Title page
Contents
Executive Summary 4
Foreword 9
Acknowledgments 10
Introduction 20
Spotlights 25
Spotlight 1. Use, Availability, and Perceived Harmfulness of Opioids Among Youth 26
Spotlight 2. Perceptions of Bullying Among Students Who Reported Being Bullied: Repetition and Power Imbalance 34
Spotlight 3. Active Shooter Incidents in Educational Settings 40
Violent Deaths 45
Indicator 1. Violent Deaths at School and Away From School 46
Nonfatal Student and Teacher Victimization 48
Indicator 2. Incidence of Victimization at School and Away From School 49
Indicator 3. Prevalence of Victimization at School 54
Indicator 4. Threats and Injuries With Weapons on School Property 58
Indicator 5. Teachers Threatened With Injury or Physically Attacked by Students 61
School Environment 64
Indicator 6. Violent and Other Criminal Incidents at Public Schools, and Those Reported to the Police 65
Indicator 7. Discipline Problems Reported by Public Schools 70
Indicator 8. Students' Reports of Gangs at School 74
Indicator 9. Students' Reports of Being Called Hate-Related Words and Seeing Hate-Related Graffiti 76
Indicator 10. Bullying at School and Electronic Bullying 80
Indicator 11. Teachers' Reports on School Conditions 87
Fights, Weapons, and Illegal Substances 91
Indicator 12. Physical Fights on School Property and Anywhere 92
Indicator 13. Students Carrying Weapons on School Property and Anywhere and Students' Access to Firearms 96
Indicator 14. Students' Use of Alcohol 100
Indicator 15. Marijuana Use and Illegal Drug Availability 104
Fear and Avoidance 108
Indicator 16. Students' Perceptions of Personal Safety at School and Away From School 109
Indicator 17. Students' Reports of Avoiding School Activities or Classes or Specific Places in School 112
Discipline, Safety, and Security Measures 115
Indicator 18. Serious Disciplinary Actions Taken by Public Schools 116
Indicator 19. Safety and Security Measures Taken by Public Schools 120
Indicator 20. Students' Reports of Safety and Security Measures Observed at School 126
Postsecondary Campus Safety and Security 128
Indicator 21. Criminal Incidents at Postsecondary Institutions 129
Indicator 22. Hate Crime Incidents at Postsecondary Institutions 133
References 136
Supplemental Tables 141
Appendix A: Technical Notes 228
Appendix B: Glossary of Terms 245
Table A. Nationally representative sample and universe surveys used in this report 24
Table S1.1. Percentages of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders reporting use and availability of heroin and narcotics other than heroin, by grade and recency of use: Selected years, 1995 through 2017 142
Table S1.2. Percentages of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders reporting use of heroin and narcotics other than heroin during the past 12 months, by grade and selected student and family characteristics: 2017 144
Table S1.3. Percentages of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders who reported thinking that people are at great risk of harming themselves if they engage in activities related to use of heroin and narcotics other than heroin,... 146
Table S2.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, percentage of bullied students reporting various types of power imbalances in favor of someone who bullied them,... 147
Table S3.1. Number of active shooter incidents at educational institutions and number of casualties, by level of institution: 2000 through 2017 148
Table S3.2. Number of active shooter incidents at educational institutions, number and type of guns used, and number and characteristics of shooters, by level of institution: 2000 through 2017 149
Table 1.1. School-associated violent deaths of all persons, homicides and suicides of youth ages 5-18 at school, and total homicides and suicides of youth ages 5-18, by type of violent death: 1992-93 through 2015-16 150
Table 2.1. Number of nonfatal victimizations against students ages 12-18 and rate of victimization per 1,000 students, by type of victimization and location: 1992 through 2017 151
Table 2.2. Number of nonfatal victimizations against students ages 12-18 and rate of victimization per 1,000 students, by type of victimization, location, and selected student characteristics: 2017 152
Table 3.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported criminal victimization at school during the previous 6 months, by type of victimization and selected student and school characteristics: Selected years,... 153
Table 4.1. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property at least one time during the previous 12 months, by selected student characteristics:... 155
Table 4.2. Percentage distribution of students in grades 9-12, by number of times they reported being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property during the previous 12 months and selected student... 156
Table 4.3. Percentage of public school students in grades 9-12 who reported being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property at least one time during the previous 12 months, by state or jurisdiction:... 157
Table 5.1. Number and percentage of public school teachers who reported that they were threatened with injury or physically attacked by a student from school during the previous 12 months, by selected teacher... 158
Table 5.2. Percentage of public school teachers who reported that they were threatened with injury or physically attacked by a student from school during the previous 12 months, by state: Selected years,... 159
Table 6.1. Percentage of public schools recording incidents of crime at school and reporting incidents to police, number of incidents, and rate per 1,000 students, by type of crime: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2015-16 160
Table 6.2. Percentage of public schools recording incidents of crime at school, number of incidents, and rate per 1,000 students, by type of crime and selected school characteristics: 2015-16 162
Table 6.3. Percentage of public schools reporting incidents of crime at school to the police, number of incidents, and rate per 1,000 students, by type of crime and selected school characteristics: 2015-16 163
Table 6.4. Percentage distribution of public schools, by number of violent incidents of crime at school recorded and reported to the police and selected school characteristics: 2015-16 164
Table 6.5. Percentage distribution of public schools, by number of serious violent incidents of crime at school recorded and reported to the police and selected school characteristics: 2015-16 165
Table 7.1. Percentage of public schools reporting selected discipline problems that occurred at school, by frequency and selected school characteristics: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2015-16 166
Table 7.2. Percentage of public schools reporting selected types of cyberbullying problems occurring at school or away from school at least once a week, by selected school characteristics: 2015-16 168
Table 8.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported that gangs were present at school during the school year, by sex, race/ethnicity, and urbanicity: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 169
Table 8.2. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported that gangs were present at school during the school year, by grade, control of school, and urbanicity: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 170
Table 9.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being called hate-related words and seeing hate-related graffiti at school during the school year, by selected student and school characteristics:... 171
Table 9.2. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being called hate-related words at school, by type of hate-related word and selected student and school characteristics: 2017 173
Table 10.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, by selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 2005 through 2017 174
Table 10.2. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, by type of bullying and selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 2005 through 2017 175
Table 10.3. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year and, among bullied students, percentage who reported being bullied in various locations,... 176
Table 10.4. Among students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, percentage reporting various frequencies of bullying and the notification of an adult at school,... 177
Table 10.5. Among students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, percentage reporting that bullying had varying degrees of negative effect on various aspects of their life,... 178
Table 10.6. Among students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, percentage reporting that bullying was related to specific characteristics, by type of characteristic related... 179
Table 10.7. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported having been electronically bullied during the previous 12 months, by selected student characteristics: Selected years, 2011 through 2017 180
Table 10.8. Percentage of public school students in grades 9-12 who reported having been bullied on school property or electronically bullied during the previous 12 months, by state or jurisdiction:... 181
Table 11.1. Percentage of public school teachers who agreed that student misbehavior and student tardiness and class cutting interfered with their teaching, by selected teacher and school characteristics:... 182
Table 11.2. Percentage of public school teachers who agreed that other teachers and the principal enforced school rules, by selected teacher and school characteristics: Selected years, 1987-88 through 2015-16 183
Table 11.3. Percentage of public school teachers who agreed that student misbehavior and student tardiness and class cutting interfered with their teaching and that other teachers and the principal enforced... 184
Table 12.1. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported having been in a physical fight at least one time during the previous 12 months, by location and selected student characteristics: Selected years,.. 185
Table 12.2. Percentage distribution of students in grades 9-12, by number of times they reported having been in a physical fight anywhere or on school property during the previous 12 months and selected... 186
Table 12.3. Percentage of public school students in grades 9-12 who reported having been in a physical fight at least one time during the previous 12 months, by location and state or jurisdiction: Selected years,... 187
Table 13.1. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported carrying a weapon at least 1 day during the previous 30 days, by location and selected student characteristics: Selected years, 1993 through 2017 189
Table 13.2. Percentage distribution of students in grades 9-12, by number of days they reported carrying a weapon anywhere or on school property during the previous 30 days and selected student characteristics: 2017 191
Table 13.3. Percentage of public school students in grades 9-12 who reported carrying a weapon at least 1 day during the previous 30 days, by location and state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 2005 through 2017 192
Table 13.4. Total number of public school students who brought firearms to or possessed firearms at school and number of students who did this per 100,000 students enrolled, by state or jurisdiction:... 194
Table 13.5. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported having access to a loaded gun, without adult permission, at school or away from school during the school year, by selected student and school characteristics:... 195
Table 14.1. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported using alcohol at least 1 day during the previous 30 days, by location and selected student characteristics: Selected years, 1993 through 2017 196
Table 14.2. Percentage distribution of students in grades 9-12, by number of days they reported using alcohol anywhere or on school property during the previous 30 days and selected student characteristics:... 197
Table 14.3. Percentage of public school students in grades 9-12 who reported using alcohol at least 1 day during the previous 30 days, by location and state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 2005 through 2017 199
Table 15.1. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported using marijuana at least one time during the previous 30 days, by location and selected student characteristics: Selected years, 1993 through 2017 201
Table 15.2. Percentage distribution of students in grades 9-12, by number of times they reported using marijuana anywhere or on school property during the previous 30 days and selected student characteristics:... 202
Table 15.3. Percentage of public school students in grades 9-12 who reported using marijuana at least one time during the previous 30 days, by location and state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 2005 through 2017 204
Table 15.4. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported that illegal drugs were made available to them on school property during the previous 12 months, by selected student characteristics: Selected years,... 206
Table 15.5. Percentage of public school students in grades 9-12 who reported that illegal drugs were made available to them on school property during the previous 12 months, by state or jurisdiction:... 207
Table 16.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being afraid of attack or harm, by location and selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 1995 through 2017 208
Table 17.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported avoiding one or more places in school or avoiding school activities or classes because of fear of attack or harm, by selected student and... 209
Table 18.1. Number and percentage of public schools that took a serious disciplinary action in response to specific offenses, number and percentage distribution of serious actions taken, and number of students... 210
Table 18.2. Percentage of public schools that took a serious disciplinary action in response to specific offenses, by type of offense and selected school characteristics: 2015-16 212
Table 19.1. Percentage of public schools with various safety and security measures: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2015-16 213
Table 19.2. Percentage of public schools with various safety and security measures, by selected school characteristics: 2015-16 214
Table 19.3. Percentage of public schools with a written plan for procedures to be performed in selected scenarios and percentage that have drilled students on the use of selected emergency procedures,... 215
Table 20.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported various security measures at school: Selected years, 1999 through 2017 220
Table 21.1. On-campus crimes, arrests, and referrals for disciplinary action at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by location of incident, control and level of institution, and type of incident:... 221
Table 21.2. On-campus crimes, arrests, and referrals for disciplinary action per 10,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE) students at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by whether institution has residence halls,... 224
Table 22.1. On-campus hate crimes at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution, type of crime, and category of bias motivating the crime: 2010 through 2016 227
Figure S1.1. Percentages of 8th- and 10th-graders reporting heroin use, by grade and recency of use: Selected years, 1995 through 2017 27
Figure S1.2. Percentages of 12th-graders reporting heroin use and use of narcotics other than heroin, by recency of use: Selected years, 1995 through 2017 28
Figure S1.3. Percentages of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders reporting heroin use and use of narcotics other than heroin during the past 12 months, by grade and college plans: 2017 29
Figure S1.4. Percentages of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders reporting that heroin and narcotics other than heroin would be fairly easy or very easy to get, by grade: Selected years, 1995 through 2017 31
Figure S1.5. Percentages of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders who reported thinking that people risked harming themselves greatly by trying heroin once or twice without using a needle and by taking heroin... 32
Figure S2.1. Among students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, percentage who thought the bullying would happen again, by selected student and school characteristics: 2017 35
Figure S2.2. Among students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, percentage reporting various types of power imbalances in favor of the person who bullied them: 2017 36
Figure S2.3. Among students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, percentage who thought those who bullied them had the ability to influence what other students thought of them,... 37
Figure S2.4. Among students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, percentage who thought those who bullied them had more money, by selected student and school characteristics: 2017 39
Figure S3.1. Number of active shooter incidents, by level of institution: 2000 through 2017 41
Figure S3.2. Number of active shooter incident casualties, by level of institution: 2000 through 2017 42
Figure S3.3. Number of active shooter incidents by number of guns used in incident and number of guns used by gun type, by level of institution: 2000 through 2017 43
Figure S3.4. Number of active shooters, by age and level of institution: 2000 through 2017 44
Figure S3.5. Number of active shooters, by shooter outcome on the scene and level of institution: 2000 through 2017 44
Figure 1.1. Number of student, staff, and other nonstudent school-associated violent deaths, and number of homicides and suicides of youth ages 5-18 at school: School years 1992-93 to 2015-16 47
Figure 1.2. Percentage distribution and number of homicides and suicides of youth ages 5-18, by location: School year 2015-16 47
Figure 2.1. Rate of nonfatal victimization against students ages 12-18 per 1,000 students, by type of victimization and location: 1992 through 2017 50
Figure 2.2. Rate of nonfatal victimization against students ages 12-18 per 1,000 students, by location, type of victimization, and sex: 2017 51
Figure 2.3. Rate of nonfatal victimization against students ages 12-18 per 1,000 students, by location, type of victimization, and age: 2017 53
Figure 3.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported criminal victimization at school during the previous 6 months, by type of victimization: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 55
Figure 3.2. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported criminal victimization at school during the previous 6 months, by selected student and school characteristics: 2001 and 2017 57
Figure 4.1. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property at least one time during the previous 12 months, by sex: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 59
Figure 4.2. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property at least one time during the previous 12 months, by race/ethnicity: 2017 60
Figure 5.1. Percentage of public school teachers who reported that they were threatened with injury or that they were physically attacked by a student from school during the previous 12 months:... 62
Figure 5.2. Percentage of public school teachers who reported that they were threatened with injury or that they were physically attacked by a student from school during the previous 12 months, by sex:... 62
Figure 5.3. Percentage of public school teachers who reported that they were threatened with injury or that they were physically attacked by a student from school during the previous 12 months,... 63
Figure 6.1. Percentage of public schools recording incidents of crime at school and reporting these incidents to the police, and the rate of crimes per 1,000 students, by type of crime: School year 2015-16 66
Figure 6.2. Percentage of public schools recording incidents of crime at school and reporting these incidents to the police, by school level: School year 2015-16 67
Figure 6.3. Percentage of public schools recording and reporting to the police violent and serious violent incidents of crime, by number of incidents: School year 2015-16 68
Figure 7.1. Percentage of public schools reporting selected discipline problems that occurred at school at least once a week: Selected school years, 1999-2000 through 2015-16 71
Figure 7.2. Percentage of public schools reporting student bullying occurred at school at least once a week, by selected school characteristics: School year 2015-16 72
Figure 7.3. Percentage of public schools reporting selected types of cyberbullying problems occurring at school or away from school at least once a week, by school level: School year 2015-16 73
Figure 8.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported that gangs were present at school during the school year, by urbanicity: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 75
Figure 8.2. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported that gangs were present at school during the school year, by grade: 2001, 2015, and 2017 75
Figure 9.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being called hate-related words and seeing hate-related graffiti at school during the school year, by sex: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 77
Figure 9.2. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being called hate-related words and seeing hate-related graffiti at school during the school year, by selected student and school characteristics: 2017 78
Figure 9.3. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being called hate-related words at school during the school year, by type of hate-related word and sex: 2017 79
Figure 10.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, by urbanicity: Selected years, 2005 through 2017 81
Figure 10.2. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, by type of bullying and sex: 2017 82
Figure 10.3. Among students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, percentage who reported being bullied in various locations: 2017 84
Figure 10.4. Among students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, percentage reporting various frequencies of bullying: 2017 84
Figure 10.5. Among students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, percentage reporting that bullying had varying degrees of negative effect on various aspects of their life,... 86
Figure 10.6. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported having been electronically bullied during the previous 12 months, by race/ethnicity: 2017 86
Figure 11.1. Percentage of public school teachers who agreed that student misbehavior and student tardiness and class cutting interfered with their teaching, by selected teacher and school characteristics:... 88
Figure 11.2. Percentage of public school teachers who agreed that student misbehavior and student tardiness and class cutting interfered with their teaching, and percentage who agreed that other teachers and... 89
Figure 11.3. Percentage of public school teachers who agreed that other teachers and the principal enforced school rules, by selected teacher and school characteristics: School year 2015-16 90
Figure 12.1. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported having been in a physical fight at least one time during the previous 12 months, by location and sex: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 93
Figure 12.2. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported having been in a physical fight at least one time during the previous 12 months, by location and race/ethnicity: 2017 93
Figure 12.3. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported having been in a physical fight during the previous 12 months, by number of times and location: 2017 95
Figure 13.1. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported carrying a weapon at least 1 day during the previous 30 days, by location and sex: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 97
Figure 13.2. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported carrying a weapon at least 1 day during the previous 30 days, by location and race/ethnicity: 2017 97
Figure 13.3. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported having access to a loaded gun, without adult permission, at school or away from school during the school year, by sex: Selected years, 2007 through 2017 99
Figure 14.1. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported using alcohol at least 1 day during the previous 30 days, by sex: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 101
Figure 14.2. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported using alcohol at least 1 day during the previous 30 days, by grade: 2017 101
Figure 14.3. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported using alcohol at least 1 day during the previous 30 days, by number of days and sexual orientation: 2017 103
Figure 15.1. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported using marijuana at least one time during the previous 30 days, by sex: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 105
Figure 15.2. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported using marijuana at least one time during the previous 30 days, by number of times and sexual orientation: 2017 105
Figure 15.3. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported that illegal drugs were made available to them on school property during the previous 12 months, by sex: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 107
Figure 15.4. Percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported that illegal drugs were made available to them on school property during the previous 12 months, by race/ethnicity: 2001 and 2017 107
Figure 16.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being afraid of attack or harm during the school year, by location and sex: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 110
Figure 16.2. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being afraid of attack or harm during the school year, by location and grade: 2017 111
Figure 17.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported avoiding school activities or classes or avoiding one or more places in school because of fear of attack or harm during the school year: 2015 and 2017 113
Figure 17.2. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported avoiding one or more places in school because of fear of attack or harm during the school year, by selected student and school characteristics: 2017 114
Figure 18.1. Percentage of public schools that took a serious disciplinary action in response to specific offenses, by type of offense: School years 2003-04, 2009-10, and 2015-16 117
Figure 18.2. Percentage of public schools that took a serious disciplinary action in response to specific offenses, by type of offense and school level: School year 2015-16 118
Figure 18.3. Percentage distribution of serious disciplinary actions taken by public schools, by type of offense and type of disciplinary action: School year 2015-16 119
Figure 19.1. Percentage of public schools that used selected safety and security measures, by school level: School year 2015-16 121
Figure 19.2. Percentage of public schools that used selected safety and security measures: School years 1999-2000, 2013-14, and 2015-16 123
Figure 19.3. Percentage of public schools with a written plan for procedures to be performed in selected scenarios: School year 2015-16 125
Figure 20.1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported various safety and security measures at school: 2001, 2015, and 2017 127
Figure 21.1. Number of on-campus crimes reported and number per 10,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE) students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by selected type of crime: 2001 through 2016 130
Figure 21.2. Number of on-campus arrests and number per 10,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE) students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of arrest: 2001 through 2016 131
Figure 21.3. Number of referrals for disciplinary action resulting from on-campus violations and number per 10,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE) students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of referral:... 132
Figure 22.1. Number of on-campus hate crimes at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by selected types of crime: 2010, 2015, and 2016 134
Figure 22.2. Number of on-campus hate crimes at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by selected types of crime and category of bias motivating the crime: 2016 135