Title page
Contents
A Letter From the Commissioner of the National Center for Education Statistics 4
Reader's Guide 6
The Condition of Education 2019 At a Glance 21
Highlights From The Condition of Education 2019 30
Spotlights 38
Young Adult Educational and Employment Outcomes by Family Socioeconomic Status 39
Postsecondary Outcomes for Nontraditional Undergraduate Students 45
Chapter 1. Preprimary, Elementary, and Secondary Education 53
Indicator 1.1. Characteristics of Children's Families 54
Indicator 1.2. Children's Access to and Use of the Internet 62
Indicator 1.3. Preschool and Kindergarten Enrollment 72
Indicator 1.4. Public School Enrollment 77
Indicator 1.5. Public Charter School Enrollment 81
Indicator 1.6. Private School Enrollment 85
Indicator 1.7. English Language Learners in Public Schools 90
Indicator 1.8. Children and Youth With Disabilities 94
Indicator 1.9. Characteristics of Traditional Public Schools and Public Charter Schools 99
Indicator 1.10. Concentration of Public School Students Eligible for Free or Reduced-Price Lunch 103
Indicator 1.11. School Crime and Safety 105
Indicator 1.12. Characteristics of Public School Teachers 109
Indicator 1.13. Characteristics of Public School Principals 116
Indicator 1.14. Reading Performance 121
Indicator 1.15. Mathematics Performance 132
Indicator 1.16. Science Performance 143
Indicator 1.17. Public High School Graduation Rates 151
Indicator 1.18. Status Dropout Rates 158
Indicator 1.19. Public School Revenue Sources 164
Indicator 1.20. Public School Expenditures 168
Chapter 2. Postsecondary Education 172
Indicator 2.1. Immediate College Enrollment Rate 173
Indicator 2.2. College Enrollment Rates 177
Indicator 2.3. Undergraduate Enrollment 180
Indicator 2.4. Postbaccalaureate Enrollment 187
Indicator 2.5. Characteristics of Postsecondary Students 194
Indicator 2.6. Characteristics of Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions 199
Indicator 2.7. Characteristics of Postsecondary Faculty 203
Indicator 2.8. Undergraduate Degree Fields 207
Indicator 2.9. Graduate Degree Fields 213
Indicator 2.10. Undergraduate Retention and Graduation Rates 219
Indicator 2.11. Postsecondary Certificates and Degrees Conferred 224
Indicator 2.12. Price of Attending an Undergraduate Institution 227
Indicator 2.13. Loans for Undergraduate Students 234
Indicator 2.14. Sources of Financial Aid 239
Indicator 2.15. Postsecondary Institution Revenues 245
Indicator 2.16. Postsecondary Institution Expenses 248
Chapter 3. Population Characteristics and Economic Outcomes 253
Indicator 3.1. Educational Attainment of Young Adu 254
Indicator 3.2. Young Adults Neither Enrolled in School nor Working 259
Indicator 3.3. Annual Earnings of Young Adults 263
Indicator 3.4. Employment and Unemployment Rates by Educational Attainment 268
Chapter 4. International Comparisons 273
Indicator 4.1. International Comparisons: Reading Literacy at Grade 4 274
Indicator 4.2. International Comparisons: U.S. 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-Graders' Mathematics and Science Achievement 280
Indicator 4.3. International Comparisons: Science, Reading, and Mathematics Literacy of 15-Year-Old Students 289
Indicator 4.4. Enrollment Rates by Country 299
Indicator 4.5. International Educational Attainment 309
Indicator 4.6. Education Expenditures by Country 318
Guide to Sources 326
Glossary 355
Indicator 1.7. English Language Learners in Public Schools 92
Table 1. Number and percentage distribution of English language learner (ELL) students in public schools and number of ELL students as a percent of total public school enrollment, by the 10 most commonly... 92
Indicator 4.3. International Comparisons: Science, Reading, and Mathematics Literacy of 15-Year-Old Students 290
Table 1. Average scores of 15-year-old students on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) science literacy scale, by education system: 2015 290
Table 2. Average scores of 15-year-old students on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) reading literacy scale, by education system: 2015 293
Table 3. Average scores of 15-year-old students on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) mathematics literacy scale, by education system: 2015 296
Young Adult Educational and Employment Outcomes by Family Socioeconomic Status 40
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of 2009 ninth-graders' postsecondary enrollment and employment statuses, by socioeconomic status: 2016 40
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of 2009 ninth-graders' postsecondary enrollment timing and status, by socioeconomic status: 2016 41
Figure 3. Among 2009 ninth-graders who had enrolled in postsecondary education by 2016, percentage distribution of students' first credential pursued at first postsecondary institution, by socioeconomic... 42
Figure 4. Among 2009 ninth-graders who had enrolled in postsecondary education by 2016, percentage distribution of control and level of students' first postsecondary institution, by socioeconomic... 43
Figure 5. Among 2009 ninth-graders who had enrolled in postsecondary education by 2016, percentage distribution of selectivity of students' first postsecondary institution, by socioeconomic status: 2016 44
Postsecondary Outcomes for Nontraditional Undergraduate Students 46
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of undergraduate students beginning at 2-year institutions for each institutional control category, by attendance level and status: 2009 46
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of students' postsecondary outcomes 8 years after beginning at 2-year institutions in 2009, by initial attendance level and status: 2017 47
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of undergraduate students beginning at 4-year institutions for each institutional control category, by attendance level and status: 2009 48
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of students' postsecondary outcomes 8 years after beginning at 4-year institutions in 2009, by initial attendance level and status: 2017 49
Figure 5. Students' completion rates 8 years after beginning at 4-year institutions in 2009, by Pell Grant recipient status of student and selectivity of institution: 2017 51
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of children under age 18, for each racial and ethnic group, by parents' highest level of educational attainment: 2017 54
Figure 2. Percentage of children under age 18, by child's race/ethnicity and family structure: 2017 56
Figure 3. Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by child's race/ethnicity: 2010 and 2017 57
Figure 4. Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by child's race/ethnicity and parents' highest level of educational attainment: 2017 58
Figure 5. Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by child's race/ethnicity and family structure: 2017 59
Figure 6. Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by state: 2017 60
Indicator 1.2. Children's Access to and Use of the Internet 63
Figure 1. Percentage of children ages 3 to 18 who used the Internet from home, by selected child and family characteristics: 2010 and 2017 63
Figure 2. Of home internet users ages 3 to 18, percentage who used various means of internet access: 2010 and 2017 65
Figure 3. Of home internet users ages 3 to 18, percentage who used selected means of internet access, by family income: 2017 66
Figure 4. Percentage of children ages 3 to 18 with no internet access at home, by selected child and family characteristics: 2010 and 2017 67
Figure 5. Percentage distribution of children ages 3 to 18 with no internet access at home, by main reason for not having access: 2017 69
Figure 6. Percentage of children ages 3 to 18 with no internet access at home whose main reason for not having home internet access was that it was too expensive, by race/ethnicity: 2017 70
Figure 1. Percentage of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children enrolled in preprimary programs: 2000 through 2017 72
Figure 2. Percentage of 3- to 5-year-old children in preschool and kindergarten programs attending full-day programs: 2000 through 2017 73
Figure 3. Percentage of 3- to 5-year-old children enrolled in preschool programs, by race/ethnicity and attendance status: October 2017 74
Figure 4. Percentage of 3- to 5-year-old children enrolled in preschool programs, by parents' highest level of education and attendance status: October 2017 75
Figure 1. Actual and projected public school enrollment, by level: Fall 2000 through fall 2028 77
Figure 2. Percentage change in public elementary and secondary school enrollment, by state: Fall 2000 to fall 2016 78
Figure 3. Projected percentage change in public elementary and secondary school enrollment, by state: Fall 2016 to fall 2028 79
Figure 1. Public charter school enrollment, by school level: Selected years, fall 2000 through fall 2016 81
Figure 2. Percentage of all public school students enrolled in public charter schools, by state: Fall 2016 82
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of public charter school students, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2000 and fall 2016 83
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of public charter schools, by enrollment size: School years 2000-01 and 2016-17 84
Figure 1. Percentage of elementary and secondary students enrolled in private schools: Fall 1999 through fall 2015 85
Figure 2. Private school enrollment in prekindergarten (preK) through grade 12, by grade level: Fall 1999 through fall 2015 86
Figure 3. Private school enrollment in prekindergarten (preK) through grade 12, by school orientation: Fall 1999 through fall 2015 87
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of private school enrollment in prekindergarten (preK) through grade 12, by school orientation and level: Fall 2015 88
Figure 5. Percentage distribution of private school enrollment in prekindergarten (preK) through grade 12, by school orientation and race/ethnicity: Fall 2015 89
Figure 1. Percentage of public school students who were English language learners, by state: Fall 2016 90
Figure 2. Percentage of public school students who were English language learners, by locale: Fall 2016 91
Figure 3. Percentage of public K-12 students who were English language learners, by grade level: Fall 2016 92
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of students ages 3-21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), by disability type: School year 2017-18 94
Figure 2. Percentage of students ages 3-21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), by race/ethnicity: School year 2017-18 95
Figure 3. Among students ages 6-21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), percentage who spent various amounts of time inside general classes: Fall 2000 through fall 2017 96
Figure 4. Among students ages 14-21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) who exited school, percentage who exited for selected reasons, by race/ethnicity:... 97
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by school level: School year 2016-17 99
Figure 2. Percentage of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by selected racial/ethnic concentration: School years 2000-01 and 2016-17 100
Figure 3. Percentage of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch: School year 2016-17 101
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by school locale: School year 2016-17 102
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of public school students, for each racial and ethnic group, by school poverty level: Fall 2016 103
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of public school students, for each school locale, by school poverty level: Fall 2016 104
Figure 1. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported criminal victimization at school during the previous 6 months, by type of victimization: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 105
Figure 2. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year: Selected years, 2005 through 2017 107
Figure 3. Percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, by type of bullying and sex: 2017 108
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by instructional level and sex: School years 1999-2000 and 2015-16 109
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by race/ethnicity: School years 1999-2000 and 2015-16 110
Figure 3. Percentage of public school teachers who held a postbaccalaureate degree and percentage who held a regular or standard state teaching certificate or advanced professional certificate,... 111
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by years of teaching experience: School years 1999-2000 and 2015-16 112
Figure 5. Average base salary for full-time teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by years of full- and part-time teaching experience: 2015-16 113
Figure 6. Average base salary for full-time teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by highest degree earned: 2015-16 114
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of public school principals, by sex and race/ethnicity: 1999-2000 and 2015-16 116
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of public school principals, by years of experience as a principal: 1999-2000 and 2015-16 117
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of public school principals, by highest degree earned: 1999-2000 and 2015-16 118
Figure 4. Principals' average annual salary at public schools, by school level and locale: 2015-16 119
Figure 1. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students: Selected years, 1992-2017 121
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading achievement level: Selected years, 1992-2017 122
Figure 3. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 4th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1992-2017 124
Figure 4. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 8th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1992-2017 126
Figure 5. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 12th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1992-2015 128
Figure 6. Change in average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by state: 2015 to 2017 130
Figure 1. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 4th- and 8th-grade students: Selected years, 1990-2017 132
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics achievement levels: Selected years, 1990-2017 133
Figure 3. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 4th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1990-2017 135
Figure 4. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 8th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1990-2017 137
Figure 5. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 12th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 2005-2015 139
Figure 6. Change in average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by state: 2015 to 2017 141
Figure 1. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students: 2009, 2011, and 2015 143
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students across National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science achievement levels: 2009, 2011, and 2015 144
Figure 3. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by race/ethnicity: 2009, 2011, and 2015 145
Figure 4. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by sex: 2009, 2011, and 2015 147
Figure 5. Change in average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by state: 2009 and 2015 149
Indicator 1.17. Public High School Graduation Rates 152
Figure 1. Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) for public high school students, by state: 2016-17 152
Figure 2. Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) for public high school students, by race/ethnicity: 2016-17 153
Figure 3. Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) of White and Black public high school students, by state: 2016-17 154
Figure 4. Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) of White and Hispanic public high school students, by state: 2016-17 156
Figure 1. Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity: 2006 through 2017 158
Figure 2. Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity and sex: 2017 160
Figure 3. Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity and nativity: 2017 161
Figure 4. Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity and noninstitutionalized or institutionalized status: 2017 162
Figure 1. Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by revenue source: School years 2000-01 through 2015-16 164
Figure 2. State revenues for public elementary and secondary schools as a percentage of total public school revenues, by state: School year 2015-16 166
Figure 3. Property tax revenues for public elementary and secondary schools as a percentage of total public school revenues, by state: School year 2015-16 167
Figure 1. Current expenditures, capital outlays, and interest payments per student in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools: Selected years, 2000-01 through 2015-16 168
Figure 2. Percentage of current expenditures per student in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by type of expenditure: 2000-01, 2010-11, and 2015-16 169
Figure 1. Immediate college enrollment rate of high school completers, by level of institution: 2000 through 2017 173
Figure 2. Immediate college enrollment rate of high school completers, by sex: 2000 through 2017 174
Figure 3. Immediate college enrollment rate of high school completers, by race/ethnicity: 2000 through 2017 175
Figure 1. College enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds, by level of institution: 2000 through 2017 177
Figure 2. College enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity: 2000, 2010, and 2017 178
Figure 3. College enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds, by sex and race/ethnicity: 2000 and 2017 179
Figure 1. Actual and projected undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by sex: Fall 2000 through 2028 180
Figure 2. Undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity or nonresident alien status: Fall 2000 through 2017 181
Figure 3. Actual and projected undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status: Fall 2000 through 2028 182
Figure 4. Undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Fall 2000 through 2017 183
Figure 5. Actual and projected undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of institution: Fall 2000 through 2028 184
Figure 6. Percentage of undergraduate students at degree-granting postsecondary institutions who enrolled exclusively in distance education courses, by level and control of institution: Fall 2017 185
Figure 1. Actual and projected postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by sex: Fall 2000 through 2028 187
Figure 2. Postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and nonresident alien status: Fall 2000 through 2017 188
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2000, fall 2010, and fall 2017 189
Figure 4. Actual and projected postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status: Fall 2000 through 2028 190
Figure 5. Postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Fall 2000 through 2017 191
Figure 6. Percentage of postbaccalaureate students enrolled in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by participation in distance education and control of institution: Fall 2017 192
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of full-time undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution and student age: Fall 2017 194
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of part-time undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution and student age: Fall 2017 195
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of U.S. resident undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution and student race/ethnicity: Fall 2017 196
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of full-time and part-time postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution and student age: Fall 2017 197
Figure 5. Percentage distribution of U.S. resident postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution and student race/ethnicity: Fall 2017 198
Figure 1. Number of degree-granting institutions with first-year undergraduates, by level and control of institution: Academic years 2000-01, 2012-13, and 2017-18 199
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of application acceptance rates at degree-granting institutions with first-year undergraduates, by level and control of institution: Academic year 2017-18 200
Figure 3. Number of degree-granting institutions, by level and control of institution and enrollment size: Fall 2017 201
Figure 1. Number of faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by employment status: Selected years, fall 1999 through fall 2017 203
Figure 2. For each academic rank, the percentage distribution of full-time faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and sex: Fall 2017 204
Figure 3. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by academic rank: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2017-18 205
Figure 4. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution: 2017-18 206
Figure 1. Number of associate's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: Academic years 2000-01 through 2016-17 207
Figure 2. Percentage of associate's degrees conferred in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, by race/ethnicity and nonresident status: Academic year 2016-17 208
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of associate's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study, by sex: Academic year 2016-17 209
Figure 4. Number of bachelor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: Academic years 2000-01 through 2016-17 210
Figure 5. Percentage of bachelor's degrees conferred in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, by race/ethnicity and nonresident status: Academic year 2016-17 211
Figure 6. Percentage distribution of bachelor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study, by sex: Academic year 2016-17 212
Figure 1. Number of master's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: Academic years 2000-01 through 2016-17 213
Figure 2. Percentage of master's degrees conferred in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, by race/ethnicity and nonresident status: Academic year 2016-17 214
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of master's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in largest fields of study, by sex: Academic year 2016-17 215
Figure 4. Number of doctor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: Academic years 2000-01 through 2016-17 216
Figure 5. Percentage of doctor's degrees conferred in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, by race/ethnicity and nonresident status: Academic year 2016-17 217
Figure 6. Percentage distribution of doctor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in largest fields of study, by sex: Academic year 2016-17 218
Figure 1. Percentage of first-time, full-time degree-seeking undergraduate students retained at 4-year degree-granting institutions, by control of institution and acceptance rate: 2016 to 2017 219
Figure 2. Percentage of first-time, full-time degree-seeking undergraduate students retained at 2-year degree-granting institutions, by control of institution: 2016 to 2017 220
Figure 3. Graduation rate within 150 percent of normal time (within 6 years) for degree completion from first institution attended for first-time, full-time bachelor's degree-seeking students... 221
Figure 4. Graduation rate within 150 percent of normal time for degree completion from first institution attended for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking students at 2-year postsecondary... 222
Figure 1. Number of certificates and degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions: Academic years 2000-01 through 2016-17 224
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of certificates and associate's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2000-01 and 2016-17 225
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2000-01 and 2016-17 226
Figure 1. Average total cost of attending degree-granting institutions for first-time, full-time undergraduate students, by level and control of institution and student living arrangement: Academic... 227
Figure 2. Average tuition and fees of degree-granting institutions for first-time, full-time undergraduate students, by level and control of institution: Academic years 2010-11 and 2017-18 229
Figure 3. Average total cost, grant and scholarship aid, and net price for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students paying in-state tuition and awarded Title IV aid... 230
Figure 4. Average total cost, grant and scholarship aid, and net price for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students awarded Title IV aid at private nonprofit 4-year... 231
Figure 5. Average total cost, grant and scholarship aid, and net price for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students awarded Title IV aid at private for-profit 4-year... 232
Figure 1. Average undergraduate tuition and fees for full-time students at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution: Academic years 2010-11 through 2017-18 234
Figure 2. Percentage of first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduates who were awarded loan aid at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution:... 235
Figure 3. Average annual loan amounts for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduates who were awarded loan aid at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and... 236
Figure 4. Percentage of undergraduate degree/certificate completers who ever received loans, by degree type and control of institution: Academic year 2015-16 237
Figure 5. Average cumulative loan amount for undergraduate degree/certificate completers who ever received loans, by degree type and control of institution: Academic year 2015-16 238
Figure 1. Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2000-01,... 239
Figure 2. Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 2-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2000-01,... 240
Figure 3. Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control of institution:... 241
Figure 4. Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 2-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control of institution:... 242
Figure 5. Average amount of financial aid awarded to first-time, full-time undergraduate students at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control of institution:... 243
Figure 6. Average amount of financial aid awarded to first-time, full-time undergraduate students at 2-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control of institution:... 244
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of total revenues at degree-granting postsecondary institutions for each control of institution, by source of funds: 2016-17 245
Figure 2. Revenues from tuition and fees per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: 2010-11 and 2016-17 246
Figure 3. Revenues from government grants, contracts, and appropriations per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source of funds and control... 247
Figure 1. Percentage of total expenses at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution and expense categories: 2016-17 248
Figure 2. Expenses per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by selected expense categories and control of institution: 2016-17 250
Figure 3. Instruction expenses per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution: 2010-11 and 2016-17 251
Figure 1. Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds, by educational attainment and sex: 2000 and 2018 254
Figure 2. Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with high school completion or higher, by race/ethnicity: 2000 and 2018 255
Figure 3. Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with an associate's or higher degree, by race/ethnicity: 2000 and 2018 256
Figure 4. Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with a bachelor's or higher degree, by race/ethnicity: 2000 and 2018 257
Figure 1. Percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by age group: 2006, 2011, and 2017 259
Figure 2. Percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by race/ethnicity: 2017 260
Figure 3. Percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by race/ethnicity and sex: 2017 261
Figure 4. Percentage of 20- to 24-year-olds who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by sex, race/ethnicity, and high school completion status: 2017 262
Figure 1. Percentage of young adults ages 25-34 in the labor force who worked full time, year round, by educational attainment: 2000 through 2017 263
Figure 2. Median annual earnings of full-time, year-round workers ages 25-34, by educational attainment: 2017 264
Figure 3. Median annual earnings of full-time, year-round workers ages 25-34, by educational attainment: 2000 through 2017 265
Figure 4. Median annual earnings of full-time, year-round workers ages 25-34, by educational attainment and sex: 2017 266
Figure 1. Employment rates of 25- to 34-year-olds, by sex and educational attainment: 2018 268
Figure 2. Employment rates of 25- to 34-year-olds, by educational attainment: Selected years, 2000 through 2018 269
Figure 3. Unemployment rates of 25- to 34-year-olds, by sex and educational attainment: 2018 270
Figure 4. Unemployment rates of 25- to 34-year-olds, by educational attainment: Selected years, 2000 through 2018 271
Indicator 4.1. International Comparisons: Reading Literacy at Grade 4 275
Figure 1. Average reading scale scores of fourth-grade students on PIRLS, by education system: 2016 275
Figure 2. Percentage of fourth-grade students performing at selected PIRLS international benchmarks in reading, by education system: 2016 276
Figure 3. Average online informational reading scale scores of fourth-grade students on ePIRLS, by education system: 2016 277
Figure 4. Percentage of fourth-grade students performing at selected ePIRLS international benchmarks in online informational reading, by education system: 2016 278
Indicator 4.2. International Comparisons: U.S. 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-Graders' Mathematics and Science Achievement 281
Figure 1. Average TIMSS mathematics assessment scale scores of 4th-grade students, by education system: 2015 281
Figure 2. Average TIMSS science assessment scale scores of 4th-grade students, by education system: 2015 283
Figure 3. Average TIMSS mathematics assessment scale scores of 8th-grade students, by education system: 2015 284
Figure 4. Average TIMSS science assessment scale scores of 8th-grade students, by education system: 2015 285
Figure 5. Average advanced mathematics scores and coverage index of TIMSS Advanced students, by education system: 2015 286
Figure 6. Average physics scores and coverage index of TIMSS Advanced students, by education system: 2015 287
Indicator 4.3. International Comparisons: Science, Reading, and Mathematics Literacy of 15-Year-Old Students 291
Figure 1. Percentage of 15-year-old students performing on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) science literacy scale, by selected proficiency levels and education system: 2015 291
Figure 2. Percentage of 15-year-old students performing on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) reading literacy scale, by selected proficiency levels and education system: 2015 294
Figure 3. Percentage of 15-year-old students performing on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) mathematics literacy scale, by selected proficiency levels and education system: 2015 297
Indicator 4.4. Enrollment Rates by Country 300
Figure 1. Percentage of 3- and 4-year-olds enrolled in school, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country: 2016 300
Figure 2. Percentage of 5- to 14-year-olds enrolled in school, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country: 2016 302
Figure 3. Percentage of 15- to 19-year-olds enrolled in school, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country and level of education: 2016 303
Figure 4. Percentage of 19-year-olds enrolled in secondary education and postsecondary degree programs, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country: 2016 305
Figure 5. Percentage of 20- to 29-year-olds enrolled in school, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country and level of education: 2016 307
Indicator 4.5. International Educational Attainment 310
Figure 1. Percentage of the population 25 to 64 years old who had completed high school in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries: 2000 and 2017 310
Figure 2. Percentage of the population 25 to 64 years old who had attained any postsecondary degree in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries: 2000 and 2017 311
Figure 3. Percentage of the population who had completed high school in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by selected age groups: 2017 312
Figure 4. Percentage of the population who had attained any postsecondary degree in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by selected age groups: 2017 314
Figure 5. Percentage of the population 25 to 34 years old who had attained a postsecondary degree in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by highest... 316
Indicator 4.6. Education Expenditures by Country 319
Figure 1. Expenditures and percentage change in expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for elementary and secondary education from 2005 to 2015, by Organization for Economic... 319
Figure 2. Expenditures and percentage change in expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for postsecondary education from 2005 to 2015, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and... 321
Figure 3. Expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for elementary and secondary education in selected Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries,... 322
Figure 4. Expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for postsecondary education in selected Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by gross domestic... 323
Figure 5. Government and private expenditures on education institutions as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)... 324