Title page
Contents
A Letter From the Commissioner of the National Center for Education Statistics 4
Reader's Guide 6
The Condition of Education 2018 At a Glance 23
Highlights From The Condition of Education 2018 31
Spotlights 39
Early Childhood Care Arrangements: Choices and Costs 40
Characteristics of Public School Teachers Who Completed Alternative Route to Certification Programs 51
Trends in Student Loan Debt for Graduate School Completers 59
Chapter 1. Preprimary, Elementary, and Secondary Education 70
Family Characteristics 71
Indicator 1.1. Characteristics of Children's Families 71
Indicator 1.2. Children's Access to and Use of the Internet 79
Preprimary Education 85
Indicator 1.3. Preschool and Kindergarten Enrollment 85
Elementary and Secondary Enrollment 91
Indicator 1.4. Elementary and Secondary Enrollment 91
Indicator 1.5. Public Charter School Enrollment 96
Indicator 1.6. Private School Enrollment 100
Indicator 1.7. English Language Learners in Public Schools 105
Indicator 1.8. Children and Youth With Disabilities 109
Schools 113
Indicator 1.9. Characteristics of Traditional Public Schools and Public Charter Schools 113
Indicator 1.10. Concentration of Public School Students Eligible for Free or Reduced-Price Lunch 117
Indicator 1.11. School Crime and Safety 119
Teachers and Staff 123
Indicator 1.12. Characteristics of Public School Teachers 123
Assessments 130
Indicator 1.13. Reading Performance 130
Indicator 1.14. Mathematics Performance 141
Indicator 1.15. Science Performance 152
High School Completion 160
Indicator 1.16. Public High School Graduation Rates 160
Indicator 1.17. Status Dropout Rates 167
Finances 171
Indicator 1.18. Public School Revenue Sources 171
Indicator 1.19. Public School Expenditures 175
Chapter 2. Postsecondary Education 179
Postsecondary Students 180
Indicator 2.1. Immediate College Enrollment Rate 180
Indicator 2.2. College Enrollment Rates 184
Indicator 2.3. Undergraduate Enrollment 187
Indicator 2.4. Postbaccalaureate Enrollment 194
Indicator 2.5. Characteristics of Postsecondary Students 200
Postsecondary Institutions 205
Indicator 2.6. Characteristics of Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions 205
Indicator 2.7. Characteristics of Postsecondary Faculty 210
Programs, Courses, and Completions 214
Indicator 2.8. Undergraduate Degree Fields 214
Indicator 2.9. Graduate Degree Fields 220
Indicator 2.10. Undergraduate Retention and Graduation Rates 226
Indicator 2.11. Postsecondary Certificates and Degrees Conferred 231
Finances and Resources 234
Indicator 2.12. Price of Attending an Undergraduate Institution 234
Indicator 2.13. Loans for Undergraduate Students 240
Indicator 2.14. Sources of Financial Aid 243
Indicator 2.15. Postsecondary Institution Revenues 249
Indicator 2.16. Postsecondary Institution Expenses 252
Chapter 3. Population Characteristics and Economic Outco 257
Population Characteristics 258
Indicator 3.1. Educational Attainment of Young Adults 258
Indicator 3.2. Youth Neither Enrolled in School nor Working 263
Economic Outcomes 269
Indicator 3.3. Annual Earnings of Young Adults 269
Indicator 3.4. Employment and Unemployment Rates by Educational Attainment 273
Chapter 4. International Comparisons 278
Assessments 279
Indicator 4.1. International Comparisons: Reading Literacy at Grade 4 279
Indicator 4.2. International Comparisons: U.S. 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-Graders' Mathematics and Science Achievement 285
Indicator 4.3. International Comparisons: Science, Reading, and Mathematics Literacy of 15-Year-Old Students 294
Finances 304
Indicator 4.4. Education Expenditures by Country 304
Attainment 312
Indicator 4.5. International Educational Attainment 312
Guide to Sources 321
Glossary 350
Indicator 1.7. English Language Learners in Public Schools 107
Table 1. Number and percentage distribution of English language learner (ELL) students and number of ELL students as a percent of total enrollment, by the 11 most commonly reported home languages of ELL students: Fall 2015 107
Indicator 4.3. International Comparisons: Science, Reading, and Mathematics Literacy of 15-Year-Old Students 295
Table 1. Average scores of 15-year-old students on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) science literacy scale, by education system: 2015 295
Table 2. Average scores of 15-year-old students on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) reading literacy scale, by education system: 2015 298
Table 3. Average scores of 15-year-old students on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) mathematics literacy scale, by education system: 2015 301
Early Childhood Care Arrangements: Choices and Costs 41
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of children by whether their parents/guardians felt there were good choices for child care or early childhood programs where they live, by selected child and family characteristics: 2016 41
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of children by their parents/guardians' reported level of difficulty finding the type of child care or early childhood program they wanted, by selected child and family characteristics: 2016 43
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of children by their parents/guardians' primary reason for difficulty finding child care or an early childhood program, by selected child and family characteristics: 2016 45
Figure 4. Average hourly out-of-pocket child care expense for children under 6 years old and not yet in kindergarten whose families paid for child care, by primary type of child care arrangement: 2001 and 2016 47
Figure 5. Average hourly out-of-pocket child care expense for children under 6 years old and not yet in kindergarten whose families paid for child care, by primary type of child care arrangement and race/ethnicity: 2016 48
Figure 6. Average hourly out-of-pocket child care expense for children under 6 years old and not yet in kindergarten whose families paid for child care, by primary type of child care arrangement and household income: 2016 49
Figure 7. Average hourly out-of-pocket child care expense for children under 6 years old and not yet in kindergarten whose families paid for child care, by primary type of child care arrangement and locale: 2016 50
Characteristics of Public School Teachers Who Completed Alternative Route to Certification Programs 52
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school teachers, by route to certification and race/ethnicity: 2015-16 52
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school teachers, by route to certification and sex: 2015-16 53
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school teachers, by route to certification and main activity the year before teaching: 2015-16 54
Figure 4. Percentage of public elementary and secondary school teachers who had entered teaching through an alternative route to certification program, by main teaching assignment: 2015-16 55
Figure 5. Percentage of public elementary and secondary school teachers who had entered teaching through an alternative route to certification program, by school classification and level: 2015-16 56
Figure 6. Percentage of public elementary and secondary school teachers who had entered teaching through an alternative route to certification program, by percentage of racial/ethnic minority students in school: 2015-16 57
Figure 7. Percentage of public elementary and secondary school teachers who had entered teaching through an alternative route to certification program, by percentage of students in school who were eligible for free or... 58
Trends in Student Loan Debt for Graduate School Completers 60
Figure 1. Percentage of graduate school completers with student loans, by degree type: 2015-16 60
Figure 2. Average cumulative student loan balance for graduate school completers, by degree type: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2015-16 61
Figure 3. Percentage of master's degree completers with student loans, by degree program: 2015-16 62
Figure 4. Average cumulative student loan balance for master's degree completers, by degree program: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2015-16 63
Figure 5. Percentage of doctorate degree completers with student loans, by degree program: 2015-16 64
Figure 6. Average cumulative student loan balance for doctorate degree completers, by degree program: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2015-16 65
Figure 7. Percentage of graduate school completers with student loans, by degree type and control of institution: 2015-16 66
Figure 8. Average cumulative loan balance for graduate school completers, by degree type and control of institution: 2015-16 67
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of children under age 18, by child's race/ethnicity and parents' highest level of educational attainment: 2016 71
Figure 2. Percentage of children under age 18, by child's race/ethnicity and family structure: 2016 73
Figure 3. Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by child's race/ethnicity: 2010 and 2016 74
Figure 4. Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by child's race/ethnicity and parents' highest level of educational attainment: 2016 75
Figure 5. Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by child's race/ethnicity and family structure: 2016 76
Figure 6. Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by state: 2016 77
Indicator 1.2. Children's Access to and Use of the Internet 80
Figure 1. Percentage of children ages 3 to 18 who used the Internet from home, by selected child and family characteristics: 2010 and 2015 80
Figure 2. Among those who used the Internet anywhere, percentage of children ages 3 to 18 using it in various locations: 2015 82
Figure 3. Among those who used the Internet anywhere, percentage of children ages 3 to 18 who used the Internet at home and at school, by selected child and family characteristics: 2015 83
Figure 1. Percentage of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children enrolled in preprimary programs: 2000 through 2016 85
Figure 2. Percentage of 3- to 5-year-old children in preprimary programs attending full-day programs, by program type: 2000 through 2016 86
Figure 3. Percentage of 3- to 5-year-old children enrolled in preschool programs, by race/ethnicity and attendance status: October 2016 87
Figure 4. Percentage of 3- to 5-year-old children enrolled in preschool programs, by parents' highest level of education and attendance status: October 2016 88
Figure 5. Percentage of 3- and 4-year-old children enrolled in school, by OECD country: 2015 89
Figure 1. Percentage of the population ages 3-19 enrolled in any type of elementary or secondary school, by age group: October 2000 to October 2016 91
Figure 2. Actual and projected public school enrollment, by level: Fall 2000 through fall 2027 92
Figure 3. Percentage change in public elementary and secondary school enrollment, by state: Fall 2000 to fall 2015 93
Figure 4. Projected percentage change in public elementary and secondary school enrollment, by state: Fall 2015 to fall 2027 94
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of public charter schools, by enrollment size: School years 2000-01 and 2015-16 96
Figure 2. Public charter school enrollment, by school level: Selected years, fall 2000 through fall 2015 97
Figure 3. Percentage of all public school students enrolled in public charter schools, by state: Fall 2015 98
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of public charter school students, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2000 and fall 2015 99
Figure 1. Percentage of elementary and secondary students enrolled in private schools: Fall 1999 through fall 2015 100
Figure 2. Private school enrollment in prekindergarten (preK) through grade 12, by grade level: Fall 1999 through fall 2015 101
Figure 3. Private school enrollment in prekindergarten (preK) through grade 12, by school orientation: Fall 1999 through fall 2015 102
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of private school enrollment in prekindergarten (preK) through grade 12, by school orientation and level: Fall 2015 103
Figure 5. Percentage distribution of private school enrollment in prekindergarten (preK) through grade 12, by school orientation and race/ethnicity: Fall 2015 104
Figure 1. Percentage of public school students who were English language learners, by state: Fall 2015 105
Figure 2. Percentage of public school students who were English language learners, by locale: Fall 2015 106
Figure 3. Percentage of public K-12 students who were English language learners, by grade level: Fall 2015 107
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of students ages 3-21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B, by disability type: School year 2015-16 109
Figure 2. Percentage of students ages 3-21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B, by race/ethnicity: School year 2015-16 110
Figure 3. Percentage of students ages 6-21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B, by amount of time spent inside general classes: Selected school years, 2000-01 through 2015-16 111
Figure 4. Percentage of students ages 14-21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B, who exited school, by selected exit reason and race/ethnicity: School year 2014-15 112
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by school level: School year 2015-16 113
Figure 2. Percentage of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by racial/ethnic concentration: School years 2000-01 and 2015-16 114
Figure 3. Percentage of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch: School year 2015-16 115
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by school locale: School year 2015-16 116
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of public school students, by student race/ethnicity and school poverty level: School year 2015-16 117
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of public school students, by school locale and school poverty level: School year 2015-16 118
Figure 1. Rate of nonfatal victimization per 1,000 students ages 12-18, by type of victimization and location: 2000 through 2016 119
Figure 2. Percentage of public schools that used selected safety and security measures: School years 1999-2000, 2013-14, and 2015-16 120
Figure 3. Percentage of public schools with one or more security staff present at least once a week, by school level: School years 2005-06 and 2015-16 121
Figure 4. Percentage of public schools with a written plan for procedures to be performed in selected scenarios: School year 2015-16 122
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by instructional level and sex: School years 1999-2000 and 2015-16 123
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by race/ethnicity: School years 1999-2000 and 2015-16 124
Figure 3. Percentage of public school teachers who held a postbaccalaureate degree and percentage who held a regular or standard state teaching certificate or advanced professional certificate, by instructional level: School years... 125
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by years of teaching experience: School years 1999-2000 and 2015-16 126
Figure 5. Average base salary for full-time teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by years of full- and part-time teaching experience: 2015-16 127
Figure 6. Average base salary for full-time teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by highest degree earned: 2015-16 128
Figure 1. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students: Selected years, 1992-2017 130
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading achievement level: Selected years, 1992-2017 131
Figure 3. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 4th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1992-2017 133
Figure 4. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 8th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1992-2017 135
Figure 5. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 12th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1992-2015 137
Figure 6. Change in average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by state: 2015 to 2017 139
Figure 1. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 4th- and 8th-grade students: Selected years, 1990-2017 141
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics achievement levels: Selected years, 1990-2017 142
Figure 3. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 4th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1990-2017 144
Figure 4. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 8th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1990-2017 146
Figure 5. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 12th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 2005-2015 148
Figure 6. Change in average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by state: 2015 to 2017 150
Figure 1. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students: 2009, 2011, and 2015 152
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students across National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science achievement levels: 2009, 2011, and 2015 153
Figure 3. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by race/ethnicity: 2009, 2011, and 2015 154
Figure 4. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by sex: 2009, 2011, and 2015 156
Figure 5. Change in average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by state: 2009 and 2015 158
Indicator 1.16. Public High School Graduation Rates 161
Figure 1. Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) for public high school students, by state: 2015-16 161
Figure 2. Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) for public high school students, by race/ethnicity: 2015-16 162
Figure 3. Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) of White and Black public high school students, by state: 2015-16 163
Figure 4. Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) of White and Hispanic public high school students, by state: 2015-16 165
Figure 1. Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by sex: 2000 through 2016 167
Figure 2. Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity: 2000 through 2016 168
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of status dropouts, by years of school completed: 2000 through 2016 169
Figure 4. Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity and nativity: 2016 170
Figure 1. Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by revenue source: School years 2000-01 through 2014-15 171
Figure 2. State revenues for public elementary and secondary schools as a percentage of total public school revenues, by state: School year 2014-15 173
Figure 3. Property tax revenues for public elementary and secondary schools as a percentage of total public school revenues, by state: School year 2014-15 174
Figure 1. Current expenditures, interest payments, and capital outlays per student in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by type of expenditure: Selected years, 2000-01 through 2014-15 175
Figure 2. Percentage of current expenditures per student in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by type of expenditure: 2000-01, 2010-11, and 2014-15 176
Figure 1. Percentage of high school completers who were enrolled in 2- or 4-year colleges by the October immediately following high school completion, by level of institution: 2000 through 2016 180
Figure 2. Percentage of high school completers who were enrolled in 2- or 4-year colleges by the October immediately following high school completion, by sex: 2000 through 2016 181
Figure 3. Percentage of high school completers who were enrolled in 2- or 4-year colleges by the October immediately following high school completion, by family income: 2000 through 2016 182
Figure 4. Percentage of high school completers who were enrolled in 2- or 4-year colleges by the October immediately following high school completion, by race/ethnicity: 2000 through 2016 183
Figure 1. Enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds in colleges, by level of institution: 2000 through 2016 184
Figure 2. Enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds in colleges, by race/ethnicity: 2000, 2010, and 2016 185
Figure 3. Enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds in colleges, by sex and race/ethnicity: 2000 and 2016 186
Figure 1. Actual and projected undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by sex: Fall 2000 through 2027 187
Figure 2. Undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2000 through 2016 188
Figure 3. Actual and projected undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status: Fall 2000 through 2027 189
Figure 4. Undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Fall 2000 through 2016 190
Figure 5. Actual and projected undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of institution: Fall 2000 through 2027 191
Figure 6. Percentage of undergraduate students at degree-granting postsecondary institutions who enrolled exclusively in distance education courses, by level and control of institution: Fall 2016 192
Figure 1. Actual and projected postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by sex: Fall 2000 through 2027 194
Figure 2. Postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2000 through 2016 195
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2000, fall 2010, and fall 2016 196
Figure 4. Actual and projected postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status: Fall 2000 through 2027 197
Figure 5. Postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Fall 2000 through 2016 198
Figure 6. Percentage of postbaccalaureate students enrolled in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by participation in distance education and control of institution: Fall 2016 199
Figure 1. Percentage of full-time undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by institutional level and control and student age: Fall 2015 200
Figure 2. Percentage of part-time undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by institutional level and control and student age: Fall 2015 201
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of U.S. resident undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by institutional level and control and student race/ethnicity: Fall 2016 202
Figure 4. Percentage of full-time and part-time postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, institutional control, and student age: Fall 2015 203
Figure 5. Percentage distribution of U.S. resident postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by institutional control and student race/ethnicity: Fall 2016 204
Figure 1. Number of degree-granting institutions with first-year undergraduates, by level and control of institution: Academic years 2000-01, 2012-13, and 2016-17 205
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of application acceptance rates at degree-granting institutions with first-year undergraduates, by level and control of institution: Academic year 2016-17 206
Figure 3. Number of 4-year degree-granting institutions, by classification and control of institution: Fall 2016 207
Figure 4. Number of 2-year degree-granting institutions, by classification and control of institution: Fall 2016 208
Figure 1. Number of faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by employment status: Selected years, fall 1999 through fall 2016 210
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of full-time faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by academic rank, race/ethnicity, and sex: Fall 2016 211
Figure 3. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by academic rank: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2016-17 212
Figure 4. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution: 2016-17 213
Figure 1. Number of associate's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: Academic years 2000-01 through 2015-16 214
Figure 2. Percentage of associate's degrees awarded in science, technology, and mathematics (STEM) fields, by race/ethnicity: Academic year 2015-16 215
Figure 3. Number of bachelor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: Academic years 2000-01 through 2015-16 216
Figure 4. Percentage of bachelor's degrees awarded in science, technology, and mathematics (STEM) fields, by race/ethnicity: Academic year 2015-16 217
Figure 5. Percentage distribution of associate's and bachelor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in largest fields of study, by sex: Academic year 2015-16 218
Figure 1. Number of master's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: Academic years 2000-01 through 2015-16 220
Figure 2. Percentage of master's degrees awarded in science, technology, and mathematics (STEM) fields, by race/ethnicity: Academic year 2015-16 222
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of master's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in largest fields of study, by sex: Academic year 2015-16 223
Figure 4. Number of doctor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: Academic years 2000-01 through 2015-16 224
Figure 5. Percentage of doctor's degrees awarded in science, technology, and mathematics (STEM) fields, by race/ethnicity: Academic year 2015-16 225
Figure 1. Percentage of first-time, full-time degree-seeking undergraduates retained at 4-year degree-granting institutions, by control of institution and acceptance rate: 2015 to 2016 226
Figure 2. Percentage of first-time, full-time degree-seeking undergraduates retained at 2-year degree-granting institutions, by control of institution: 2015 to 2016 227
Figure 3. Graduation rate within 150 percent of normal time (within 6 years) for degree completion from first institution attended for first-time, full-time bachelor's degree-seeking students at 4-year postsecondary institutions,... 228
Figure 4. Graduation rate within 150 percent of normal time (within 6 years) for degree completion from first institution attended for first-time, full-time bachelor's degree-seeking students at 4-year postsecondary institutions,... 229
Figure 5. Graduation rate within 150 percent of normal time for degree completion from first institution attended for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking students at 2-year postsecondary institutions,... 230
Figure 1. Number of certificates and degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions: Academic years 2000-01 through 2015-16 231
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of certificates and associate's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2000-01 and 2015-16 232
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2000-01 and 2015-16 233
Figure 1. Average total cost of attending degree-granting institutions for first-time, full-time undergraduate students, by level and control of institution and student living arrangement: Academic year 2016-17 234
Figure 2. Average tuition and fees of degree-granting institutions for first-time, full-time undergraduate students, by level and control of institution: Academic years 2010-11 and 2016-17 235
Figure 3. Average total cost, grant and scholarship aid, and net price for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students paying in-state tuition and awarded aid at public 4-year institutions, by family income level:... 236
Figure 4. Average total cost, grant and scholarship aid, and net price for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students awarded aid at private nonprofit 4-year institutions, by family income level:... 237
Figure 5. Average total cost, grant and scholarship aid, and net price for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students awarded aid at private for-profit 4-year institutions, by family income level:... 238
Figure 1. Average undergraduate tuition and fees for full-time students at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution: 2010-11 through 2015-16 240
Figure 2. Percentage of first-time, full-time students awarded loan aid at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution: 2010-11 through 2015-16 241
Figure 3. Average annual loan amounts for first-time, full-time students awarded loan aid at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution: 2010-11 through 2015-16 242
Figure 1. Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2000-01, 2005-06, 2010-11, and 2015-16 243
Figure 2. Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 2-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2000-01, 2005-06, 2010-11, and 2015-16 244
Figure 3. Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control of institution: Academic year 2015-16 245
Figure 4. Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 2-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control of institution: Academic year 2015-16 246
Figure 5. Average amount of financial aid awarded to first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control of institution: Academic year 2015-16 247
Figure 6. Average amount of financial aid awarded to first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 2-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control of institution: Academic year 2015-16 248
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of total revenues at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by institutional control and source of funds: 2015-16 249
Figure 2. Revenues from tuition and fees per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by institutional control: 2010-11 and 2015-16 250
Figure 3. Revenues from government grants, contracts, and appropriations per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source of funds and institutional control: 2010-11 and 2015-16 251
Figure 1. Percentage of total expenses at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution and purpose of selected expenses: 2015-16 252
Figure 2. Expenses per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by purpose of selected expenses and control of institution: 2015-16 254
Figure 3. Expenses per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for instruction at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution: 2010-11 and 2015-16 255
Figure 1. Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds, by educational attainment and sex: 2000 and 2017 258
Figure 2. Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with at least a high school diploma or its equivalent, by race/ethnicity: 2000 through 2017 259
Figure 3. Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with an associate's or higher degree, by race/ethnicity: 2000 through 2017 260
Figure 4. Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with a bachelor's or higher degree, by race/ethnicity: Selected years, 2000 through 2017 261
Figure 1. Percentage of youth ages 16 to 24 who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by age group: 2006, 2011, and 2016 263
Figure 2. Percentage of youth ages 16 to 24 who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by race/ethnicity and age group: 2016 264
Figure 3. Percentage of youth ages 16 to 24 who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by age group and family poverty status: 2016 265
Figure 4. Percentage of youth ages 20 to 24 who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by race/ethnicity and family poverty status: 2016 266
Figure 5. Percentage of youth ages 20 to 24 who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by educational attainment: 2006, 2011, and 2016 267
Figure 6. Percentage of youth ages 20 to 24 who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by educational attainment and sex: 2016 268
Figure 1. Percentage of the labor force ages 25-34 who worked full time, year round, by educational attainment: 2000-2016 269
Figure 2. Median annual earnings of full-time, year-round workers ages 25-34, by educational attainment: 2016 270
Figure 3. Median annual earnings of full-time, year-round workers ages 25-34, by educational attainment: 2000-2016 271
Figure 4. Median annual earnings of full-time, year-round workers ages 25-34, by educational attainment and sex: 2016 272
Figure 1. Employment rates of 25- to 34-year-olds, by sex and educational attainment: 2017 273
Figure 2. Employment rates of 25- to 34-year-olds, by educational attainment: Selected years, 2000 through 2017 274
Figure 3. Unemployment rates of 25- to 34-year-olds, by sex and educational attainment: 2017 275
Figure 4. Unemployment rates of 25- to 34-year-olds, by educational attainment: Selected years, 2000 through 2017 276
Indicator 4.1. International Comparisons: Reading Literacy at Grade 4 280
Figure 1. Average reading scale scores of fourth-grade students on PIRLS, by education system: 2016 280
Figure 2. Percentage of fourth-grade students performing at selected PIRLS international benchmarks in reading, by education system: 2016 281
Figure 3. Average online informational reading scale scores of fourth-grade students on ePIRLS, by education system: 2016 282
Figure 4. Percentage of fourth-grade students performing at selected ePIRLS international benchmarks in online informational reading, by education system: 2016 283
Indicator 4.2. International Comparisons: U.S. 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-Graders' Mathematics and Science Achievement 286
Figure 1. Average TIMSS mathematics assessment scale scores of 4th-grade students, by education system: 2015 286
Figure 2. Average TIMSS science assessment scale scores of 4th-grade students, by education system: 2015 288
Figure 3. Average TIMSS mathematics assessment scale scores of 8th-grade students, by education system: 2015 289
Figure 4. Average TIMSS science assessment scale scores of 8th-grade students, by education system: 2015 290
Figure 5. Average advanced mathematics scores and coverage index of TIMSS Advanced students, by education system: 2015 291
Figure 6. Average physics scores and coverage index of TIMSS Advanced students, by education system: 2015 292
Indicator 4.3. International Comparisons: Science, Reading, and Mathematics Literacy of 15-Year-Old Students 296
Figure 1. Percentage of 15-year-old students performing on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) science literacy scale, by selected proficiency levels and education system: 2015 296
Figure 2. Percentage of 15-year-old students performing on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) reading literacy scale, by selected proficiency levels and education system: 2015 299
Figure 3. Percentage of 15-year-old students performing on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) mathematics literacy scale, by selected proficiency levels and education system: 2015 302
Indicator 4.4. Education Expenditures by Country 305
Figure 1. Expenditures and percentage change in expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for elementary and secondary education from 2005 to 2014, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country 305
Figure 2. Expenditures and percentage change in expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for postsecondary education from 2005 to 2014, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country 307
Figure 3. Expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for elementary and secondary education in selected Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita: 2014 308
Figure 4. Expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for postsecondary education in selected Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita: 2014 309
Figure 5. Government and private expenditures on education institutions as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries with the three highest and... 310
Indicator 4.5. International Educational Attainment 313
Figure 1. Percentage of the population 25 to 64 years old who had completed high school in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries: 2000 and 2016 313
Figure 2. Percentage of the population 25 to 64 years old who had attained any postsecondary degree in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries: 2000 and 2016 314
Figure 3. Percentage of the population who had completed high school in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by selected age groups: 2016 315
Figure 4. Percentage of the population who had attained any postsecondary degree in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by selected age groups: 2016 317
Figure 5. Percentage of the population 25 to 34 years old who had attained a postsecondary degree in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by highest degree attained: 2016 319