Title page
Contents
Executive Summary 12
Introduction 17
Chapter 1. Fiscal Year 2015 Final Allocations for Title I 40
Highlights 40
Total Title I Allocation 41
Basic Grant Final Allocation 44
Concentration Grant Final Allocation 46
Targeted Grant Final Allocation 48
Education Finance Incentive Grant Final Allocation 50
Comparisons Between Grants: Basic, Concentration, Targeted, and EFIG 52
Percentage Distribution of Title I Total Allocations and Formula-Eligible Children, by State 52
Percentage Distribution of Title I Total Allocations and Formula-Eligible Children, by School District Characteristics 54
Cost Adjustment Using the American Community Survey-Comparable Wage Index (ACS-CWI) 55
Chapter 2. Title I Funds by Locale and State 57
Highlights 57
Total Title I 58
Basic Grants 61
Concentration Grants 64
Targeted Grants 67
Education Finance Incentive Grants 70
Comparisons Among Title I Grants 70
Cost Adjustment Using the American Community Survey-Comparable Wage Index (ACS-CWI) 73
Chapter 3. Total Title I Allocations-Formula Analyses 74
Highlights 74
Formula Alternatives 76
Formula-Eligibility Criteria Only 77
Removal of State per Pupil Expenditure (SPPE) 78
Removal of State Minimum 81
Removal of Hold Harmless 83
Removal of Number of Formula-Eligible Children Exceeds 6,500 85
Removal of Percentage of Formula-Eligible Children Exceeds 15 Percent 87
Removal of Number Weighting 89
Removal of Percentage Weighting 91
Removal of State Effort 93
Removal of State Equity 95
Removal of Hold Harmless, Number of Formula-Eligible Children Exceeds 6,500, and Number Weighting 97
Removal of Hold Harmless and State Equity 99
Removal of Hold Harmless and Number of Formula-Eligible Children Exceeds 6,500 101
Removal of State Per Pupil Expenditure (SPPE), State Minimum, Hold Harmless, Number Weighting, and State Effort 103
Removal of State Minimum and Hold Harmless 105
Cost Adjustment Using the American Community Survey-Comparable Wage Index (ACS-CWI) 109
Chapter 4. Basic Grants-Formula Analyses 110
Highlights 110
Formula Alternatives 111
Formula-Eligibility Criteria Only 111
Removal of State per Pupil Expenditure (SPPE) 113
Removal of State Minimum 115
Removal of Hold Harmless 117
Removal of State per Pupil Expenditure (SPPE) and Hold Harmless 119
Removal of State Minimum and Hold Harmless 122
Cost Adjustment Using the American Community Survey-Comparable Wage Index (ACS-CWI) 124
Chapter 5. Concentration Grants-Formula Analyses 126
Highlights 126
Formula Alternatives 127
Formula-Eligibility Criteria Only 127
Removal of State per Pupil Expenditure (SPPE) 130
Removal of State Minimum 132
Removal of Hold Harmless 133
Removal of Number of Formula-Eligible Children Exceeds 6,500 136
Removal of Percentage of Formula-Eligible Children Exceeds 15 Percent 140
Removal of Hold Harmless and Number of Formula-Eligible Children Exceeds 6,500 142
Removal of State per Pupil Expenditure (SPPE), Hold Harmless, and Number of Formula-Eligible Children Exceeds 6,500 146
Cost Adjustment Using the American Community Survey-Comparable Wage Index (ACS-CWI) 148
Chapter 6. Targeted Grants-Formula Analyses 150
Highlights 150
Formula Alternatives 151
Formula-Eligibility Criteria Only 151
Removal of State per Pupil Expenditure (SPPE) 153
Removal of State Minimum 155
Removal of Hold Harmless 157
Removal of Number Weighting 159
Removal of Percentage Weighting 161
Removal of Hold Harmless and Number WeightingRemoval of multiple 163
Removal of State per Pupil Expenditure (SPPE), Hold Harmless, and Number Weighting 166
Removal of State Minimum, Hold Harmless, and Number Weighting 168
Cost Adjustment Using the American Community Survey-Comparable Wage Index (ACS-CWI) 170
Chapter 7. Education Finance Incentive Grants (EFIG)-Formula Analyses 172
Highlights 172
Formula Alternatives 173
Formula-Eligibility Criteria Only 173
Removal of State per Pupil Expenditure (SPPE) 176
Removal of State Minimum 178
Removal of Hold Harmless 180
Removal of Number Weighting 182
Removal of Percentage Weighting 184
Removal of State Effort 186
Removal of State Equity 188
Removal of Hold Harmless and Number Weighting 190
Removal of State per Pupil Expenditure (SPPE), Hold Harmless, and Number Weighting 192
Removal of State Minimum, Hold Harmless, and Number Weighting 194
Cost Adjustment Using the American Community Survey-Comparable Wage Index (ACS-CWI) 196
Bibliography 197
Appendix A. Title I Expert Panel 199
Appendix B. Documentation for the American Community Survey-Comparable Wage Index (ACS-CWI): 2013-15 201
Appendix C. Analytic Tables 211
Table I.1. Calculation of the state minimum for Basic Grants, Concentration Grants, Targeted Grants, and Education Finance Incentive Grants 36
Table 2.1. Number of states in which each school district locale received the highest and lowest total Title I, Part A allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district locale: 2015 58
Table 2.2. Number of states in which each school district locale received the highest and lowest Title I, Part A Basic Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district locale: 2015 61
Table 2.3. Number of states in which each school district locale received the highest and lowest Title I, Part A Concentration Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district locale: 2015 64
Table 2.4. Number of states in which each school district locale received the highest and lowest Title I, Part A Targeted Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district locale: 2015 67
Table 2.5. Number of states in which each school district locale received the highest and lowest Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district locale: 2015 70
Table 5.1. Population and Concentration Grant allocation for school districts that receive Concentration Grants from the number of formula-eligible children exceeds 6,500 provision only: 2015 139
Figure I.1. The Title I Funding Process 27
Figure I.2. Current and instruction expenditures per student in public elementary and secondary schools, by school district characteristics: 2014-15 32
Figure I.3. States receiving various state per pupil expenditure (SPPE) values in Title I, Part A allocations, by grant type: 2015 34
Figure I.4. States receiving state minimum allocation under Title I, Part A, by grant type: 2015 37
Figure 1.1. Title I, Part A total final allocation, number of formula-eligible children, and allocation per formula-eligible child, by grant type: 2015 42
Figure 1.2. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district characteristics: 2015 43
Figure 1.3. Title I, Part A Basic Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district characteristics: 2015 45
Figure 1.4. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district characteristics: 2015 47
Figure 1.5. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district characteristics: 2015 49
Figure 1.6. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district characteristics: 2015 51
Figure 1.7. Difference between the percentage of formula-eligible 5- to 17-year-olds and the percentage of total Title I, Part A allocations, by state or jurisdiction: 2015 53
Figure 1.8. Difference between the percentage of formula-eligible 5- to 17-year-olds and the percentage of total Title I, Part A allocations, by school district population size: 2015 54
Figure 2.1. Title I, Part A total allocation per formula-eligible child and difference between school district locales with the highest and lowest allocations, by state or jurisdiction: 2015 59
Figure 2.2. Range of average Title I, Part A total allocations per formula-eligible child, by locale type: 2015 60
Figure 2.3. Title I, Part A Basic Grant allocation per formula-eligible child and difference between school district locales with the highest and lowest allocations, by state or jurisdiction: 2015 62
Figure 2.4. Range of average Title I, Part A Basic Grant allocations per formula-eligible child, by locale type: 2015 63
Figure 2.5. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant allocation per formula-eligible child and difference between school district locales with the highest and lowest allocations, by state or jurisdiction: 2015 65
Figure 2.6. Range of average Title I, Part A Concentration Grant allocations per formula-eligible child, by locale type: 2015 66
Figure 2.7. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant allocation per formula-eligible child and difference between school district locales with the highest and lowest allocations, by state or jurisdiction: 2015 68
Figure 2.8. Range of average Title I, Part A Targeted Grant allocations per formula-eligible child, by locale type: 2015 69
Figure 2.9. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) allocation per formula-eligible child and difference between school district locales with the highest and lowest allocations, by state or jurisdiction: 2015 71
Figure 2.10. Range of average Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) allocations per formula-eligible child, by locale type: 2015 72
Figure 3.1. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation when only formula-eligibility criteria were considered, by school district characteristics: 2015 75
Figure 3.2. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state per pupil expenditure (SPPE) provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 80
Figure 3.3. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state minimum provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 82
Figure 3.4. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with hold harmless provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 84
Figure 3.5. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with number of formula-eligible children exceeds 6,500 provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 86
Figure 3.6. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with percentage of formula-eligible children exceeds 15 percent of total 5- to 17-year-old population... 88
Figure 3.7. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with number weighting provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 90
Figure 3.8. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with percentage weighting provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 92
Figure 3.9. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state effort provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 94
Figure 3.10. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state equity provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 96
Figure 3.11. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with hold harmless, number weighting, and number of formula-eligible children exceeds 6,500 provisions removed,... 98
Figure 3.12. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with hold harmless and state equity provisions removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 100
Figure 3.13. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with hold harmless and number of formula-eligible children exceeds 6,500 provisions removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 102
Figure 3.14. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state per pupil expenditure (SPPE), state minimum, hold harmless, number weighting, and state effort provisions removed,... 104
Figure 3.15. Title I, Part A total allocation per formula-eligible child and difference between school district locales with the highest and lowest allocations after removal of state per pupil expenditure (SPPE),... 106
Figure 3.16. Title I, Part A total final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state minimum and hold harmless provisions removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 108
Figure 4.1. Title I, Part A Basic Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation when only formula-eligibility criteria were considered, by school district characteristics: 2015 112
Figure 4.2. Title I, Part A Basic Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with per pupil expenditure (SPPE) provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 114
Figure 4.3. Title I, Part A Basic Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with minimum provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 116
Figure 4.4. Title I, Part A Basic Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with hold harmless provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 118
Figure 4.5. Title I, Part A Basic Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with stateper pupil expenditure (SPPE) and hold harmless provisions removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 120
Figure 4.6. Title I, Part A Basic Grant allocation per formula-eligible child and difference between school district locales with the highest and lowest allocations after removal of state per pupil expenditure (SPPE) and... 121
Figure 4.7. Title I, Part A Basic Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with minimum and hold harmless provisions removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 123
Figure 5.1. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation when only formula-eligibility criteria were considered, by school district characteristics: 2015 129
Figure 5.2. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state per pupil expenditure (SPPE) provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 131
Figure 5.3. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state minimum provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 133
Figure 5.4. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with hold harmless provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 135
Figure 5.5. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with number of formula-eligible children exceeds 6,500 provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 137
Figure 5.6. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with percentage of formula-eligible children exceeds 15 percent of total 5- to 17-year-old population... 141
Figure 5.7. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant allocation per formula-eligible child and difference between school district locales with the highest and lowest allocations after removal of hold harmless and... 143
Figure 5.8. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with hold harmless and number of formula-eligible children exceeds 6,500 provisions removed, by school district... 144
Figure 5.9. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state per pupil expenditure (SPPE), hold harmless, and number of formula-eligible children exceeds 6,500... 147
Figure 6.1. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation when only formula-eligibility criteria were considered, by school district characteristics: 2015 152
Figure 6.2. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state per pupil expenditure (SPPE) provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 154
Figure 6.3. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state minimum provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 156
Figure 6.4. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with hold harmless provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 158
Figure 6.5. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with number weighting provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 160
Figure 6.6. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with percentage weighting provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 162
Figure 6.7. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with hold harmless and number weighting provisions removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 164
Figure 6.8. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant allocation per formula-eligible child and difference between school district locales with the highest and lowest allocations after removal of hold harmless and number... 165
Figure 6.9. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state per pupil expenditure (SPPE), hold harmless, and number weighting provisions removed, by school district... 167
Figure 6.10. Title I, Part A Targeted Grants final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state minimum, hold harmless, and number weighting provisions removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 169
Figure 7.1. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation when only formula-eligibility criteria were considered, by school district characteristics: 2015 175
Figure 7.2. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state per pupil expenditure (SPPE) provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 177
Figure 7.3. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state minimum provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 179
Figure 7.4. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with hold harmless provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 181
Figure 7.5. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with number weighting provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 183
Figure 7.6. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with percentage weighting provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 185
Figure 7.7. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state effort provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 187
Figure 7.8. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state equity provision removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 189
Figure 7.9. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with hold harmless and number weighting provisions removed, by school district characteristics: 2015 191
Figure 7.10. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state per pupil expenditure (SPPE), hold harmless, and number weighting provisions removed,... 193
Figure 7.11. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) final allocation per formula-eligible child and allocation with state minimum, hold harmless, and number weighting provisions removed, by school district... 195
Exhibits
Exhibit A. Number weighting Targeted Grant eligibility criteria 31
Exhibit B. Percentage weighting Targeted Grant eligibility criteria 31
Table B.1. Selected coefficient estimates from the ACS model of log annual wage and salary income: 2013, 2014, and 2015 206
Table I.A. Title I revenues and EDFacts number of Title I recipients, by state or jurisdiction: 2014-15 211
Table I.B. Current and instruction expenditures per student in public elementary and secondary schools, by school district locale and number of 5- to 17-year-olds: 2014-15 212
Table I.C. State per pupil expenditure (SPPE) and adjustments for Title I allocations, by state or jurisdiction: 2012-13 213
Table I.D. States receiving minimum or maximum state per pupil expenditure (SPPE) status or receiving state minimum status in Title I, Part A allocations, by grant type: 2015 214
Table 1.A. Title I, Part A total allocation, number of formula-eligible children, and allocation per formula-eligible child, by grant type and state or jurisdiction: 2015 215
Table 1.B. Title I, Part A total allocation, number of formula-eligible children, and allocation per formula-eligible child, by grant type and school district characteristics: 2015 216
Table 1.C. Population, Title I, Part A formula eligibility and allocation, and percentage distribution of each grant type, by state or jurisdiction: 2015 217
Table 1.D. Population, Title I, Part A formula eligibility and allocation, and percentage distribution of each grant type, by school district characteristics: 2015 218
Table 1.E. Number and percentage distribution of public school students, by percentage of district schools that are eligible for schoolwide Title I programs, school district poverty rate, and school district enrollment... 219
Table 2.A. Title I, Part A total allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district locale and state or jurisdiction: 2015 221
Table 2.B. Title I, Part A Basic Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district locale and state or jurisdiction: 2015 222
Table 2.C. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district locale and state or jurisdiction: 2015 223
Table 2.D. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district locale and state or jurisdiction: 2015 224
Table 2.E. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, by school district locale and state or jurisdiction: 2015 225
Table 3.A. Title I, Part A total allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing single and multiple provisions from the formulas, by state or jurisdiction: 2015 226
Table 3.B. Title I, Part A total allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing single and multiple provisions from the formulas, by school district characteristics: 2015 228
Table 3.C. Title I, Part A total allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing state per pupil expenditure, state minimum, hold harmless, number weighting, and state effort, by school district locale and state... 230
Table 4.A. Title I, Part A Basic Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing single and multiple provisions from the formula, by state or jurisdiction: 2015 231
Table 4.B. Title I, Part A Basic Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing single and multiple provisions from the formula, by school district characteristics: 2015 232
Table 4.C. Title I, Part A Basic Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing state per pupil expenditure and hold harmless from the formula, by school district locale and state or jurisdiction: 2015 233
Table 5.A. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing single and multiple provisions from the formula, by state or jurisdiction: 2015 234
Table 5.B. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing single and multiple provisions from the formula, by school district characteristics: 2015 235
Table 5.C. Title I, Part A Concentration Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing hold harmless and number of formula-eligible children exceeds 6,500 from the formula, by school district locale and... 236
Table 6.A. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing single and multiple provisions from the formula, by state or jurisdiction: 2015 237
Table 6.B. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing single and multiple provisions from the formula, by school district characteristics: 2015 238
Table 6.C. Title I, Part A Targeted Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing hold harmless and number weighting from the formula, by school district locale and state or jurisdiction: 2015 239
Table 7.A. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing single and multiple provisions from the formula, by state or jurisdiction: 2015 240
Table 7.B. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant (EFIG) allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing single and multiple provisions from the formula, by school district characteristics: 2015 241
Table 7.C. Title I, Part A Education Finance Incentive Grant allocation per formula-eligible child, after removing hold harmless and number weighting from the formula, by school district locale and state or jurisdiction: 2015 242