Title page
Contents
A Letter From the Commissioner of the National Center for Education Statistics 4
Executive Summary 5
Reader's Guide 7
The Condition of Education 2020 At a Glance 22
Chapter 1. Preprimary, Elementary, and Secondary Education 32
Indicator 1.1. Characteristics of Children's Families 33
Indicator 1.2. Children's Internet Access at Home 41
Indicator 1.3. Preschool and Kindergarten Enrollment 46
Indicator 1.4. Public School Enrollment 51
Indicator 1.5. Public Charter School Enrollment 55
Indicator 1.6. Private School Enrollment 59
Indicator 1.7. Racial/Ethnic Enrollment in Public Schools 63
Indicator 1.8. English Language Learners in Public Schools 67
Indicator 1.9. Students With Disabilities 71
Indicator 1.10. Characteristics of Elementary and Secondary Schools 76
Indicator 1.11. Concentration of Public School Students Eligible for Free or Reduced-Price Lunch 81
Indicator 1.12. School Crime and Safety 83
Indicator 1.13. Characteristics of Public School Teachers 88
Indicator 1.14. Characteristics of Public School Principals 95
Indicator 1.15. Reading Performance 100
Indicator 1.16. Mathematics Performance 111
Indicator 1.17. Science Performance 122
Indicator 1.18. Public High School Graduation Rates 130
Indicator 1.19. Status Dropout Rates 137
Indicator 1.20. Public School Revenue Sources 143
Indicator 1.21. Public School Expenditures 147
Chapter 2. Postsecondary Education 150
Indicator 2.1. Immediate College Enrollment Rate 151
Indicator 2.2. College Enrollment Rates 155
Indicator 2.3. Undergraduate Enrollment 158
Indicator 2.4. Postbaccalaureate Enrollment 165
Indicator 2.5. Characteristics of Postsecondary Students 172
Indicator 2.6. Characteristics of Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions 177
Indicator 2.7. Characteristics of Postsecondary Faculty 181
Indicator 2.8. Undergraduate Degree Fields 185
Indicator 2.9. Graduate Degree Fields 191
Indicator 2.10. Undergraduate Retention and Graduation Rates 197
Indicator 2.11. Postsecondary Certificates and Degrees Conferred 202
Indicator 2.12. Price of Attending an Undergraduate Institution 205
Indicator 2.13. Loans for Undergraduate Students 212
Indicator 2.14. Sources of Financial Aid 218
Indicator 2.15. Postsecondary Institution Revenues 224
Indicator 2.16. Postsecondary Institution Expenses 228
Chapter 3. Population Characteristics and Economic Outcomes 233
Indicator 3.1. Educational Attainment of Young Adults 234
Indicator 3.2. Young Adults Neither Enrolled in School nor Working 239
Indicator 3.3. Annual Earnings 244
Indicator 3.4. Employment and Unemployment Rates by Educational Attainment 248
Chapter 4. International Comparisons 253
Indicator 4.1. International Comparisons: Reading Literacy at Grade 4 254
Indicator 4.2. International Comparisons: U.S. 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-Graders' Mathematics and Science Achievement 260
Indicator 4.3. International Comparisons: Reading, Mathematics, and Science Literacy of 15-Year-Old Students 269
Indicator 4.4. Enrollment Rates by Country 279
Indicator 4.5. International Educational Attainment 290
Indicator 4.6. Education Expenditures by Country 299
Guide to Sources 307
Glossary 336
Indicator 1.8. English Language Learners in Public Schools 69
Table 1. Number and percentage distribution of English language learner (ELL) students in public schools and number of ELL students as a percentage of total public school enrollment,... 69
Indicator 4.3. International Comparisons: Reading, Mathematics, and Science Literacy of 15-Year-Old Students 270
Table 1. Average scores of 15-year-old students on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) reading literacy scale, by education system: 2018 270
Table 2. Average scores of 15-year-old students on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) mathematics literacy scale, by education system: 2018 273
Table 3. Average scores of 15-year-old students on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) science literacy scale, by education system: 2018 276
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of children under age 18, by child's race/ethnicity and parents' highest level of educational attainment: 2018 33
Figure 2. Percentage of children under age 18, by child's race/ethnicity and family structure: 2018 35
Figure 3. Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by child's race/ethnicity: 2010 and 2018 36
Figure 4. Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by child's race/ethnicity and parents' highest level of educational attainment: 2018 37
Figure 5. Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by child's race/ethnicity and family structure: 2018 38
Figure 6. Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by state: 2018 39
Indicator 1.2. Children's Internet Access at Home 42
Figure 1. Percentage of 3- to 18-year-olds who had home internet access, by child's race/ethnicity: 2018 42
Figure 2. Percentage of 3- to 18-year-olds who had home internet access only through a smartphone, by child's race/ethnicity: 2018 43
Figure 3. Percentage of 3- to 18-year-olds who had home internet access only through a smartphone, by parental education and family income quarter: 2018 44
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of 3- to 18-year-olds with no internet access at home, by main reason for not having access: 2017 45
Figure 1. Percentage of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds enrolled in preprimary programs: 2000 through 2018 46
Figure 2. Percentage of 3- to 5-year-olds in preschool and kindergarten programs attending full-day programs: 2000 through 2018 47
Figure 3. Percentage of 3- to 5-year-olds enrolled in preschool programs, by race/ethnicity and attendance status: October 2018 48
Figure 4. Percentage of 3- to 5-year-olds enrolled in preschool programs, by parents' highest level of education and preschoolers' attendance status: October 2018 49
Figure 1. Actual and projected public school enrollment, by level: Fall 2000 through fall 2029 51
Figure 2. Percentage change in public elementary and secondary school enrollment, by state: Fall 2000 to fall 2017 52
Figure 3. Projected percentage change in public elementary and secondary school enrollment, by state: Fall 2017 to fall 2029 53
Figure 1. Public charter school enrollment, by school level: Selected years, fall 2000 through fall 2017 55
Figure 2. Percentage of all public school students enrolled in public charter schools, by state: Fall 2017 56
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of public charter school students, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2000 and fall 2017 57
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of public charter schools, by enrollment size: School years 2000-01 and 2017-18 58
Figure 1. Private school enrollment in elementary and secondary schools, by school orientation: Fall 1999 through fall 2017 59
Figure 2. Percentage of elementary and secondary students enrolled in private schools: Fall 1999 through fall 2017 60
Figure 3. Percentage of elementary and secondary students enrolled in private schools, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2017 61
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of private elementary and secondary school enrollment, by school orientation and race/ethnicity: Fall 2017 62
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of students enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2000, fall 2017, and fall 2029 63
Figure 2. Percentage of public elementary and secondary school students enrolled in schools with at least 75 percent minority enrollment, by student's race/ethnicity: Fall 2000 and fall 2017 64
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school students, by student's race/ethnicity and percentage of minority enrollment in school: Fall 2017 65
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school students, by student's race/ethnicity and percentage of own racial/ethnic group enrolled in the school: Fall 2017 66
Figure 1. Percentage of public school students who were English language learners, by state: Fall 2017 67
Figure 2. Percentage of public school students who were English language learners, by locale: Fall 2017 68
Figure 3. Percentage of public school students who were English language learners, by grade level: Fall 2017 69
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of students ages 3-21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), by disability type: School year 2018-19 71
Figure 2. Percentage of students ages 3-21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), by race/ethnicity: School year 2018-19 72
Figure 3. Among students ages 6-21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), percentage who spent various amounts of time inside general classes: Fall 2000... 73
Figure 4. Among students ages 14-21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) who exited school, percentage who exited for selected reasons, by race/ethnicity:... 74
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of traditional public schools, public charter schools, and private schools, by school level: School year 2017-18 76
Figure 2. Percentage of traditional public schools, public charter schools, and private schools, by selected racial/ethnic concentration: School years 1999-2000 and 2017-18 77
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of traditional public schools, public charter schools, and private schools, by school locale: School year 2017-18 78
Figure 4. Percentage of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch: School year 2017-18 79
Figure 5. Percentage distribution of private schools, by school orientation: School year 2017-18 80
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of public school students, for each racial and ethnic group, by school poverty level: Fall 2017 81
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of public school students, for each school locale, by school poverty level: Fall 2017 82
Figure 1. Rate of nonfatal victimization per 1,000 students ages 12-18, by type of victimization and location: 2000 through 2018 83
Figure 2. Percentage of public schools that used selected safety and security measures: School years 1999-2000, 2015-16, and 2017 -18 85
Figure 3. Percentage of public schools with one or more security staff present at least once a week, by school level: School years 2005-06 and 2017-18 86
Figure 4. Percentage of public schools with a written plan for procedures to be performed in selected scenarios: School year 2017-18 87
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by instructional level and sex: School years 1999-2000 and 2017-18 88
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by race/ethnicity: School years 1999-2000 and 2017-18 89
Figure 3. Percentage of public school teachers who held a postbaccalaureate degree and percentage who held a regular or standard state teaching certificate or advanced professional... 90
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by years of teaching experience: School years 1999-2000 and 2017-18 91
Figure 5. Average base salary for full-time teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by years of full- and part-time teaching experience: 2017-18 92
Figure 6. Average base salary for full-time teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by highest degree earned: 2017-18 93
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of public school principals, by sex and race/ethnicity: 1999-2000 and 2017-18 95
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of public school principals, by years of experience as a principal: 1999-2000 and 2017-18 96
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of public school principals, by highest degree earned: 1999-2000 and 2017-18 97
Figure 4. Principals' average annual salary at public schools, by school level and locale: 2017-18 98
Figure 1. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students: Selected years, 1992-2019 100
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading achievement level: Selected years, 1992-2019 101
Figure 3. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 4th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1992-2019 103
Figure 4. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 8th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1992-2019 105
Figure 5. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 12th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1992-2015 107
Figure 6. Change in average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by state: 2017 to 2019 109
Figure 1. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 4th- and 8th-grade students: Selected years, 1990-2019 111
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics achievement levels: Selected years, 1990-2019 112
Figure 3. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 4th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1990-2019 114
Figure 4. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 8th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1990-2019 116
Figure 5. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 12th-grade students, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 2005-2015 118
Figure 6. Change in average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by state: 2017 to 2019 120
Figure 1. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students: 2009, 2011, and 2015 122
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students across National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science achievement levels: 2009, 2011, and 2015 123
Figure 3. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by race/ethnicity: 2009, 2011, and 2015 124
Figure 4. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by sex: 2009, 2011, and 2015 126
Figure 5. Change in average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by state: 2009 and 2015 128
Indicator 1.18. Public High School Graduation Rates 131
Figure 1. Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) for public high school students, by state: 2017-18 131
Figure 2. Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) for public high school students, by race/ethnicity: 2017-18 132
Figure 3. Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) of White and Black public high school students, by state: 2017-18 133
Figure 4. Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) of White and Hispanic public high school students, by state: 2017-18 135
Figure 1. Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity: 2006 through 2018 137
Figure 2. Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity and sex: 2018 139
Figure 3. Status dropout rates of U.S.-born and foreign-born 16- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity: 2018 140
Figure 4. Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity and noninstitutionalized or institutionalized status: 2018 141
Figure 1. Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by revenue source: School years 2000-01 through 2016-17 143
Figure 2. State revenues for public elementary and secondary schools as a percentage of total public school revenues, by state: School year 2016-17 145
Figure 3. Property tax revenues for public elementary and secondary schools as a percentage of total public school revenues, by state: School year 2016-17 146
Figure 1. Current expenditures, capital outlay, and interest on school debt per student in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools: Selected years, 2000-01 through 2016-17 147
Figure 2. Percentage of current expenditures per student in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by type of expenditure: 2000-01, 2010-11, and 2016-17 148
Figure 1. Immediate college enrollment rate of high school completers, by level of institution: 2000 through 2018 151
Figure 2. Immediate college enrollment rate of high school completers, by sex: 2000 through 2018 152
Figure 3. Immediate college enrollment rate of high school completers, by race/ethnicity: 2000 through 2018 153
Figure 1. College enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds, by level of institution: 2000 through 2018 155
Figure 2. College enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity: 2000, 2010, and 2018 156
Figure 3. College enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds, by sex and race/ethnicity: 2000 and 2018 157
Figure 1. Actual and projected undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by sex: Fall 2000 through 2029 158
Figure 2. Undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and nonresident alien status: Fall 2000, 2010, and 2018 159
Figure 3. Actual and projected undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status: Fall 2000 through 2029 160
Figure 4. Undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Fall 2000 through 2018 161
Figure 5. Actual and projected undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of institution: Fall 2000 through 2029 162
Figure 6. Percentage of undergraduate students at degree-granting postsecondary institutions who enrolled exclusively in distance education courses, by level and control of institution: Fall 2018 163
Figure 1. Actual and projected postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by sex: Fall 2000 through 2029 165
Figure 2. Postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and nonresident alien status: Fall 2000 through 2018 166
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2000, fall 2010, and fall 2018 167
Figure 4. Actual and projected postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status: Fall 2000 through 2029 168
Figure 5. Postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Fall 2000 through 2018 169
Figure 6. Percentage of postbaccalaureate students enrolled in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by participation in distance education and control of institution: Fall 2018 170
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of U.S. resident undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution and student race/ethnicity: Fall 2018 172
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of full-time undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution and student age: Fall 2017 173
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of part-time undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution and student age: Fall 2017 174
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of U.S. resident postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution and student race/ethnicity: Fall 2018 175
Figure 5. Percentage distribution of full-time and part-time postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution and student age: Fall 2017 176
Figure 1. Number of degree-granting institutions with first-year undergraduates, by level and control of institution: Academic years 2000-01, 2012-13, and 2018-19 177
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of application acceptance rates at degree-granting institutions with first-year undergraduates, by level and control of institution: Fall 2018 178
Figure 3. Number of degree-granting institutions, by level and control of institution and enrollment size: Fall 2018 179
Figure 1. Number of faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by employment status: Selected years, fall 1999 through fall 2018 181
Figure 2. For each academic rank, percentage distribution of full-time faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and sex: Fall 2018 182
Figure 3. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by academic rank: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2018-19 183
Figure 4. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution: 2018-19 184
Figure 1. Number of associate's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: Academic years 2000-01 through 2017-18 185
Figure 2. Percentage of associate's degrees conferred in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, by race/ethnicity and nonresident status: Academic year 2017-18 186
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of associate's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study, by sex: Academic year 2017-18 187
Figure 4. Number of bachelor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: Academic years 2000-01 through 2017-18 188
Figure 5. Percentage of bachelor's degrees conferred in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, by race/ethnicity and nonresident status: Academic year 2017-18 189
Figure 6. Percentage distribution of bachelor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study, by sex: Academic year 2017-18 190
Figure 1. Number of master's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: Academic years 2000-01 through 2017-18 191
Figure 2. Percentage of master's degrees conferred in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, by race/ethnicity and nonresident status: Academic year 2017-18 192
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of master's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study, by sex: Academic year 2017-18 193
Figure 4. Number of doctor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: Academic years 2000-01 through 2017-18 194
Figure 5. Percentage of doctor's degrees conferred in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, by race/ethnicity and nonresident status: Academic year 2017-18 195
Figure 6. Percentage distribution of doctor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study, by sex: Academic year 2017-18 196
Figure 1. Percentage of first-time, full-time degree-seeking undergraduate students retained at 4-year degree-granting institutions, by control of institution and percentage of applications... 197
Figure 2. Percentage of first-time, full-time degree-seeking undergraduate students retained at 2-year degree-granting institutions, by control of institution: 2017 to 2018 198
Figure 3. Graduation rate within 150 percent of normal time (within 6 years) for degree completion from first institution attended for first-time, full-time bachelor's degree-seeking students... 199
Figure 4. Graduation rate within 150 percent of normal time for degree completion from first institution attended for first- time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking students at 2-year... 200
Figure 1. Number of certificates and degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions: Academic years 2000-01 through 2017-18 202
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of certificates and associate's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2000-01 and 2017-18 203
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2000-01 and 2017-18 204
Figure 1. Average total cost of attending degree-granting institutions for first-time, full-time undergraduate students, by level and control of institution and student living arrangement:... 205
Figure 2. Average tuition and fees of degree-granting institutions for first-time, full-time undergraduate students, by level and control of institution: Academic years 2010-11 and 2018-19 207
Figure 3. Average total cost, grant and scholarship aid, and net price for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students paying in-state tuition and awarded Title IV aid... 208
Figure 4. Average total cost, grant and scholarship aid, and net price for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students awarded Title IV aid at private nonprofit 4-year... 209
Figure 5. Average total cost, grant and scholarship aid, and net price for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students awarded Title IV aid at private for-profit 4-year... 210
Figure 1. Average annual undergraduate tuition and fees for full-time students at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution: Academic years 2010-11 through... 212
Figure 2. Percentage of first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduates who were awarded loan aid at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution:... 213
Figure 3. Average annual loan amounts for first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduates who were awarded loan aid at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and... 214
Figure 4. Percentage of undergraduate degree/certificate completers who ever received loans, by degree type and control of institution: Academic year 2015-16 215
Figure 5. Average cumulative loan amount for undergraduate degree/certificate completers who ever received loans, by degree type and control of institution: Academic year 2015-16 216
Figure 1. Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2000-01,... 218
Figure 2. Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 2-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2000-01,... 219
Figure 3. Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control of institution:... 220
Figure 4. Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 2-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control of institution:... 221
Figure 5. Average amount of financial aid awarded to first-time, full-time undergraduate students at 4-year degree- granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control... 222
Figure 6. Average amount of financial aid awarded to first-time, full-time undergraduate students at 2-year degree- granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control... 223
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of total revenues for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution and source of funds: 2017-18 224
Figure 2. Revenues from tuition and fees per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: 2010-11 and 2017-18 225
Figure 3. Revenues from government grants, contracts, and appropriations per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source of funds and control... 226
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of total expenses for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution and expense categories: 2017-18 228
Figure 2. Expenses per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution and expense categories: 2017-18 230
Figure 3. Instruction expenses per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution: 2010-11 and 2017-18 231
Figure 1. Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds, by educational attainment and sex: 2000 and 2019 234
Figure 2. Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with high school completion or higher, by race/ethnicity: 2000 and 2019 235
Figure 3. Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with an associate's or higher degree, by race/ethnicity: 2000 and 2019 236
Figure 4. Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with a bachelor's or higher degree, by race/ethnicity: 2000 and 2019 237
Figure 1. Percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by age group: 2006, 2011, and 2018 239
Figure 2. Percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by race/ethnicity: 2018 240
Figure 3. Percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by race/ethnicity and sex: 2018 241
Figure 4. Percentage of 20- to 24-year-olds who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by sex, race/ethnicity, and high school completion status: 2018 242
Figure 1. Percentage of 25- to 34-year-olds in the labor force who worked full time, year round, by educational attainment: 2000-2018 244
Figure 2. Median annual earnings of full-time, year-round workers ages 25-34, by educational attainment: 2018 245
Figure 3. Median annual earnings of full-time, year-round workers ages 25-34, by educational attainment: 2000-2018 246
Figure 4. Median annual earnings of full-time, year-round workers ages 25-34, by educational attainment and sex: 2018 247
Figure 1. Employment rates of 25- to 34-year-olds, by sex and educational attainment: 2019 248
Figure 2. Employment rates of 25- to 34-year-olds, by educational attainment: Selected years, 2000 through 2019 249
Figure 3. Unemployment rates of 25- to 34-year-olds, by sex and educational attainment: 2019 250
Figure 4. Unemployment rates of 25- to 34-year-olds, by educational attainment: Selected years, 2000 through 2019 251
Indicator 4.1. International Comparisons: Reading Literacy at Grade 4 255
Figure 1. Average reading scale scores of fourth-grade students on PIRLS, by education system: 2016 255
Figure 2. Percentage of fourth-grade students performing at selected PIRLS international benchmarks in reading, by education system: 2016 256
Figure 3. Average online informational reading scale scores of fourth-grade students on ePIRLS, by education system: 2016 257
Figure 4. Percentage of fourth-grade students performing at selected ePIRLS international benchmarks in online informational reading, by education system: 2016 258
Indicator 4.2. International Comparisons: U.S. 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-Graders' Mathematics and Science Achievement 261
Figure 1. Average TIMSS mathematics assessment scale scores of 4th-grade students, by education system: 2015 261
Figure 2. Average TIMSS science assessment scale scores of 4th-grade students, by education system: 2015 263
Figure 3. Average TIMSS mathematics assessment scale scores of 8th-grade students, by education system: 2015 264
Figure 4. Average TIMSS science assessment scale scores of 8th-grade students, by education system: 2015 265
Figure 5. Average advanced mathematics scores and coverage index of TIMSS Advanced students, by education system: 2015 266
Figure 6. Average physics scores and coverage index of TIMSS Advanced students, by education system: 2015 267
Indicator 4.3. International Comparisons: Reading, Mathematics, and Science Literacy of 15-Year-Old Students 271
Figure 1. Percentage of 15-year-old students performing on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) reading literacy scale, by selected proficiency levels and education system: 2018 271
Figure 2. Percentage of 15-year-old students performing on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) mathematics literacy scale, by selected proficiency levels and education system: 2018 274
Figure 3. Percentage of 15-year-old students performing on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) science literacy scale, by selected proficiency levels and education system: 2018 277
Indicator 4.4. Enrollment Rates by Country 280
Figure 1. Percentage of 3- and 4-year-olds enrolled in school, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country: 2017 280
Figure 2. Percentage of 5- to 14-year-olds enrolled in school, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country: 2017 282
Figure 3. Percentage of 15- to 19-year-olds enrolled in school, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country and level of education: 2017 283
Figure 4. Percentage of 19-year-olds enrolled in secondary education and postsecondary nondegree and degree- granting programs, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development... 285
Figure 5. Percentage of 20- to 29-year-olds enrolled in school, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country and level of education: 2017 287
Indicator 4.5. International Educational Attainment 291
Figure 1. Percentage of the population 25 to 64 years old who had completed high school in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries: 2000 and 2018 291
Figure 2. Percentage of the population who had completed high school in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by selected age groups: 2018 292
Figure 3. Percentage of the population 25 to 64 years old who had attained any postsecondary degree in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries: 2000 and 2018 294
Figure 4. Percentage of the population who had attained any postsecondary degree in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by selected age groups: 2018 295
Figure 5. Percentage of the population 25 to 34 years old who had attained a postsecondary degree in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by highest... 297
Indicator 4.6. Education Expenditures by Country 300
Figure 1. Expenditures and percentage change in expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for elementary and secondary education, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and... 300
Figure 2. Expenditures and percentage change in expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for postsecondary education, by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development... 302
Figure 3. Expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for elementary and secondary education in selected Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries,... 303
Figure 4. Expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for postsecondary education in selected Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by gross... 304
Figure 5. Government and private expenditures on education institutions as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)... 305