Contents
Preface 5
Executive Summary 6
Limited-or no-investment-cost options 7
Capacity expansion options 8
Technical Options for Processing Additional LTO Volumes 14
Context and background 14
Limited-or no-investment-cost options 15
Issues surrounding capacity expansion decisions 18
Capacity expansion options 20
Appendix: Estimation of Construction Costs 27
General methodology and assumptions 27
Baseline-Brownfield refinery unit costs 28
Greenfield refinery capital cost estimate 29
Splitter greenfield capital cost 31
Hydroskimmer greenfield and brownfield capital costs 31
Table ES-1. Summary costs for capital investment options at refineries 12
Table 1. Combinations of heavy and light crude oil processed at heavy and light crude refineries 17
Table 2. New splitter projects in the United States 23
Table 3. New hydroskimmer projects in the United States 26
Table 4. (Appendix) U.S. refinery expansion options for handling increasing light tight oil volumes 28
Table 5. (Appendix) Brownfield project total costs 29
Table 6. (Appendix) Greenfield refinery total project costs 30
Figure 1. Proportional atmospheric distillation yields from three crude oil types 14
Figure 2. Change in estimated yield distribution from replacing all crude oil imports into PADD3 (Gulf Coast) with Bakken 42.3 crude oil 16
Figure 3. (Appendix) Units at a refinery designed to process light crude oil 32
Figure 4. (Appendix) Units at a refinery designed to process heavy crude oil 33
Figure 5. (Appendix) Splitter design 34
Figure 6. (Appendix) Crude hydroskimmer design 35