Contents
LIST OF ACRONYMS / ABBREVIATIONS 11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13
1. INTRODUCTION 17
1.1. Detection Response Tasks (DRTs) 18
1.1.1. Visual Target Detection Task 19
1.1.2. Head-mounted Detection Response Task 20
1.1.3. Tactile Detection Response Task 21
1.1.4. Remote Detection Response Task 22
1.1.5. DRT Without a Concurrent Driving Task 23
1.2. Research Objectives 23
2. METHOD 25
2.1. Approach 25
2.2. Experimental Design 25
2.3. Participants 26
2.3.1. Recruitment 27
2.3.2. Payment for Participation 27
2.4. Apparatus 27
2.5. Driving Task 29
2.6. Secondary Tasks 29
2.6.1. Radio Tuning 30
2.6.2. N-back (0-back & 1-back) 30
2.7. Procedure 30
2.8. DRT Performance Metrics 31
2.9. Overview of Data Analysis 32
3. RESULTS 33
3.1. Response Time by 30-Second Segments 37
3.2. Response Time by 15-Second Segments 42
3.3. Hit Rate by 30-Second Segments 47
3.4. Hit Rate by 15-Second Segments 51
3.5. Differences Between DRT by Test Venue Combinations 54
3.6. Planned Comparison Analyses 59
3.7. Effect Size 65
3.8. Small Sample Statistical Test Results 74
3.9. Secondary Analyses 79
3.10. Parametric Versus Non-Parametric Test Comparison 83
3.11. Summary of Findings 87
4. DISCUSSION 91
4.1. Key Questions 91
4.2. Secondary Questions 92
5/4. CONCLUSIONS 98
6/5. REFERENCES 99
Appendix A. Recruitment Materials 102
Appendix B. Instruction Materials 109
Appendix C. Participant Informed Consent Form 119
Appendix D. Simulator Sickness Questionnaire 127
Table 1. Secondary Task by DRT by Test Venue Combinations 26
Table 2. Primary Data Collected in Both Venues, DRT Metrics 28
Table 3. N-back Stimulus and Response Sequence 30
Table 4. Summary of Statistical Tests Using 30-Second Segments (Mean Response Time) 42
Table 5. Summary of Statistical Tests Using 15-Second Segments (Mean Response Time) 46
Table 6. Summary of Statistical Tests Using 30-Second Segments (Mean Hit Rate) 50
Table 7. Summary of Statistical Tests Using 15-Second Segments (Mean Hit Rate) 54
Table 8. ANOVA Summary Tables by Data Collection Interval: Mean Response Time 55
Table 9. ANOVA Summary Tables by Data Collection Interval: Hit Rate 57
Table 10. Planned Comparisons: Mean Response Time, N = 48, 3-Minute Data Collection Interval 61
Table 11. Planned Comparisons: Mean Hit Rate, N = 48, 3-Minute Data Collection Interval 62
Table 12. Planned Comparisons: Mean Response Time, N = 48, 2-Minute Data Collection Interval 62
Table 13. Planned Comparisons: Mean Hit Rate, N = 48, 2-Minute Data Collection Interval 62
Table 14. Planned Comparisons: Mean Response Time, N = 48, 1-Minute Data Collection Interval 63
Table 15. Planned Comparisons: Mean Hit Rate, N = 48, 1-Minute Data Collection Interval 63
Table 16. Planned Comparisons: Mean Response Time, N = 48, 30-Second Data Collection Interval 64
Table 17. Planned Comparisons: Mean Hit Rate, N = 48, 30-Second Data Collection Interval 64
Table 18. Statistical Test Results for Small Sample Tests: Mean Response Time 76
Table 19. Statistical Test Results for Small Sample Tests: Mean Hit Rate 77
Table 20. Summary of Statistical Test Outcomes for Small Sample Testing on Driving Simulator Test Venue 78
Table 21. Summary of Statistical Test Outcomes for Small Sample Testing on Non-Driving Test Venue 78
Table 22. Correlation between Secondary Task and DRT Performance on Radio Tuning Trials 82
Table 23. Parametric Versus Non-Parametric Statistical Test Outcomes by DRT, Data Collection Interval and Sample: Mean Response Time 84
Table 24. Parametric Versus Non-Parametric Statistical Test Outcomes by DRT, Data Collection Interval and Sample: Mean Hit Rate 85
Figure 1. Original PDT Location With Single LED Activated 19
Figure 2. Modified Visual Target Detection Task 20
Figure 3. Head-mounted DRT 21
Figure 4. Tactile DRT 22
Figure 5. Remote DRT 23
Figure 6. DRT Response Button 29
Figure 7. Mean Response Time (±SE) by Test Venue, DRT, and Secondary Task: 3-Minute Data Collection Interval 33
Figure 8. Mean Hit Rate by Test Venue, DRT, and Secondary Task: 3-Minute Data Collection Interval 34
Figure 9. DRT Response Times (±SE) by Secondary Task, DRT, Test Venue, and Data Collection Interval 35
Figure 10. DRT Hit Rate by Secondary Task, DRT, Test Venue, and Data Collection Interval 36
Figure 11. Mean Response Time by 30-Second Segment: Head-mounted DRT in Driving Simulator 38
Figure 12. Mean Response Time by 30-Second Segment: Remote DRT in Driving Simulator 38
Figure 13. Mean Response Time by 30-Second Segment: Tactile DRT in Driving Simulator 39
Figure 14. Mean Response Time by 30-Second Segment: Head-Mounted DRT Non-Driving 39
Figure 15. Mean Response Time by 30-Second Segment: Remote DRT Non-Driving 40
Figure 16. Mean Response Time by 30-Second Segment: Tactile DRT Non-Driving 40
Figure 17. Mean Response Time by 15-Second Segment: Head-Mounted DRT Driving Simulator 43
Figure 18. Mean Response Time by 15-Second Segment: Tactile DRT Driving Simulator 43
Figure 19. Mean Response Time by 15-Second Segment: Remote DRT Driving Simulator 44
Figure 20. Mean Response Time by 15-Second Segment: Head-Mounted DRT Non-Driving 44
Figure 21. Mean Response Time by 15-Second Segment: Tactile DRT Non-Driving 45
Figure 22. Mean Response Time by 15-Second Segment: Remote DRT Non-Driving 45
Figure 23. Mean Hit Rate by 30-Second Segment: Head-mounted DRT in Driving Simulator 47
Figure 24. Mean Hit Rate by 30-Second Segment: Remote DRT in Driving Simulator 48
Figure 25. Mean Hit Rate by 30-Second Segment: Tactile DRT in Driving Simulator 48
Figure 26. Mean Hit Rate by 30-Second Segment: Head-mounted DRT Non-Driving 49
Figure 27. Mean Hit Rate by 30-Second Segment: Remote DRT Non-Driving 49
Figure 28. Mean Hit Rate by 30-Second Segment: Tactile DRT Non-Driving 50
Figure 29. Mean Hit Rate by 15-Second Segment: Head-Mounted DRT in Driving Simulator 51
Figure 30. Mean Hit Rate by 15-Second Segment: Tactile DRT in Driving Simulator 52
Figure 31. Mean Hit Rate by 15-Second Segment: Remote DRT in Driving Simulator 52
Figure 32. Mean Hit Rate by 15-Second Segment: Head-Mounted DRT Non-Driving 53
Figure 33. Mean Hit Rate by 15-Second Segment: Tactile DRT Non-Driving 53
Figure 34. Mean Hit Rate by 15-Second Segment: Remote DRT Non-Driving 54
Figure 35. Aggregated Response Time Means by Test Venue and Data Collection Interval 56
Figure 36. Aggregated Response Time Means by DRT and Data Collection Interval 56
Figure 37. DRT x Test Venue Interaction: Hit Rate (2-Minute Data Collection Interval) 58
Figure 38. DRT x Condition Interaction: Hit Rate (2-Minute Data Collection Interval) 58
Figure 39. Venue x Condition Interaction: Hit Rate (2-Minute Data Collection Interval) 59
Figure 40. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Secondary Task and DRT: 3 Minute Data Collection Interval in the Driving Simulator 66
Figure 41. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Secondary Task and DRT: 2 Minute Data Collection Interval in the Driving Simulator 66
Figure 42. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Secondary Task and DRT: 1 Minute Data Collection Interval in the Driving Simulator 67
Figure 43. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Secondary Task and DRT: 3 Minute Data Collection Interval in the Non-Driving Venue 68
Figure 44. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Secondary Task and DRT: 2 Minute Data Collection Interval in the Non-Driving Venue 68
Figure 45. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Secondary Task and DRT: 1 Minute Data Collection Interval in the Non-Driving Venue 69
Figure 46. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Data Collection Interval and DRT: Driving Simulator Comparison 1 70
Figure 47. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Data Collection Interval and DRT: Driving Simulator Comparison 2 70
Figure 48. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Data Collection Interval and DRT: Driving Simulator Comparison 3 71
Figure 49. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Data Collection Interval and DRT: Driving Simulator Comparison 4 71
Figure 50. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Data Collection Interval and DRT: Non-Driving Comparison 1 72
Figure 51. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Data Collection Interval and DRT: Non-Driving Comparison 2 73
Figure 52. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Data Collection Interval and DRT: Non-Driving Comparison 3 73
Figure 53. Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals by Data Collection Interval and DRT: Non-Driving Comparison 4 74
Figure 54. Simulator Mean Response Times: 3-Minute Data Collection Interval 79
Figure 55. Non-Driving Mean Response Times: 3-Minute Data Collection Interval 80
Figure 56. Simulator Mean Hit Rates: 3-Minute Data Collection Interval 81
Figure 57. Non-Driving Mean Hit Rates: 3-Minute Data Collection Interval 82
Figure 58. Distribution of Mean Response Times With Normal Template 86
Figure 59. Distribution of Hit Rate Values With Normal Template 86