Title page
Contents
Abstract 5
Introduction 6
Adaptive Interventions 8
What Is an Adaptive Intervention? 8
What Are the Components of an Adaptive Intervention? 8
What Is the Rationale for Adaptive Interventions in Education? 10
How Can Adaptive Interventions be Expanded Beyond the Student-Level? 11
How Can Intervention Components be Selected and Integrated to Form an Effective Adaptive Intervention? 12
Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trials (SMART) 15
What Is a SMART? 15
What Types of Scientific Questions Can Be Answered With a SMART? 16
How Can SMART Data Be Used to Address Common Scientific Questions Concerning the Development of an Adaptive Intervention? 17
1. Which intervention option is the best to offer initially? 18
2. What subsequent intervention option is the best for nonresponders? 18
3. What sequence of decision rules (i.e., which adaptive intervention) is better compared to another? 19
4. Should the adaptive interventions include additional tailoring variables? 20
When to Consider a SMART Design 21
1. Is the Intervention to Be Developed an Adaptive Intervention? 21
2. Is There Evidence to Inform the Selection and Integration of Components Into an Effective Adaptive Intervention? 22
3. Is There Interest in Answering Scientific Questions About Multiple Stages of the Adaptive Intervention? 23
Future Directions 26
References 27
Appendix A. Glossary of Key Terms 33
Appendix B. Common Misconceptions About Adaptive Intervention Designs 36
Appendix C. Common Misconceptions About SMART Research Designs 38
Appendix D. Useful Links 41
Appendix E. Other Example SMART Studies in Education 42
Study 1/Study 2: Adaptive Interventions for Minimally Verbal Children With ASD 42
Study 2/Study 3: Adaptive School-Based Implementation of CBT 44
Table 1. Four Adaptive Interventions Embedded in the ADHD SMART 19
Figure 1. Example adaptive intervention in childhood ADHD 6
Figure 2. Adaptive intervention components 9
Figure 3. Childhood ADHD SMART study 17
Figure 4. Guidelines for determining whether a SMART should be considered 21
Figure 5. Randomized trial comparing two interventions 22
Figure 6. Confirmatory randomized control trial comparing an adaptive intervention to a suitable control 23
Figure 7. Randomized trial comparing two adaptive interventions 24
Figure 8. Singly randomized trial comparing second-stage opptions among responders and nonresponders 25
Figure 9. Adaptive intervention for minimally verbal school children with ASD SMART study 43
Figure 10. Adaptive school-based implementation of CBT SMART study 45