. Comparison Between Heavy Truck and Light Vehicle Pre-Crash Scenario Statistics 42
Ⅴ. Detailed Description of Heavy Truck Pre-Crash Scenarios 43
Ⅴ.1. Running Red Light 43
Ⅴ.2. Running Stop Sign 46
Ⅴ.3. Turning/Same Direction 48
Ⅴ.4. Changing Lanes/Same Direction 50
Ⅴ.5. Drifting/Same Direction 52
Ⅴ.6. Opposite Direction/Maneuver 54
Ⅴ.7. Opposite Direction/No Maneuver 56
Ⅴ.8. Rear-End/Striking Maneuver 58
Ⅴ.9. Rear-End/Lead Vehicle Accelerating 60
Ⅴ.10. Rear-End/Lead Vehicle Moving At Slower Constant Speed 62
Ⅴ.11. Rear-End/Lead Vehicle Decelerating 64
Ⅴ.12. Rear-End/Lead Vehicle Stopped 66
Ⅴ.13. LTAP/OD at Signal 68
Ⅴ.14. LTAP/OD at Non-Signal 70
Ⅴ.15. Turn Right at Signal 72
Ⅴ.16. SCP at Non-Signal 74
Ⅴ.17. Turn at Non-Signal 76
Ⅵ. Conclusion 78
Ⅶ. References 80
Appendix A. GES Coding Schematic for Pre-Crash Scenarios (GES 2004-2008) 82
Table 1. 37 Pre-Crash Scenario Typology 12
Table 2. Target V2V Pre-Crash Scenarios 13
Table 3. Mapping of Pre-Crash Scenarios to V2V as Primary Systems 14
Table 4. GES Descriptive Variables 17
Table 5. Key LTCCS Variables 21
Table 6. MAIS-KABCO Conversion Matrix 25
Table 7. Frequency, Societal Cost, and Rank of Target Heavy Truck Pre-Crash Scenarios 27
Table 8. Statistical Description of Driving Environment in Target Heavy Vehicle V2V Pre-Crash Scenarios 30
Table 9. Vehicle/Driver of Interest Identification Codes 31
Table 10. Heavy-Truck Drivers of Interest 32
Table 11. Driver Characteristics in Target Heavy Truck V2V Pre-Crash Scenarios 33
Table 12. Heavy Truck Crash Contributing and Causal Factors Based on 2004-2008 GES Statistics 34
Table 13. Critical Reason Statistics Based on LTCCS Data 35
Table 14. Crash Contributing and Causal Factors Based on LTCCS Data 37
Table 15. Heavy Truck Corrective Action Attempted Based on 2004-2008 GES Statistics 38
Table 16. Groups and Societal Cost of Target V2V Pre-Crash Scenarios Involving Heavy Trucks 40
Table 17. Comparison of Top Five Heavy Truck and Light Vehicle Pre-Crash Scenarios 42
Table 18. Comparison of Target Scenario Groups for Light Vehicles and Heavy Trucks 42
Figure 1. Pre-Crash Scenario Typologies 12
Figure 2. Values of Comprehensive Cost by MAIS Level 25
Figure 3. Values of Functional Years Lost by MAIS Level 26
Figure 4. Relative Comprehensive Costs of Target Heavy Truck Pre-Crash Scenarios by Rank 28
Figure 5. Relative Comprehensive Cost of Target V2V Pre-Crash Scenario Groups 41