Title page
Contents
Introduction 15
1. Data Collection Methodology 16
1.1. Sites 16
1.1.1. Sample Design 16
1.1.2. Site Cooperation 16
1.1.3. Site Participation Rates 16
1.1.4. Overall Site Scheduling Process for Data Collection 17
1.1.5. Daily Scheduling of Site Data Collection 18
1.2. Criteria for Participating 18
1.2.1. Child Passenger up to 8 Years Old 18
1.2.2. Other Criteria 19
1.3. Data Collection 19
1.3.1. Data Collection Teams 19
1.3.2. Overall Data Collection Schedule 19
1.3.3. Daily Data Collection Schedule 19
1.4. Data Collection Forms and Variables 20
1.4.1. Observational Data 20
1.4.2. Inspection Data 21
1.4.3. Interview Data 21
2. Quality Control Procedures 23
2.1. Development and Pilot Testing of Data Collection Forms 23
2.2. Field Staff 23
2.3. Training and Pilot Testing of the Data Collection Protocols 23
2.4. Unannounced Site Visits 24
3. Data Entry, Editing, and Imputation 25
3.1. Data Entry 25
3.2. Data Editing 25
3.3. Imputation 25
4. File Structure 26
4.1. Data Set Organization 26
4.2. Data Not Included 29
4.3. Missing Data 29
Daily Site Form - Tallies (1105) 31
Question: 1 - Interviewer 33
Question: 2 - Observer 34
Question: 3 - Counter 35
Question: 4 - Primary Sampling Unit number 36
Question: 5 - Site number 37
Question: 6 - Area 38
Question: 7 - Spanish speaker available 39
Question: 8 - ZIP Code 40
Question: 9a - Date 41
Question: 9b - Time 42
Question: 9c - Temperature 43
Question: 9d - Weather 44
Question: 10.1 - Tallies of light vehicles with children 〈9 years (by hour) - Period 1 45
Question: 10.2 - Tallies of light vehicles with children 〈9 years (by hour) - Period 2 46
Question: 10.3 - Tallies of light vehicles with children 〈9 years (by hour) - Period 3 47
Question: 11.1 - Tallies of children 〈9 years inside the vehicles (by hour) - Period 1 48
Question: 11.2 - Tallies of children 〈9 years inside the vehicles (by hour) - Period 2 49
Question: 11.3 - Tallies of children 〈9 years inside the vehicles (by hour) - Period 3 50
Interview Form Vehicle (1106) 51
Question: 1 - Primary Sampling Unit number 53
Question: 2 - Site number 54
Question: 3 - Observation number 55
Question: 4 - Date of observation 56
Question: 5 - Do you have any passengers 〈 9 years of age? 57
Question: 6 - Interview start time 58
Question: 7 - Interview conducted in? 59
Question: 8 - Year 60
Question: 9 - Make 61
Question: 10 - Model 62
Question: 11 - What is the total # of occupants in the vehicle? 63
Question: 12 - Have you ever seen or heard of a booster seat? 64
Question: 13 - What is the minimum age that a child should be to use a booster seat? 65
Question: 14 - Why is a booster seat used? 66
Response: 14.1 (To make the safety belt fit the child better) 67
Response: 14.2 (It is the law) 68
Response: 14.3 (So the child can see out of the windows) 69
Response: 14.4 (Safety) 70
Response: 14.5/Response: 14.6 (Other) 71
Response: 14.5.1/Response: 14.6.1 (Other, ______) 72
Question: 15 - When is it safe for your child to use a safety belt without either a booster seat or child safety seat? 73
Response: 15.1 (Weight) 74
Response: 15.1.1 75
Response: 15.2 (Age) 76
Response: 15.2.1 77
Response: 15.3 (Height) 78
Response: 15.3.1 79
Response: 15.4 (Child's knees reach the edge of vehicle seat) 80
Response: 15.5 (Child is tall enough that shoulder belt doesn't cut across the chin or neck) 81
Response: 15.6 (knees reach the edge of vehicle seat) 82
Response: 15.7 (Other) 83
Response: 15.7.1 (Other, ______) 84
Question: 16 - Do you know about a way to install a child safety seat without a safety belt? 85
Question: 17 - What is it called? 86
Response: 17.1 (LATCH, Tether, ISOFIX) 87
Response: 17.2 (Other, ______) 88
Question: 18 - Have you heard the term LATCH associated with child safety seats? 89
Question: 19 - Does your vehicle have a place to connect or anchor the lower attachments for a child safety seat? 90
Question: 20 - Can you see the lower anchors, or are they hidden between the seat cushions? 91
Question: 21 - Does your vehicle have a place to hook or anchor the top tether strap for a child safety seat? 92
Question: 22 - Can you see the tether anchors, or are they hidden? 93
Question: 23 - In your opinion, how good are child safety seats at preventing injuries for children 〈 2 years old, when compared to using only a seat belt? How about 2- to 4-year-olds? 94
Response: 23.1 (〈 2 years) 95
Response: 23.2 (2-4 years) 96
Question: 24 - Using the same options as in the last question, in your opinion, how good are booster seats at preventing injuries for children 4-to 8 years old when compared to using only seat belts? 97
Question: 25 - Did you ever read or hear of any information or receive any advice about the need to use child safety seats from any of the following sources? 98
Response: 25.1 (A doctor, nurse, or hospital personnel) 99
Response: 25.2 (A book, magazine, or article) 100
Response: 25.3 [Store (e.g., Babies R' Us)] 101
Response: 25.4 (A daycare provider) 102
Response: 25.5 (TV or radio) 103
Response: 25.6 (A family member or friend) 104
Response: 25.7 (A safety hotline) 105
Response: 25.8 (The Internet) 106
Response: 25.9 (Police or fire department) 107
Response: 25.10 (Car class/car safety seat check station) 108
Response: 25.11 (Other) 109
Response: 25.11.1 (Other, ______) 110
Question: N/A (Sampling weight) 111
Question: N/A (Primary Sampling Unit stratum) 112
Interview Form - Children by SP (1107) 113
Question: 1 - Primary Sampling Unit number 115
Question: 2 - Site number 116
Question: 3 - Observation number 117
Question: 4 - Date of observation 118
Question: 5 - How many passengers are 〈9 years of age? 119
Question: 6 - In what seats are they sitting? 120
Question: 7 - What is your relationship to the child in seating position (SP) ___________? 122
Question: 8 - What is the gender of the child? 123
Question: 9 - Is this child of Hispanic or Latino origin? 124
Question: 10 - Which of the following best describes this child's race? 125
Response: 10.1 (White) 126
Response: 10.2 (Black or African-American) 127
Response: 10.3 (Asian) 128
Response: 10.4 (Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander) 129
Response: 10.5 (American Indian/Alaska Native) 130
Response: 10.6 (Other) 131
Question: 11 - What is the age of the child? 132
Question: 12 - (If DK), what is the age range? 133
Question: 13 - How much does this child weigh? 134
Question: 14 - (If DK), what is your best estimation? Does this child weigh 135
Question: 15 - How tall is this child? 136
Question: 16 - (If DK), what is your best estimation? Is this child 137
Question: N/A (Sampling weight) 138
Question: N/A (Primary Sampling Unit stratum) 139
Interview Form Restraints (1108) 140
Question: 1 - Primary Sampling Unit number 143
Question: 2 - Site Number 144
Question: 3 - Observation Number 145
Question: 4 - Date of observation 146
Question: 5.1 - Seating position observed 147
Question: 5.2 - On a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 = Not Confident and 5 = Very Confident, how confident are you that the child in this seating positions (SP) is in the correct type of child safety restraint for his/her age, weight, and height? 148
Question: 5.3 - (By observation) child is in: 149
Question: 6 - What is the make of this seat? 150
Response: 6.1 (Other, ______) 151
Question: 7 - What is the model? 152
Response: 7.1 (Other, ______) 153
Question: 8 - How long have you had this seat? 154
Question: 9 - Did you get it new or used? 155
Question: 10 - Did you read the instructions for installing this seat that came...? 156
Response: 10.1 (On the box for the car seat) 157
Response: 10.2 (On the label of the car seat) 158
Response: 10.3 (In the owner's manual for the car seat) 159
Response: 10.4 (In the owner's manual for the vehicle) 160
Question: 11 - Has this seat been checked or inspected at a seat check or by a certified passenger safety technician (CPST)? 161
Question: 12 - How long ago was it (last) checked? 162
Question: 13 - Has it been moved since it was (last) checked? 163
Question: 14 - On a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 = Not Confident and 5 = Very Confident, how confident are you that it is installed correctly? 164
Question: 15 - Today, who put this child in his/her seat? 165
Response: 15.1 (Self...CPST) 166
Response: 15.2 (Other, ______) 167
Question: 16 - Some seats have a strap on the back of the seat near the top called a tether. Does your seat have a tether strap? 168
Question: 17 - For this seating position (SP), does your vehicle have a place to hook the seat top tether strap? 169
Question: 18 - Are you using the tether? 170
Question: 19 - (If no), what is the main reason you are not using a tether? 171
Response: 19.1 (Didn't know about it...can't find) 172
Response: 19.2 (Other, ______) 173
Question: 20 - (If yes), what is the main reason you are using a tether? 174
Response: 20.1 (Law, safer, instructions) 175
Response: 20.2 (Other, ______) 176
Question: 21 - Who attached the tether? 177
Response: 21.1 (Self...CPST) 178
Response: 21.2 (Other, ______) 179
Question: 22 - On a scale from 1 - 5 with 1 = very difficult and 5 = very easy, how difficult or easy did you find it to? 180
Response: 22.1 (Attach the tether) 181
Response: 22.2 (Get a tight fit) 182
Question: 23 - Have you ever disconnected this tether? 183
Question: 24 - On a scale from 1 - 5 with 1 = very difficult and 5 = very easy, how difficult or easy did you find it to disconnect the tether? 184
Question: 25 - Some seats have 2 straps/attachments on the bottom called lower anchor straps/attachments. Does this seat have lower straps/attachments to connect or hook it to the vehicle? 185
Question: 26 - For this seating position (SP), does your vehicle have lower anchors? 186
Question: 27 - Are you using the lower anchor straps/attachments with the lower anchors? 187
Question: 28 - (If no), what is the main reason you are not using the lower straps/attachments with the lower anchors? 188
Response: 28.1 (Didn't know about it...can't find) 189
Response: 28.2 (Other, ______) 190
Question: 29 - (If yes), what is the main reason you are using them? 191
Response: 29.1 (Law, safer, instructions) 192
Response: 29.2 (Other, ______) 193
Question: 30 - Who installed the seat with the lower anchors? 194
Response: 30.1 (Self...CPST) 195
Response: 30.2 (Other, ______) 196
Question: 31 - On a scale from 1 - 5 with 1 = very difficult and 5 = very easy, how difficult or easy did you find it to? 197
Response: 31.1 (Install this seat using lower anchors) 198
Response: 31.2 (Get a tight fit) 199
Question: 32 - Have you ever uninstalled this seat after it had been installed with lower anchors? 200
Question: 33 - On a scale from 1 - 5 with 1 = very difficult and 5 = very easy, how difficult or easy did you find it to uninstall the seat (when using the lower anchors)? 201
Question: 34 - Are you also using the safety belt to attach the seat? 202
Question: 35 - What is the main reason that you use both (i.e., SB and the lower anchors)? 203
Response: 35.1 (Extra safety, believed it was necessary) 204
Response: 35.2 (Other, ______) 205
Question: 36 - Are you using the SB to attach the seat to the vehicle? 206
Question: 37 - (If no), what is the main reason you are not using the SB? 207
Response: 37.1 (Didn't know about it...can't find) 208
Response: 37.2 (Other, ______) 209
Question: 38 - (If yes), what is the main reason you are using the SB? 210
Response: 38.1 (Law, safer, instructions) 211
Response: 38.2 (Other, ______) 212
Question: 39 - Who installed the seat with the SB? 213
Response: 39.1 (Self...CPST) 214
Response: 39.2 (Other, ______) 215
Question: 40 - On a scale from 1 - 5 with 1 = very difficult and 5 = very easy, how difficult or easy did you find it to: 216
Response: 40.1 (Install this seat using the seat belt) 217
Response: 40.2 (Get a tight fit) 218
Question: 41 - Have you ever uninstalled this seat after it had been installed with the seat belt? 219
Question: 42 - On a scale from 1 - 5 with 1 = very difficult and 5 = very easy, how difficult or easy did you find it to uninstall the seat when using the seat belt? 220
Question: 43 - Have you ever used any of the following with this or another child safety seat in this vehicle? 221
Response: 43.1 (Tether anchor) 222
Response: 43.2 (Lower anchors) 223
Response: 43.3 (Seat belt) 224
Question: 44 - Do you prefer using lower anchors or seat belts? 225
Question: 45 - Is it easier to attach a seat to the vehicle with the lower anchors or vehicle safety belt? 226
Question: 46 - If you have ever driven somewhere when a child in the vehicle was not secured in a child safety seat or booster, describe the primary reason 227
Response: 46.1 (Never have...Child does not cooperate) 228
Response: 46.2 (Other, ______) 229
Question: 47 - Gender (Do by observation) 230
Question: 48 - Are you of Hispanic or Latino origin? 231
Question: 49 - Which of the following best describes your race? 232
Response: 49.1 (White) 233
Response: 49.2 (Black or African-American) 234
Response: 49.3 (Asian) 235
Response: 49.4 (Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander) 236
Response: 49.5 (American Indian/Alaska Native) 237
Response: 49.6 (Other) 238
Response: 49.6.1 (Other, ______) 239
Question: 50 - Do you mind telling me your age? 240
Question: 51 - Would you prefer to point to your age range? 241
Question: 52 - Interview completed 242
Question: 53 - Time completed 243
Question: N/A (Sampling weight) 244
Question: N/A (Primary Sampling Unit stratum) 245
Observation Form (1109) - Non Response 246
Question: 1 - Primary Sampling Unit number 248
Question: 2 - Site Number 249
Question: 3 - Observation Number 250
Question: 4 - Date of observation 251
Question: 5 - Contact characteristics 252
Response: 5.1 (Start time) 253
Response: 5.2 (Driver replies in) 254
Response: 5.3 (Contact status) 255
Question: 6 - Driver age 256
Question: 7 - Driver gender 257
Question: 8 - Driver restraint use 258
Question: 9 - # 〈 9 years in vehicle? 259
Question: 10 - # 〈 9 years unrestrained? 260
Question: 11 - # 9 years & over/vehicle? 261
Question: 12 - Vehicle type 262
Inspection Form - Restraints (1110) 263
Question: 1 - Primary Sampling Unit number 266
Question: 2 - Site Number 267
Question: 3 - Observation Number 268
Question: 4 - Date of observation 269
Question: 5 - Seating position observed 270
Question: 6 - Right frontal air bag? 271
Question: 7 - Air bag switch? 272
Question: 8 - Location of child (or CRS if used) 273
Question: 9 - Restraint type used? 274
Question: 10 - CRS type/model used? 275
Question: 11 - Does the CRS have a harness? 276
Question: 12 - Booster: Is the seat belt routed through the belt-positioning guides/channels? 277
Question: 13 - Is the seat belt buckled? 278
Question: 14 - Is the child's head supported? 279
Question: 15 - Is the child sitting against the seat back? 280
Question: 16 - Is the shoulder belt loose/slack? 281
Question: 17 - Shoulder belt position 282
Question: 18 - Adjustable D-ring on shoulder belt? 283
Question: 19 - Is the lap belt loose/slack? 284
Question: 20 - Lap belt position 285
Question: 21 - Booster: Does the booster have a lower anchor connector? 286
Question: 22 - Harness/shield type on CRS 287
Question: 23 - Is the harness or shield in use? 288
Question: 24 - Is the harness strap buckled? 289
Question: 25 - Retainer/chest clip available? 290
Question: 26 - Is the harness retainer/chest clip used? 291
Question: 27 - Position of the harness straps 292
Question: 28 - Snugness of harness straps 293
Question: 29 - Twisted harness strap 294
Question: 30 - Type of harness slots? 295
Question: 31 - Where is harness slot in relation to the child's left shoulder? 296
Response: 31.1 - Where is harness slot in relation to the child's left shoulder? 297
Response: 31.2 - Where is harness slot in relation to the child's left shoulder? 298
Question: 32 - Where is harness slot in relation to the child's right shoulder? 299
Response: 32.1 - Where is harness slot in relation to the child's right shoulder? 300
Response: 32.2 - Where is harness slot in relation to the child's right shoulder? 301
Question: 33 - Where is the top of the child's head in relation to the top of the CRS? 302
Response: 33.1 - Where is the top of the child's head in relation to the top of the CRS? 303
Response: 33.2 - Where is the child's head in relation to the top of the CRS? 304
Question: 34 - Top of ears above the shell of the CRS? 305
Question: 35 - Direction of CRS 306
Question: 36 - Does CRS base footprint hang over vehicle seat? 307
Response: 36.1 - Does CRS base footprint hang over vehicle seat? 308
Response: 36.2 - Length of CRS base (front to back) 309
Response: 36.3 - Length of CRS base that is off the vehicle seat 310
Question: 37 - What is the lower attachment of the CRS to the vehicle seat? 311
Question: 38 - How much does CRS move laterally when pushed or pulled at the belt path? 312
Question: 39 - (FF only) Is the CRS against the vehicle seat back? 313
Response: 39.1 - Yes, most of the CRS contacts the vehicle seat 314
Response: 39.2 - No, seat back contour 315
Response: 39.3 - No, head restraint interference 316
Response: 39.4 - NA/RF Seat 317
Response: 39.5 - No, other 318
Response: 39.6 - No, other 319
Question: 40 - RF only: Is the back of the CRS touching the front seat? 320
Question: 41 - RF only: Amount of recline in child seat? 321
Question: 42 - RF only: Method used to adjust angle? 322
Response: 42.1 - None or not reclined; Rolled towel; CR's angle adjustor; Noodle; Other method (not part of CRS) 323
Response: 42.2 - Other, ______ 324
Question: 43 - Lower attachment type available on the CRS 325
Question: 44 - Lower connector type 326
Question: 45 - Lower connector adjustment 327
Question: 46 - Top tether adjustment 328
Question: 47 - Top tether in use? 329
Question: 48 - Top tether tightness 330
Question: 49 - What is the top tether attached to? 331
Response: 49.1 - What is tether attached to? 332
Response: 49.2 - Other, ______ 333
Question: 50 - How is the top tether strap routed? 334
Response: 50.1 - How is the top tether strap routed? 335
Response: 50.2 - Other, ______ 336
Question: 51 - Top tether strap twisted? 337
Question: 52 - Seat belt used to install? 338
Question: 53 - Seat belt routing 339
Question: 54 - Is the seat belt twisted? 340
Question: 55 - Is the seat belt buckled? 341
Question: 56 - Latch plate type on seat belt 342
Question: 57 - Use of locking clip 343
Response: 57.1 - None present; Used on lap/shoulder, within 1 inch; Used on lap/shoulder, 〉1 inch; Used only on lap; Used only on shoulder; Other use 344
Response: 57.2 - Other, ______ 345
Question: 58 - Seat belt retractor 346
Question: 59 - CRS lock-off available? 347
Question: 60 - CRS lock-off in use? 348
Question: 61 - Lower anchors used to install? 349
Question: 62 - Lower anchor strap routing 350
Question: 63 - Is the lower anchor strap twisted? 351
Question: 64 - Left connector attached to? 352
Question: 65 - Right connector attached to? 353
Question: 66 - Are the connectors attached with the top side up? 354
Question: 67 - Are there multiple CRS attached to the lower anchors? 355
Question: 68 - Is the child sitting in any type of CRS (harnessed or booster)? 356
Question: 69 - Does the CRS have a label? 357
Question: 70 -CRS make or manufacturer 358
Question: 71 -CRS model 359
Question: 72 -CRS model # 360
Questions: 73-76 - CRS height and weight limits 361
Response: 73.1 - Lower height 362
Response: 73.2 - Upper height 363
Response: 73.3 - Lower weight 364
Response: 73.4 - Upper weight 365
Response: 74.1 - Lower height 366
Response: 74.2 - Upper height 367
Response: 74.3 - Lower weight 368
Response: 74.4 - Upper weight 369
Response: 75.1 - Lower height 370
Response: 75.2 - Upper height 371
Response: 75.3 - Lower weight 372
Response: 75.4 - Upper weight 373
Response: 76.1 - Lower height 374
Response: 76.2 - Upper height 375
Response: 76.3 - Lower weight 376
Response: 76.4 - Upper weight 377
Question: 77 -Is there visible damage to the restraint? 378
Response: 77.1 - Cracked/broken shell 379
Response: 77.2 - Torn padding 380
Response: 77.3 - Broken/frayed harness 381
Response: 77.4 - Other visible damage 382
Response: 77.5 - Other, ______ 383
Question: 78 - Are there any aftermarket products used with the CRS? 384
Response: 78.1 - Belt tightener/mighty tite 385
Response: 78.2 - Padding between the child and CRS 386
Response: 78.3 - Padding between the CRS and vehicle seat (other than noodles/rolled towels) 387
Response: 78.4 - Aftermarket seat cover 388
Response: 78.5 - Toys/items attached to CRS 389
Response: 78.6 - Other aftermarket device 390
Response: 78.7 - Other, ______ 391
Question: N/A (Sampling weight) 392
Question: N/A (Primary Sampling Unit stratum) 393
Inspection Form Vehicle Restraints (1111) 394
Question: 1 - Primary Sampling Unit number 396
Question: 2 - Site Number 397
Question: 3 - Observation Number 398
Question: 4 - Date of observation 399
Question: 5 - Vehicle identification number 400
Question: 6 - Number of vehicle seating positions 401
Question: 7 - Seat belt availability - all seating positions 402
Question: 8 - Tether anchor availability - seating positions (12-43) 403
Question: 9 - Lower anchor availability - seating positions (12-43) 404
Question: 10 - Integrated child seat availability - seating positions (12-43) 405
Question: 11 - Seat belt use - all seating positions 406
Question: 12 - Tether anchor use - seating positions (12-43) 407
Question: 13 - Lower anchor use - seating positions (12-43) 408
Question: 14 - Integrated child seat use - seating positions (12-43) 409
Question: 15 - Occupied seating positions - all seating positions 410
Question: N/A (Sampling weight) 411
Question: N/A (Primary Sampling Unit stratum) 412
Appendix A - List of Vehicle Makes (Possible) 413
Appendix B - List of Vehicle Models (Possible) 417
Appendix C - List of Child Seat Makes (Possible) 458
Appendix D - List of Child Seat Models 461
Appendix E - Statistical Methods 474